p.1
Structure of Prokaryotic Bacterial Cells
What surrounds the cytoplasm in a prokaryotic bacterial cell?
Cell membrane (also called cytoplasmic membrane or plasma membrane).
p.32
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the mechanism of action of rifampicin?
Inhibition of DNA transcription.
p.53
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What is the role of efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance?
They facilitate the rapid ejection of drugs, contributing to multidrug resistance (MDR).
p.30
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones?
They inhibit bacterial DNA replication.
p.53
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What types of antibiotics are efflux pumps associated with resistance to?
Quinolones, macrolides, and tetracycline.
p.21
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is Flucloxacillin used for?
Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections.
p.54
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
What role do alternative enzymes play in antibiotic resistance?
They help bacteria neutralize the effects of antibiotics.
p.37
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the primary action of macrolides?
Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
p.24
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What are carbapenems?
Parenteral bactericidal beta-lactam antibiotics with a very broad spectrum.
p.65
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
When is prophylaxis recommended for dental procedures?
In patients with heart valve abnormalities.
p.12
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
Give an example of antagonism between antibiotics.
Ampicillin plus tetracycline.
p.15
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
Name two examples of glycopeptide antibiotics.
Vancomycin and teicoplanin.
p.55
Emerging Multidrug Resistant Pathogens
What does MRSA stand for?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
p.38
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the mechanism of action of sulphonamides?
Inhibition of folic acid (folate) synthesis.
p.52
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
What is the function of beta-lactamase enzymes?
They break down beta-lactam antibiotics, rendering them ineffective.
p.16
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is a major group of antibiotics that target the cell wall?
Beta-lactam group, including Penicillins.
p.59
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What is antimicrobial stewardship?
A set of coordinated strategies to improve the use of antimicrobial medications.
p.61
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
When should a narrow spectrum drug be used?
If lab results indicate the organism is susceptible to it.
p.30
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
Name an older fluoroquinolone.
Ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin.
p.19
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What are penicillins?
A group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from Penicillium moulds.
p.13
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is one main mechanism of action of antimicrobial agents?
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis.
p.48
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
How does DNA become available for transformation?
It is released into the environment when a bacterial cell dies and splits open.
p.50
Emerging Multidrug Resistant Pathogens
What is target she degradation?
It refers to the breakdown or deterioration of a specific target, often in a biological or environmental context.
p.4
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What does the therapeutic index ratio LD50:ED50 represent?
The ratio of the lethal dose for 50% of the population to the effective dose for 50% of the population.
p.60
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What is antimicrobial stewardship?
A range of activities that promote and support optimal antimicrobial prescribing and use.
p.56
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is colistin used for?
Treatment of last resort against infections caused by Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE).
p.18
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What are the four classes of β-lactam antibiotics?
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams.
p.64
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
Why is prophylaxis important before surgical procedures?
To prevent surgical site infections.
p.43
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
How can acquired resistance be spread among bacteria?
Through horizontal gene transfer, such as plasmids or transposons.
p.45
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What allows bacteria to become resistant to antimicrobials quickly?
Horizontal gene transfer.
p.61
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
What is a general guideline for prescribing antibiotics?
Use a simple (cheap) drug if the organism is sensitive to it.
p.44
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What is intrinsic resistance in bacteria?
It is the natural ability of certain bacteria to resist antibiotics.
p.66
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
Why are antimicrobial agents important?
They are critical for fighting infectious diseases.
p.34
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
Name an example of a tetracycline antibiotic.
Tetracycline, Doxycycline, or Minocycline.
p.61
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What should be avoided when prescribing antibiotics?
Broad spectrum drugs when possible.
p.62
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What is a key driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR)?
Excessive use of topical antibiotics.
p.62
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
When should topical antibiotics be avoided?
When there is no bacterial infection.
p.44
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
Why is Vancomycin ineffective against gram-negative bacteria?
Because it cannot cross the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.
p.26
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the mechanism of action of Colistin?
It disrupts the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, causing bacterial cell death.
p.29
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
Which antibiotics target the DNA replication step?
Fluoroquinolones and Metronidazole.
p.18
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
How do β-lactam antibiotics work?
By binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) on the cell wall of bacterial cells.
p.45
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What is the process by which bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance genes?
Horizontal gene transfer.
p.19
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What are semisynthetic penicillins?
Drugs derived from the original penicillin with a broader spectrum of activity.
p.4
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is a high therapeutic index?
