p.51
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
What is Polycythemia Vera characterized by?
Increased hemoglobin levels and panmyelosis.
p.12
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What is a characteristic of Lymphoproliferative Anemia?
It is a space-occupying lesion in the bone marrow.
p.5
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What does maxillary prominence indicate in patients with thalassemia?
Erythropoiesis occurring in bones.
p.23
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What causes the formation of Dohle bodies?
Dilated endoplasmic reticulum organelles.
p.14
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What condition involves platelets along with fragmented cells?
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MAHA).
p.2
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Techniques
What does the graph show regarding hemoglobin?
Different peaks for different types of hemoglobin based on elution time.
p.42
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the predominant cell type in Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NLPHL)?
L&H Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells.
p.16
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
In which disorders is Rouleaux formation commonly seen?
WBC disorders and multiple myeloma.
p.38
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What does LAP stand for in the context of neutrophils?
Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase.
p.18
Hypoproliferative Anemias
What is the significance of the number 528?
It is often associated with the frequency of 528 Hz, which is believed by some to promote healing and transformation.
p.16
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What is a characteristic change in HbC disease?
Glutamic acid changes to lysine.
p.13
Hypoproliferative Anemias
What is a characteristic of pencil cells?
They are smaller than normal RBCs and have no central pallor.
p.27
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What does OIL RED O positivity indicate in ALL L3?
Cytoplasmic vacuolations containing fat.
p.51
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
What chromosome translocation is associated with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)?
t(9:22), known as the Philadelphia chromosome.
p.33
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What mutation is associated with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)?
Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Mutation.
p.22
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What is referred to as pseudo-Pelger-Huët anomaly?
Hyposegmented neutrophils present supplementary to other syndromes like Myelodysplastic syndrome.
p.20
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
What is a myeloblast?
A type of immature blood cell that develops into myeloid cells.
p.13
Hypoproliferative Anemias
What are pencil cells?
Abnormal red blood cells seen in Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA).
p.15
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What is Abelalipoproteinemia associated with?
Echlnpcytes and Burr cells.
p.2
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What are the chains that make up adult hemoglobin?
Alpha (α) and beta (β) chains.
p.20
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
What is a monoblast?
An immature cell that develops into monocytes.
p.12
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What can a space-occupying lesion in the bone marrow lead to?
The removal of RBCs and WBCs from the bone marrow.
p.49
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the two types of cells observed microscopically in Anaplastic Large T-Cell Lymphoma?
Doughnut cells and Hdlmaik cells (Kidney-shaped cells).
p.23
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What are Dohle bodies associated with?
Severe sepsis in patients.
p.31
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the significance of PAS positivity in AML subtypes?
Indicates the presence of certain types of myeloblasts in AMLM6 and AMLM7.
p.6
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
How can Thalassemia Minor be confused with another condition?
It can be confused with iron deficiency anemia.
p.16
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What are Pincer cells?
A type of abnormal red blood cell morphology.
p.8
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What is the mnemonic for remembering HbH disease characteristics?
He is a Boy playing Golf at 3 AM.
p.12
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What is a leukocyte-erythroblastic blood picture?
It includes WBC precursors and RBC precursors.
p.15
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What is agglutination of RBCs seen in?
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) due to gold agglutinin disease.
p.13
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What is the most common cause of pencil cells?
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA).
p.15
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What types of cells are coñocytes and target cells associated with?
Thalassemia, Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA), HbC disease, and HbE disease.
p.13
Hypoproliferative Anemias
What are degmacytes?
Abnormal red blood cells associated with G6PD deficiency.
p.10
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What is the special name for the IgG antibody in IgG Cold AIHA?
Donath-Landsteiner antibody.
p.23
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What is a characteristic feature of Dohle bodies?
Large cytoplasmic granules.
p.4
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What is the effect of ineffective erythropoiesis on the bone marrow?
It increases the load on the bone marrow, causing erythroid hyperplasia.
p.16
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What is Rouleaux formation?
