p.11
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What does CFU-GM stand for?
Colony Forming Unit Granulocytes - Monocytes.
p.12
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What are mature cells in the context of hematopoiesis?
Fully differentiated blood cells that perform specific functions.
p.6
RBC Size and Anemia Types
What is the normal diameter range of RBCs?
6 - 9 μm, with an average of 7.5 μm.
p.6
RBC Size and Anemia Types
What is the RBC size in macrocytic anemia?
RBC size is greater than 9 μm.
p.10
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What is the primary function of pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells (HSC)?
Active proliferation to maintain their own population (self-renewing).
p.17
Reticulocytes and Their Role in Erythropoiesis
What is reticulocytosis?
An increase in the proportion of reticulocytes in circulating blood.
p.10
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What do progenitor cells proliferate and differentiate into?
More mature and differentiated cells called progenitors.
p.12
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What are the two main types of progenitor cells derived from HSC?
Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells.
p.2
Blood Smear Preparation and Staining Techniques
What is an example of a neutral stain used in blood smear preparation?
Leishman's stain, which is a mixture of acidic (eosin) and basic (methylene blue) dyes.
p.5
Normal and Abnormal Shapes of RBCs
What is sickle cell anemia?
An inherited disease also known as sickle cell disease.
p.5
Normal and Abnormal Shapes of RBCs
How do sickled RBCs differ from normal RBCs?
Sickled RBCs are less flexible, more fragile, and have a shorter lifespan.
p.3
Normal and Abnormal Shapes of RBCs
What shape do RBCs take when viewed inside a capillary using Transmission EM?
Classic dumbbell shape (DB).
p.14
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What type of stem cell gives rise to erythrocytes?
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC).
p.12
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What are hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)?
Stem cells that give rise to all blood cells.
p.9
Hemopoiesis and Stem Cell Differentiation
Where does hemopoiesis occur in infants?
Bone marrow, particularly in all bones.
p.11
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What does CFU-E stand for?
Colony Forming Unit Erythrocytes.
p.9
Hemopoiesis and Stem Cell Differentiation
What is the definition of hemopoiesis?
The process of continuously replacing blood cells through differentiation and maturation of stem cells in hematopoietic organs.
p.13
Hemopoiesis and Stem Cell Differentiation
Who is Dr. Shehab Hafez?
A professional associated with the study of hemopoiesis.
What are the main components of blood?
RBCs (Erythrocytes), WBCs (Leucocytes), and Blood platelets (Thrombocytes).
What is blood plasma?
The fluid extracellular material in which blood cells are suspended.
p.4
Normal and Abnormal Shapes of RBCs
What occurs to RBCs when exposed to hypotonic solutions?
They swell and may rupture, leading to hemolysis.
p.8
Structure and Function of RBCs
What is the source of energy for RBCs?
Enzymes of anaerobic glycolysis, as RBCs have no mitochondria.
p.11
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What are the two main types of stem cells derived from HSC?
Myeloid stem cells and Lymphoid stem cells.
p.12
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What are precursor (blast) cells?
Cells that are in the early stages of differentiation into mature blood cells.
p.11
Hemopoiesis and Stem Cell Differentiation
What is the sequence of differentiation from HSC to blood cells?
HSC → Progenitor cell → CFU → Precursor (blast) cells.
p.7
Structure and Function of RBCs
What proteins make up the cytoskeleton of RBCs?
Spectrin, ankyrin, and actin.
p.15
Erythropoiesis Process and Stages
What is the appearance of Orthochromatophilic Erythroblast?
More condensed and eccentric with acidophilic and little basophilia.
p.3
Normal and Abnormal Shapes of RBCs
What is the normal shape of RBCs in a stained blood smear?
Biconcave discs with a pale center.
p.2
Blood Smear Preparation and Staining Techniques
How can blood cells be studied histologically?
By preparing smears from a drop of blood spread on a microscope slide.
p.17
Erythropoiesis Process and Stages
What happens to reticulocyte production during severe erythrocyte loss?
The rate of erythrocyte production in the bone marrow increases.
p.6
RBC Size and Anemia Types
What is the RBC size in microcytic anemia?
RBC size is less than 6 μm.
p.6
Structure and Function of RBCs
What is the thickness of RBCs at the rim and center?
2.6 μm thick at the rim and 0.75 μm thick in the center.
p.8
Life Span and Removal of RBCs
How are dead or worn-out RBCs removed from circulation?
By macrophages of the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
p.12
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What does CFU stand for?