It is the ratio between the toxic dose and the therapeutic dose, indicating safety.
p.33
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the mechanism of action of Tetracycline?
Inhibition of protein synthesis.
p.49
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is one mechanism of antibiotic resistance involving enzymes?
Enzymatic destruction of the drug, such as beta-lactamase enzymes.
p.27
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is one mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones?
Inhibition of DNA replication.
p.33
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the mechanism of action of Chloramphenicol?
Inhibition of protein synthesis.
p.59
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
Why is monitoring antibiotic use important in antimicrobial stewardship?
To identify patterns of resistance and ensure appropriate prescribing practices.
p.39
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is PABA used for in bacteria?
It is used in the synthesis of folic acid (tetrahydrofolic acid).
p.49
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
Which classes of antibiotics are affected by efflux pumps?
Quinolones, macrolides, and tetracycline.
p.39
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What does Trimethoprim (TMP) inhibit?
It prevents the conversion of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate.
p.55
Emerging Multidrug Resistant Pathogens
What are VISA and VRSA?
Vancomycin non-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus.
p.11
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
Give an example of a synergistic antimicrobial combination.
Sulphonamides plus trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole/Septrin).
p.20
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
Name two examples of aminopenicillins.
Amoxicillin and ampicillin.
p.13
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
How do antimicrobial agents disrupt protein synthesis?
By targeting ribosomes and preventing translation.
p.4
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What does selective toxicity mean in the context of antimicrobials?
It refers to the ability to kill pathogens without damaging human cells.
p.52
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
What types of antibiotics are affected by beta-lactamase enzymes?
Beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins.
p.13
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What role do antimicrobial agents play in disrupting cell membrane function?
They can alter membrane permeability, leading to cell lysis.
p.22
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
How are cephalosporins categorized?
Into five generations based on their spectrum of coverage and the period of their discovery.
p.61
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What must be considered regarding the toxicity of antibiotics?
All drugs have side effects; consider if the drug is really necessary.
p.40
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What type of antibiotics are commonly used to treat tuberculosis?
First-line antibiotics such as isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide.
p.27
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the role of rifampicin in antimicrobial action?
Inhibition of DNA transcription.
p.35
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What type of antibiotics are Tetracyclines?
Bacteriostatic antibiotics.
p.64
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
In what situations is prophylaxis with antimicrobials typically allowed?
Before surgical procedures, in immunocompromised patients, and during outbreaks of infectious diseases.
p.35
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What do Tetracycline antibiotics bind to in bacteria?
The 30S subunit of the ribosome.
p.17
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
Name some examples of β-lactam antibiotics.
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams.
p.28
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
How can antibiotics affect cellular processes?
By targeting each stage of transcription and translation.
p.45
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What are the three main mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer?
Conjugation, transformation, and transduction.
p.6
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is an antimicrobial?
Any compound that inhibits the growth of microorganisms, including antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agents.
p.66
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What is the current global issue regarding antibiotics?
Antibiotic resistance is a growing crisis worldwide.
p.32
Treatment of Tuberculosis
In what context is rifampicin commonly used?
In combination with other drugs for the treatment of Tuberculosis.
p.13
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
How do some antimicrobial agents interfere with metabolic pathways?
By inhibiting enzymes involved in essential metabolic processes.
p.7
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
What does drug resistant mean?
It means organisms survive in the presence of the therapeutic dose of the drug.
p.9
Structure of Prokaryotic Bacterial Cells
What is the role of a vassal in a FIEF?
A vassal serves the lord and provides military or other services in exchange for land.
p.59
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What are some common strategies used in antimicrobial stewardship?
Education, guidelines for prescribing, and monitoring antibiotic use.
p.9
Structure of Prokaryotic Bacterial Cells
What did lords receive in return for granting a FIEF?
Loyalty and military service from the vassals.
p.15
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the mechanism of action for beta-lactam antibiotics?
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis.
p.24
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is a monobactam antibiotic?
A parenteral beta-lactam bactericidal antibiotic.
p.43
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What is acquired resistance?
Resistance that develops through mutation or acquisition of new genetic material, often due to exposure to antimicrobial agents.
p.15
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis?
Tetracycline, tigecycline, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, linezolid.
p.8
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
Name an example of a broad-spectrum antibiotic from the Penicillin group.
Ampicillin or Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin).
p.24
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
Is Aztreonam active against anaerobes or gram-positive bacteria?
No, it is not active against them.
p.51
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What happens to the β-lactam ring when β-lactamase enzymes are present?