A stacking of red blood cells that is not seen in RBC disorders.
p.2
Sickle Cell Anemia Treatment
What is the effect of Hydroxyurea in the treatment of Sickle Cell Anemia?
It increases the level of fetal hemoglobin, thereby increasing oxygen affinity.
p.22
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What is a characteristic of hypersegmented neutrophils?
Nuclear lobes equal to or more than 5.
p.19
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What does CFU G/M stand for?
Colony Forming Unit Granulocyte/Monocyte.
p.27
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the symptoms of the 5-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
Loss of appetite, fatigue, irritability, low-grade fever, bone pain, pallor, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy.
p.35
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the result of the fusion of BCR and ABL?
Increased Tyrosine kinase activity, known as CML.
p.42
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What does Stage II of Hodgkin's Lymphoma indicate?
At least two groups/regions affected on the same side of the diaphragm.
p.31
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the clinical presentation of a 15-year-old boy with acute myeloblastic leukemia?
Bleeding gums, subconjunctival bleeding, and purpuric rash.
p.11
Hypoproliferative Anemias
What is a common finding in a bone marrow aspirate of Aplastic Anemia?
Dry tap (as there are no cells).
p.32
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the diagnostic criteria for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?
1. Absolute lymphocyte count ≥ 5000/mm³, 2. Lymphocyte count > 30% in bone marrow, 3. CD 5+ and CD 23+ dual positivity.
p.34
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What pattern do lymphoma cells adopt despite not conforming to a typical follicle pattern?
Pseudofollicular pattern.
p.53
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
What chromosomal abnormality is commonly associated with elderly adults in MDS?
Deletion of chromosome 5 (del5q).
p.14
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What are fragmented cells associated with?
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MAHA), specifically HUS and TTP.
p.20
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
What is the main difference between myeloblast, lymphoblast, and monoblast?
They develop into different types of blood cells: myeloblasts into myeloid cells, lymphoblasts into lymphocytes, and monoblasts into monocytes.
p.15
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
In which conditions are echlnpcytes and burr cells seen?
In burns, uremia, and prolonged exposure to RDTA.
p.6
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What type of anemia is Thalassemia Minor?
Microcytic hypochromic anemia.
p.38
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What conditions can cause an increased LAP score?
Leukemoid reaction, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, neutrophilia/sepsis, Down's syndrome.
p.42
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is a better predictor of prognosis in Hodgkin's Lymphoma, staging or histological grade?
Staging is a greater predictor of prognosis than histological grade.
p.6
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What is the Mentzer index used for?
To differentiate between iron deficiency anemia and Thalassemia.
p.38
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What does a left shift in granulocytes indicate?
An increase in immature neutrophils, often seen in acute infections.
p.54
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
What is the classification of MDS with single lineage dysplasia?
Less than 5% blasts present in any one of RBC, WBC, or platelets.
p.54
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
What characterizes MDS with multi-lineage dysplasia?
Less than 5% blasts present in two or more than two lineages.
p.4
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What is the consequence of increased HbF in Thalassemia Major?
Less oxygen reaches the tissues, stimulating the release of erythropoietin.
p.6
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What does the Naked Eye Single Tube RBC Osmotic Fragility Test involve?
Comparing the fragility of the patient's blood with normal blood in a hypotonic solution.
p.51
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
What is the major criterion for Essential Thrombocythemia?
Platelet count greater than 4.5 lakhs/min.
p.6
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What happens to normal RBCs in a hypotonic saline solution?
They break, making a black line visible behind the tube.
p.5
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What is the term for erythropoiesis occurring in organs other than the bone marrow?
Extrabone marrow hematopoiesis.
p.27
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is a good prognostic factor for female patients with B-ALL aged 2-10 years?
Hyperdiploidy with trisomies -4, -7, and -10.
p.24
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the primary difference between leukemia and lymphomas?
Leukemia is blood cancer, while lymphomas are cancers of the lymph nodes.
p.19
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What types of cells are included in granulocytes?
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils.
p.4
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What happens when there are no beta chains available in Thalassemia Major?