Colony forming unit cells.
p.15
Erythropoiesis Process and Stages
What is the size characteristic of a Proerythroblast?
Gradual reduction in size.
p.7
Structure and Function of RBCs
What are the main components of the RBC cell membrane?
40% phospholipids, 10% carbohydrates, and 50% protein.
p.15
Erythropoiesis Process and Stages
What characterizes Polychromatophilic Erythroblast?
Condensed basophilia and acidophilia.
p.15
Erythropoiesis Process and Stages
What is the staining characteristic of a mature erythrocyte?
Acidophilic with a pale center.
p.4
Normal and Abnormal Shapes of RBCs
What is spherocytosis in relation to RBCs?
A condition where RBCs become biconvex and exhibit shrinkage and notching when exposed to hypertonic solution.
p.4
Normal and Abnormal Shapes of RBCs
What happens to RBCs during crenation?
RBCs shrink and develop a notched appearance when exposed to hypertonic solutions.
p.5
Normal and Abnormal Shapes of RBCs
What is a consequence of sickled RBCs in the bloodstream?
They increase blood viscosity, promoting blood coagulation.
p.5
Normal and Abnormal Shapes of RBCs
What shapes can RBCs appear in sickle cell anemia?
Sickle shape and teardrop shape.
p.10
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What are the two main types of progenitor cells?
Myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells.
p.7
Structure and Function of RBCs
What is the primary function of erythrocytes (RBCs)?
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
p.16
Erythropoiesis Process and Stages
What is the stage that follows the polychromatophilic erythroblast?
Orthochromatophilic erythroblast.
p.9
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What type of stem cell gives rise to all blood cells?
Pluripotential Hemopoietic stem cell (HSC).
p.2
Blood Smear Preparation and Staining Techniques
What are Romanowsky stains?
Polychromatic stains used in blood smear preparation, with examples including Giemsa and Wright stains.
p.17
Structure and Function of RBCs
What organelles do reticulocytes contain?
Mitochondria and a reticulum of ribosomal RNA.
p.8
Structure and Function of RBCs
What is a key characteristic of red blood cells (RBCs) regarding their structure?
They have no nucleus and no cell organelles.
What type of tissue is blood classified as?
A specialized connective tissue.
What do the formed elements of blood refer to?
Blood cells, including RBCs and WBCs.
p.4
Normal and Abnormal Shapes of RBCs
What is the result of marked hypotonic solutions on RBCs?
Rupture of the cell membrane and appearance of cell ghosts.
p.11
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What type of stem cell is a Pluripotential Hemopoietic stem cell (HSC)?
It is a type of stem cell that can differentiate into various blood cell types.
p.11
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What does CFU-L stand for?
Colony Forming Unit Lymphocytes.
p.11
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What types of cells are produced from CFU-L?
B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and Natural killer cells.
p.11
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What types of cells are produced from CFU-GM?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, and Monocytes.
p.7
Structure and Function of RBCs
What role does the cytoskeleton play in RBCs?
It supports the cell membrane and provides flexibility.
p.9
Life Span and Removal of RBCs
What is a key characteristic of blood cells regarding their lifespan?
Blood cells have a limited life span.
p.13
Hemopoiesis and Stem Cell Differentiation
What is hemopoiesis?
The process of blood cell formation.
p.3
Structure and Function of RBCs
How much greater surface area do biconcave RBCs provide for gas exchange?
20% to 30% greater surface area.
p.3
Normal and Abnormal Shapes of RBCs
What imaging technique shows biconcave discs of RBCs more clearly?
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
p.17
Erythropoiesis Process and Stages
What causes an increase in reticulocyte levels in the blood?
Severe erythrocyte loss, such as after hemorrhage or hemolysis.
p.16
Erythropoiesis Process and Stages
Which erythroblast stage shows a mix of blue and pink staining?
Polychromatophilic erythroblast.
p.9
Hemopoiesis and Stem Cell Differentiation
In adults, where is hemopoiesis primarily located?
Bone marrow in vertebrae, ribs, sternum, sacrum, pelvic bones, and proximal ends of femur.
p.11
Types of Progenitor Cells in Blood Formation
What does CFU-Meg produce?
Megakaryocytes, which lead to the formation of platelets.
p.7
Structure and Function of RBCs
How does the flexibility of the RBC membrane benefit its function?
It allows easy change in shape for passage through small capillaries.
p.15
Erythropoiesis Process and Stages
What is unique about Reticulocytes?
They are extruded and have no nucleus.