It is hydrolyzed (split).
p.23
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is Ceftazidime primarily effective against?
It is effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
p.19
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
Who discovered penicillin and in what year?
Alexander Fleming in 1928.
p.16
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the primary mechanism of action for antibiotics that target the cell wall?
They inhibit cell wall synthesis.
p.7
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
What does it mean for an organism to be drug sensitive?
It means the organism is killed by the antimicrobial agent or its growth is inhibited at the therapeutic dose.
p.7
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
What are the two types of actions that a drug can have on sensitive organisms?
Bactericidal (kills the organism) and bacteriostatic (inhibits growth).
p.44
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
Why are many gram-negative pathogens resistant to antibiotics?
Due to the inability of some antibiotics to cross their outer membrane.
p.17
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is the chemical structure characteristic of β-lactam antibiotics?
They contain a β-lactam ring.
p.39
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the mechanism of action of sulphonamide drugs like Sulfamethoxazole?
They act as competitive inhibitors of PABA.
p.3
Structure of Prokaryotic Bacterial Cells
What is the nucleoid in prokaryotic bacterial cells?
The region where the bacterial DNA is located.
p.65
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What type of wounds is prophylaxis recommended for?
Dirty wounds and burns, such as those from traffic accidents.
p.8
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is the main characteristic of broad-spectrum antibiotics?
Effective against a large number of bacterial species.
p.8
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
When might broad-spectrum antibiotics be used?
For empiric treatment (educated guess).
p.14
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the mechanism of action for inhibiting cell wall synthesis?
It prevents the formation of the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis.
p.65
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
In which groups is prophylaxis recommended to prevent pneumonia?
At-risk groups suffering from viral infections of the respiratory tract.
p.58
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What do viruses use to replicate?
The metabolic machinery of the host cell.
p.41
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What are the four drugs used in the first 2 months of TB treatment?
Isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol.
p.43
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What role does selective pressure play in acquired resistance?
It encourages the survival of resistant strains when exposed to antimicrobial agents.
p.41
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What are the two drugs used in the subsequent 4 months of TB treatment?
Isoniazid and rifampicin combination.
p.10
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What are two examples of bacteriostatic antibiotics?
Sulphonamides and Trimethoprim.
p.53
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What are efflux pumps?
Transmembrane proteins that rapidly eject drugs.
p.38
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is the combination of sulphonamides and trimethoprim commonly known as?
Cotrimoxazole or Septrin.
p.48
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What is transformation in microbiology?
The uptake of 'naked' DNA from the environment.
p.59
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What is the primary goal of antimicrobial stewardship?
To optimize the treatment of infections while minimizing adverse effects and resistance.
p.49
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
How can bacteria decrease antibiotic effectiveness through their membranes?
By decreasing membrane permeability.
p.60
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
How does antimicrobial stewardship aim to reduce patient side effects?
By optimizing the use of antimicrobial drugs.
p.43
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What is intrinsic resistance?
Natural resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial agent due to its inherent characteristics.
p.60
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What is a cost-related goal of antimicrobial stewardship?
To reduce the cost of drugs by using cheaper options first.
p.33
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the mechanism of action of Clindamycin?
Inhibition of protein synthesis.
p.65
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
When should prophylaxis be administered in relation to intestinal surgery?
Immediately before and after the surgery.
p.5
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What does the term 'antimicrobial' refer to?
Agents that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
p.5
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is the difference between broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics?
Broad spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria, while narrow spectrum antibiotics target specific types.
p.35
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
What is a significant issue with Tetracycline use today?
Many bacteria are now resistant.
p.31
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
In what surgical procedures is Metronidazole used for prophylaxis?
Bowel and gynecological surgery.
p.8
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
Name an example of a narrow-spectrum antibiotic.
Penicillin G or Vancomycin.
p.35
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What risk do Tetracyclines pose to pregnant women?
They can cause liver damage.
p.23
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is Ceftriaxone commonly used for?
It is used to treat a wide variety of infections, including those caused by resistant bacteria.
p.2
Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative Bacteria
What is a key feature of Gram negative bacteria?
They have an additional outer membrane.
p.4
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the primary aim of ideal antimicrobials?
To prevent the growth of the pathogen without causing harm to humans.
p.19
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is Penicillin G?
A narrow spectrum penicillin, also known as Benzylpenicillin.
p.32
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
Why is rifampicin rarely used alone?
Resistance develops rapidly.
p.44
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What happens to intrinsically resistant bacterial strains in the presence of antibiotics?