Alpha chains form tetramers, leading to ineffective erythropoiesis.
p.31
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the provisional category for AML with RUNX1 mutation?
AML with blasts greater than 20%.
p.40
Hodgkin's Lymphoma Types and Genetics
What markers are associated with Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
CD 15, CD 30 (most sensitive), and PAX 5 (most specific for B cell origin tumor).
p.32
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the clinical features of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Fatigue, lymphadenopathy (LAP), and hepatosplenomegaly (HSM).
p.52
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
What are the minor criteria for diagnosing myelofibrosis?
Rule out reactive thrombocytosis (e.g., infection, iron deficiency anemia).
p.4
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What happens to RBC counts and hemoglobin levels in Thalassemia Major?
RBC increases but hemoglobin decreases.
p.1
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Techniques
What happens if hemoglobin moves slower and stays at the cathode end?
HbS (sickle cell anemia).
p.26
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is hyperdiploidy in the context of leukemia?
It refers to having more than two sets of chromosomes, often seen with trisomies such as 4, 7, and 10.
p.33
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the relationship between CLL and lymph nodes?
CLL can spread from blood into lymph nodes.
p.20
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
What is a lymphoblast?
An immature lymphocyte that develops into a lymphocyte.
p.16
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What defect is associated with Band 3?
Band 3 defect, which affects red blood cell membrane stability.
p.13
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What are some other causes of pencil cells?
Hereditary spherocytosis and G6PD deficiency.
p.1
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Techniques
What are the two types of hemoglobin electrophoresis?
Cellulose acetate electrophoresis (pH 8.4) and citrate electrophoresis (pH 6.2).
p.47
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the typical CBC finding in Hairy Cell Leukemia?
Pancytopenia with monocytopenia.
p.38
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What conditions are associated with a decreased LAP score?
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH).
p.49
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the significance of HHV-8 positivity in HIV-positive patients with pleural effusion?
It is associated with Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL).
p.40
Hodgkin's Lymphoma Types and Genetics
What are the prominent features of the 'Owl Eye' nuclei?
They are 7 microns in size and called Mirror Image Nuclei.
p.49
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the typical presentation of HIV-positive patients with pleural and pericardial effusion?
Atypical lymphoid cells with positivity for CD30 and CD38.
p.1
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Techniques
What does it mean if hemoglobin is present towards both anode and cathode?
HbAS (sickle cell trait).
p.25
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the significance of the PAX5 gene in ALL?
Loss of function mutation in PAX5 is associated with B-cell development.
p.3
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What genes are present on chromosome 1 and chromosome 11 related to thalassemia?
4 genes are present on chromosome 1 and 2 genes are present on chromosome 11.
p.24
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the significance of PAS positivity in lymphoblasts?
It indicates the presence of specific enzymes in lymphoblasts.
p.14
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
What type of cells are dacrocytes and where are they seen?
Dacrocytes are seen in myelofibrosis and myelophthisic anemia.
p.12
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What are the causes of space-occupying lesions in the bone marrow?
Metastasis and granuloma.
p.50
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
Which statement about Hairy Cell Leukemia is incorrect?
Patients show atypical Mycobacterial infection most commonly.
p.50
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
Which lymphoma most commonly involves the red pulp of the spleen?
Both B (Hepatosplenic Lymphoma) and C (Hairy Cell Lymphoma)
p.47
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What infections are associated with Hairy Cell Leukemia?
Mycobacterium Avium Complex.
p.38
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is a characteristic finding in CML regarding LAP score?
Small LAP score and small (dwarf) megakaryocytes.
p.1
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Techniques
Which hemoglobins can be differentiated using citrate electrophoresis?
Hemoglobin S and Hemoglobin D.
p.49
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
Which lymphoma shows nearly 100% Ki67 positivity?
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL).
p.10
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What happens to RBCs in Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria?
They will be broken down.
p.35
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
On which chromosome does the BCR-ABL fusion occur?
Chromosome 22, resulting in the Philadelphia Chromosome.
p.10
Hypoproliferative Anemias
What is a common cause of Aplastic Anemia?
Idiopathic (most common).
p.40
Hodgkin's Lymphoma Types and Genetics
What are the two types of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Non-Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma.
p.11
Hypoproliferative Anemias
What are the characteristics of bone marrow in Aplastic Anemia?
Reduced cells and increased fat content.
p.34
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is a characteristic of CLL cells compared to normal lymphoid cells?
CLL cells do not have a Germinal Center.
p.48
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What type of lymphoma is Mycosis fungoides?
Cutaneous T-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (T-NHL).
p.46
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the markers for Mantle Cell Lymphoma?
Cyclin D1, CD5+, CD23-, CD200-.
p.29
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the main treatments for AML M3?
ATRA (all-trans retinoic acid) and arsenic trioxide (As2O3).
p.3
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What is the hemoglobin profile in thalassemia intermedia?
Increased HbF and normal HPLC.
p.43
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What type of lymphoma arises from the Marginal Zone?
Marginal Zone Lymphoma or Maltoma.
p.29
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is a key feature of AML M5?
It consists only of monoblasts.
p.26
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the role of flow cytometry in leukemia diagnosis?
It is the diagnostic method of choice for identifying T/B lymphoblasts.
p.12
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
Which AIHA is associated with malignancy?
IgM - Cold agglutinin disease.
p.13
Hypoproliferative Anemias
What are bite cells?
Abnormal red blood cells seen in G6PD deficiency.
p.32
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is unique about Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia compared to other leukemias?
It is the only leukemia not associated with radiation.
p.42
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What does Stage I of Hodgkin's Lymphoma indicate?
Single lymph node region affected.
p.47
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What do the hairy cells release that causes fibrosis of the marrow?
PDGF, TGF, and other factors.
p.1
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Techniques
What indicates the presence of HbA during electrophoresis?
If hemoglobin moves faster and reaches the anode.
p.25
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What does ALL stand for in the context of leukemia classification?
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
p.41
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the characteristics of Classical Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells?
They are often described as having an 'owl's eye' appearance and are associated with mixed cellularity.
p.53
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
What type of dysplasia is seen in MDS?
Dysplasia in RBC, WBC, and Platelets.
p.43
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the origin of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma?
From the Germinal Center.
p.4
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
How does Thalassemia Major affect iron levels in patients?
Iron levels increase due to erythroid hyperplasia and repeated blood transfusions.
p.52
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
What is a key defect in primary myelofibrosis?
It is a megakaryocyte defect.
p.26
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the significance of the Bcr-Abl fusion protein?
It is associated with the Philadelphia chromosome and is a marker for certain leukemias, with varying weights indicating different types.
p.54
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
What is the significance of SF3B1 mutation in MDS?
Even 5% of ringed sideroblasts will be the cutoff.
p.48
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is a characteristic finding in the biopsy of Mycosis fungoides?
Ret ridges in the epidermis.
p.34
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What does Stage B in CLL staging indicate?
3 areas of lymphadenopathy only.
p.19
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What is the significance of myelocytes in blood cell formation?
They determine the formation of neutrophils, basophils, or eosinophils.
p.29
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the WHO classification for AML based on genetic abnormalities?
Includes recurrent genetic abnormalities such as (15;17) - PML-RARA for M3.
p.39
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the cell of origin for Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Post-germinal center B cell.
p.32
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What type of leukemia is characterized by lymphocytes without blasts?
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).
p.47
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is a common finding in a bone marrow aspirate for Hairy Cell Leukemia?
Dry tap with a lot of hairy cells.
p.33
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is a potential transformation of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)?
CLL can transform into Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL).
p.42
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What does Stage III of Hodgkin's Lymphoma indicate?
Lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm are affected.
p.47
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is observed around the nucleus of hairy cells in a biopsy?
A white area around the nucleus.
p.42
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the 'A' and 'B' classifications in Hodgkin's Lymphoma staging?