They survive and multiply.
p.22
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What are cephalosporins?
β-lactam antimicrobials used to manage infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
p.21
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
Is Flucloxacillin suitable for treating MRSA infections?
No, it is not suitable for MRSA infections.
p.59
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
How does antimicrobial stewardship help in healthcare?
By promoting the appropriate use of antimicrobials to reduce resistance and improve patient outcomes.
p.50
Emerging Multidrug Resistant Pathogens
Why is understanding target she degradation important?
It helps in assessing the impact of pollutants and developing strategies for remediation.
p.66
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
What could happen if the situation regarding antibiotic resistance does not change?
Many common diseases could become untreatable.
p.17
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the primary mechanism of action of β-lactam antibiotics?
They inhibit cell wall synthesis.
p.12
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
What is antagonism in the context of antibiotics?
When one antibiotic decreases or eliminates the action of another.
p.22
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
Which cephalosporin generation can be used against MRSA?
Fifth generation, specifically Ceftobiprole.
p.47
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What is transformation in bacteria?
The uptake of 'naked' DNA from the environment.
p.17
Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic Antibiotics
Why are β-lactam antibiotics considered bactericidal?
Because the cell cannot survive with a damaged cell wall.
p.57
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
In which population do most systemic fungal infections occur?
In the immunocompromised.
p.31
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
Name two anaerobic bacteria that Metronidazole is effective against.
Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium difficile.
p.55
Emerging Multidrug Resistant Pathogens
What type of bacteria produces extended spectrum β-lactamase?
Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae.
p.55
Emerging Multidrug Resistant Pathogens
What does CPE stand for?
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
p.25
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
What is a significant toxicity associated with vancomycin?
Can cause damage to the kidney and ear, and may cause Red Man syndrome.
p.25
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What is a developing issue with vancomycin?
Bacterial resistance, specifically vancomycin non-susceptible S. aureus.
p.2
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
How does the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria affect antibiotics?
It influences the type of antibiotics that can target the cell, as not all drugs can cross the outer membrane.
p.11
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is synergy in antimicrobial therapy?
The combined effect of two drugs is greater than the effect of either drug alone.
p.21
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What type of penicillin is Flucloxacillin?
A penicillinase-resistant penicillin.
p.66
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
How do bacteria respond to antibiotics?
Bacteria continually evolve in response to the selective pressure of antibiotics.
p.60
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What is one purpose of antimicrobial stewardship?
To prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms.
p.64
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What is prophylaxis in the context of antimicrobials?
The use of antimicrobials to prevent infection.
p.49
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What role do efflux pumps play in antibiotic resistance?
They are transmembrane proteins that rapidly eject the drug, leading to resistance.
p.9
Structure of Prokaryotic Bacterial Cells
How did the FIEF system impact medieval society?
It established a hierarchical structure of land ownership and obligations.
p.39
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
Why is folic acid essential for bacterial cells?
It is necessary for the synthesis of DNA bases Adenine (A) and Thymine (T).
p.40
Emerging Multidrug Resistant Pathogens
What is a major concern in the treatment of tuberculosis?
The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains.
p.57
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is Amphotericin B used for?
It is a broad-spectrum antifungal used for systemic fungal infections.
p.42
Treatment of Tuberculosis
How does Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) help in tuberculosis treatment?
It prevents the development of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB).
p.25
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is the primary use of vancomycin?
Treatment of MRSA infections.
p.8
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is the main characteristic of narrow-spectrum antibiotics?
Effective against a limited range of bacterial species.
p.14
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the effect of inhibiting DNA synthesis or transcription?
It prevents bacterial replication and protein synthesis.
p.8
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is a limitation of TIE-T regarding Gram-negative bacteria?
It cannot penetrate the outer membrane of Gram-negative cells.
p.52
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
Why are beta-lactamase enzymes significant in medicine?
They contribute to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
p.54
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
By synthesizing alternative enzymes or mutating to produce alternative enzymes.
p.13
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the effect of antimicrobial agents on nucleic acid synthesis?
They can inhibit DNA or RNA synthesis.
p.52
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
How do bacteria acquire beta-lactamase production?
Through genetic mutations or horizontal gene transfer.
p.37
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What do macrolides bind to in bacteria?
The 50S subunit of the ribosome.
p.9
Structure of Prokaryotic Bacterial Cells
What is a FIEF?
A FIEF is a piece of land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service.
p.40
Treatment of Tuberculosis
What is the primary bacterium targeted by antibiotics in tuberculosis treatment?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
p.62
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
For what type of infections should some antibiotics, like vancomycin, be restricted?
Severe infections, such as MRSA.
p.22
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is a characteristic of fourth-generation cephalosporins?
They have a broad spectrum and can penetrate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
p.56
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the mechanism of action of colistin?
Colistin targets the outer membrane of gram-negative cells by binding to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and phospholipids.
p.36
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is a side effect of tetracycline therapy in children?
Discoloration of the teeth.
p.31
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the mechanism of action of Metronidazole?
Inhibition of DNA replication.
p.5
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What are antibiotics?
Substances that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
p.3
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
Which group of antibiotics includes penicillins and cephalosporins?
The beta-lactam antibiotics.
p.51
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
How are most β-lactamases transferred between bacteria?
Using plasmids via horizontal gene transfer.
p.12
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the mode of action of tetracycline?
Acts on protein synthesis.
p.64
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What role does prophylaxis play during outbreaks of infectious diseases?
It helps to prevent the spread of infection to at-risk individuals.
p.23
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is Cefazolin used for?
It is commonly used for surgical prophylaxis and treating infections.
p.51
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
Do β-lactamases produced by different organisms have the same properties?
No, they have different properties.
p.23
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What type of infections is Cefotaxime typically used to treat?
It is used for severe infections, including pneumonia and meningitis.
p.14
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
How do antimicrobials inhibit protein synthesis?
They interfere with the translation of mRNA to protein.
p.14
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
How do sulphonamides and trimethoprim affect bacteria?
They inhibit folic acid (folate) synthesis.
p.23
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is Ceftobiprole known for?
It is effective against MRSA and is used for complicated skin infections.
p.10
Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic Antibiotics
Can bactericidal antibiotics be used in immunocompromised patients?
Yes, they can be used in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients.
p.46
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is bacterial transduction?
The process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another.
p.66
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What is necessary to prevent healthcare-associated infections?
Meticulous infection control is necessary.
p.22
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
Which generation of cephalosporins can penetrate the blood-brain barrier?
Third-generation cephalosporins, such as ceftriaxone and cefotaxime.
p.62
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What is the consequence of over-use of antibiotics?
It will lead to greater problems in the future.
p.40
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
Why is rifampicin important in tuberculosis treatment?
It inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis.
p.18
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the effect of β-lactam antibiotics on bacterial cell walls?
They inhibit wall synthesis.
p.3
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What are examples of glycopeptide antibiotics?
Vancomycin and Teicoplanin.
p.24
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What infections is Aztreonam used against?
Some gram-negative infections including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
p.3
Treatment of Tuberculosis
What is Vancomycin used to treat?
MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus).
p.3
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
Which antibiotics target bacterial cell membranes?
Polymyxin antibiotics, including Colistin.
p.14
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
How do antimicrobials inhibit cell membrane function?
They disrupt the integrity and function of the bacterial cell membrane.
p.15
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones?
Inhibition of nucleic acid replication.
p.42
Treatment of Tuberculosis
What is a key component of Directly Observed Therapy (DOT)?
Patients come to a designated location to take their medicine.
p.58
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What conditions are associated with Varicella Zoster?
Chicken pox and Shingles.
p.50
Emerging Multidrug Resistant Pathogens
What factors can contribute to target she degradation?
Environmental conditions, chemical exposure, and biological processes.
p.49
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is a specific example of altered target sites in antibiotic resistance?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
p.40
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is the role of isoniazid in tuberculosis treatment?
It inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids in the bacterial cell wall.
p.57
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
Why are antifungal drugs considered more toxic to patients?
Because fungi are eukaryotic, making it challenging to target them without affecting human cells.
p.51
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What is the role of β-lactamase enzymes?
They provide resistance to antibiotics with a beta-lactam ring by hydrolyzing the β-lactam ring.
p.47
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What happens to DNA when a bacterial cell dies?
It is released into the environment.
p.60
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
When should more costly antimicrobial drugs be used according to stewardship principles?
When older, cheaper drugs will not work.
p.49
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What change in metabolic pathways can contribute to antibiotic resistance?
A change in a metabolic pathway that makes it harder for bacteria to take up certain antibiotics.
p.64
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
Who might require prophylactic antimicrobials?
Immunocompromised patients and those with certain medical conditions.
p.51
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What are some types of β-lactamases?
Penicillinases, Cephalosporinases, Carbapenemases.
p.31
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What condition is Metronidazole used to treat in combination with other drugs?
Gastric ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori.
p.10
Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic Antibiotics
How do bactericidal antibiotics affect cell wall synthesis?
They disrupt cell wall synthesis.
p.10
Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic Antibiotics
What is a key characteristic of bacteriostatic antibiotics?
They inhibit the growth of bacteria but do not kill them.
p.56
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
Which bacteria can colistin be used against?
Enterobacteriaceae, such as E. coli and Klebsiella.
p.41
Treatment of Tuberculosis
What organism causes Tuberculosis (TB)?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
p.27
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What type of antibiotic is metronidazole?
An inhibitor of DNA replication.
p.35
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What do Tetracyclines inhibit in bacteria?
Bacterial protein synthesis.
p.43
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
Can intrinsic resistance be transferred between bacteria?
No, it is a permanent characteristic of the species.
p.47
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What is horizontal gene transfer?
The transfer of genetic material between bacteria, contributing to antibiotic resistance.
p.55
Emerging Multidrug Resistant Pathogens
What does VRE stand for?
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
p.23
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is the significance of Cefoxitin?
It is effective against anaerobic bacteria and used in intra-abdominal infections.
p.5
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
What does 'drug resistant' mean?
Refers to bacteria that are not susceptible to certain antibiotics.
p.14
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is an example of an antimicrobial that inhibits DNA replication?
Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin.
p.5
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What is 'antagonism' in the context of antibiotics?
When two drugs interfere with each other's effects.
p.23
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is Cephalothin?
A type of cephalosporin antibiotic.
p.57
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is Nystatin used to treat?
Local/topical infections caused by Candida albicans.
p.5
Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic Antibiotics
What does 'bacteriostatic' mean?
Refers to antibiotics that inhibit the growth of bacteria without killing them.
p.58
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is a key requirement for a good antiviral agent?
It must target the virus without damaging the host cell.
p.58
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What is a major problem with antiviral treatment?
Infection is often well established before symptoms appear.
p.5
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
What does 'sensitive' or 'susceptible' mean in the context of antibiotics?
Refers to bacteria that can be effectively treated with specific antibiotics.
p.14
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What are examples of antimicrobials that inhibit protein synthesis?
Tetracycline and doxycycline.
p.31
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What types of infections is Metronidazole used to treat?
Anaerobic bacterial infections and protozoal infections.
p.42
Treatment of Tuberculosis
What is the purpose of Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) in tuberculosis treatment?
To ensure compliance with TB drugs.
p.43
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
Give an example of a bacterium with intrinsic resistance.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is resistant to many antibiotics due to its cell wall structure.
p.47
Intrinsic vs. Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
What is responsible for the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.
p.42
Treatment of Tuberculosis
What does Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) involve?
Observing medication administration.
p.35
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
Why can't Tetracyclines be used for young children?
They cause permanent staining of teeth.
p.5
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What is meant by 'synergy' in antimicrobial therapy?
When two drugs work together to enhance each other's effects.
p.58
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
Which herpes virus infections can Acyclovir treat?
Herpes simplex I, Herpes simplex II, and Varicella Zoster.
p.23
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is Ceftaroline used to treat?
It is used for skin and soft tissue infections, including MRSA.
p.25
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What are glycopeptides?
A class of antibiotics that includes vancomycin and teicoplanin.
p.5
Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic Antibiotics
What does 'bactericidal' mean?
Refers to antibiotics that kill bacteria.
p.65
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
What is a restriction regarding prophylaxis before surgery?
Do not give antibiotics to all patients before/during surgery.
p.1
Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative Bacteria
What are the two main types of bacteria based on cell wall structure?
Gram positive and gram negative.
p.41
Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices
Who provides free TB treatment in Hong Kong?
The TB and Chest Service, Department of Health.
p.23
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
What does MRSA stand for?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
p.14
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
What is another name for the combination of sulphonamides and trimethoprim?
Cotrimoxazole or Septrin.
p.23
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What does the term 'miff' refer to in a medical context?
It is not a standard medical term; context is needed for clarification.
p.10
Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic Antibiotics
What is the role of bacteriostatic antibiotics in infection treatment?
They help the host defenses to fight the infection.
p.23
Types of Antibiotics and Their Uses
What is the role of Cefepime?
It is a fourth-generation cephalosporin effective against a broad range of bacteria.
p.10
Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic Antibiotics
In what scenario can bacteriostatic antibiotics be effective?
When the patient has a functioning immune system.