'A' indicates no B symptoms; 'B' indicates B symptoms (fever, sweats, weight loss).
p.42
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the characteristic findings in a biopsy of a patient with Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Large atypical cells positive for CD 15 and CD 30, negative for CD 3 and CD 45.
p.42
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with cervical and inguinal lymphadenopathy, coughing, and significant weight loss, with biopsy showing large atypical cells?
Hodgkin's Lymphoma (specific subtype depends on additional findings).
p.17
Hypoproliferative Anemias
What is a characteristic of Howell-Jolly bodies?
They appear as single dots.
p.34
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are some prognostic markers for CLL?
MicroRNA 1 and 10, CD 38, Notch, Zap70, B2 Microglobulin.
p.30
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the microscopic features of AML?
Myeloblasts and atypical monocytes/macrophages.
p.43
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What occurs in the Germinal Center?
Real exposure and challenge of B cells.
p.3
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What is a frameshift mutation in thalassemia?
Occurs at the 41/42 codon.
p.44
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What type of cells are centrocytes?
Cleaved nucleus cells that look like the Bullock cell.
p.36
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What clinical feature is commonly associated with CML?
A dragging sensation in the abdomen due to massive splenomegaly.
p.29
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is unique about AML M7?
It is the least common and most correlated with Down syndrome.
p.39
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
How does Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma differ in lymph node involvement?
It involves weird lymph nodes (Mesenteric, Waldeyer's Ring) and tends to go outside the lymph nodes.
p.7
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What is a characteristic of asymptomatic thalassemia trait?
Formation of 4 tetramers.
p.42
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
Which chemotherapy agents are commonly used for Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vincristine/Vinblastine, Dacarbazine.
p.12
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What mnemonic helps remember the association of IgM with malignancy?
M for Malignancy, M for Mycoplasma, M for IgM.
p.27
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What laboratory findings are significant in the 5-year-old boy's case?
Hemoglobin of 8.0 g/dl, white blood cell count of 61,900/min³, and platelet count of 96,000/min³.
p.48
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What does TRAP stand for in special staining?
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase.
p.52
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
What is the significance of Bcr-Abl in myelofibrosis?
Bcr-Abl negative indicates a specific type of myelofibrosis.
p.38
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
In the context of a 49-year-old male with acute febrile illness, what does hyperleukocytosis with a left shift and increased basophils suggest?
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML).
p.6
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What does the Osmotic Fragility Test assess?
The osmotic fragility of RBCs.
p.33
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is Richters syndrome?
Transformation of CLL into Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL).
p.35
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What does the Philadelphia Chromosome represent?
It represents the chromosome where the BCR-ABL fusion occurs, not the entire translocation.
p.29
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the treatment approach for AML M3?
No chemotherapy is used because killing the cells releases procoagulant material, leading to DIC.
p.31
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the specific translocations associated with favorable prognosis in AML?
t(8:21), t(15:17), or inv 16.
p.29
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the aim of treatment for AML M3?
To remove the block of promyelocytic to myelocytic maturation.
p.11
Hypoproliferative Anemias
What is the criteria for Severe Aplastic Anemia (SAA)?
Bone marrow cellularity should be <25% and any two out of three specific points.
p.17
Hypoproliferative Anemias
What is the appearance of Pappenheimer bodies?
They appear as multiple dots.
p.3
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What are the clinical features of thalassemia major?
Pallor, jaundice, splenomegaly.
p.21
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What is the characteristic shape of a Monocyte's nucleus?
Kidney-shaped or reniform.
p.30
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the significance of Auer rods in AML?
They are indicative of myeloblasts.
p.21
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What diseases are associated with Monocytes?
Malaria, JMML in children, and CMML in adults.
p.36
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What does a 'shift to the left' indicate in CML?
The reappearance of immature forms alongside Eosinophils.
p.21
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
In which conditions are Eosinophils typically seen?
Allergies and parasitic infections.
p.34
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What genetic abnormality is associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
t(9:21) - Philadelphia chromosome.
p.39
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the two main types of lymphoma?
Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.
p.39
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the pattern of spread for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
It spreads non-contiguously.
p.5
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What is a peripheral smear finding associated with Thalassemia Major?
Specific abnormalities in red blood cell morphology.
p.51
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
What are the major criteria for diagnosing Polycythemia Vera?
Increase in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and panmyelosis.
p.51
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
What clinical feature is associated with increased RBC in Polycythemia Vera?
Hyperviscosity leading to headaches and vision disturbances.
p.31
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What laboratory findings are suggestive of acute myeloblastic leukemia in the presented case?
HB 6.4 mg/dl; TLC 26,500/mm³; platelet 35,000/mm³.
p.17
Hypoproliferative Anemias
What are Pappenheimer bodies?
They are inclusions seen in certain types of anemia.
p.40
Hodgkin's Lymphoma Types and Genetics
What is a key association of Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
It is associated with EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus).
p.24
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is Aleukemic leukemia?
A type of leukemia where blast cells are present in the bone marrow but not in the peripheral blood.
p.11
Hypoproliferative Anemias
Is splenomegaly seen in Aplastic Anemia?
No, splenomegaly is not seen.
p.24
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
Which leukemia is most common in individuals with Down's syndrome?
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).
p.32
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are smudge cells associated with in CLL?
They are associated with the presence of fragile lymphocytes.
p.41
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the prognosis for patients with Hodgkin's Lymphoma associated with HIV?
It is generally worse due to immunodeficiency.
p.9
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What happens to IgG antibodies in Warm AIHA?
They attach to P-Antigen on RBCs and are engulfed by the spleen.
p.3
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What mutation occurs in thalassemia genetics?
Mutation in the intervening sequence, such as IVS1-5 G → C in India.
p.21
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What is the appearance of Eosinophils?
Bilobed nucleus and orange-red granules.
p.21
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What diseases are associated with Basophils?
CML (Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia) and PV (Polycythemia Vera).
p.9
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What prevents intravascular hemolysis (IVH) in Cold AIHA?
The presence of CD55 and CD59.
p.9
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What is the result of the destruction of RBCs in Cold AIHA?
Extravascular hemolysis (EVH).
p.39
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What role does the EBV virus play in Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
It has the LMP1 gene, which increases NF-kB levels, contributing to Hodgkin's Lymphoma.
p.24
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the two main types of leukemia?
Acute leukemia and chronic leukemia.
p.17
Hypoproliferative Anemias
What is the figure of eight or reappearance associated with?
It is associated with the mitotic spindle rich in Arginine.
p.40
Hodgkin's Lymphoma Types and Genetics
What are the clinical features of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Pel-Ebstein fever, weight loss, painless lymphadenopathy, and pain on alcohol consumption.
p.19
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What does myelopoiesis refer to?
The process of forming myeloid cells from myeloblasts.
p.1
High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
What is the significance of High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in hemoglobin disorders?
It is the gold standard test for any hemoglobin disorder.
p.54
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
What is the classification for MDS with excess blasts?
More than or equal to 15% blasts.
p.6
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
How do Thalassemia cells respond to hypotonic saline?
They do not break, and the black line remains invisible.
p.9
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What is Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA)?
An autoimmune extracorpuscular defect.
p.41
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the significance of collagen bands in the context of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Collagen bands can create a retraction effect, leading to the appearance of a whitish area in the tissue.
p.9
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What are the two types of AIHA?
Warm AIHA (37°C) and Cold AIHA (4°C).
p.53
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
What type of cells are identified as ringed sideroblasts in MDS?
Erythroid precursors with iron deposits.
p.43
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What type of lymphoma arises from the Germinal Center?
Follicular Lymphoma, Burkitt's Lymphoma, and Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma.
p.29
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the diagnosis of choice for AML M3?
FISH to detect chromosomal abnormalities (15:17).
p.52
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
What blood picture is seen in primary myelofibrosis?
Leukoerythroblastic picture.
p.29
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What characterizes AML M4?
It involves myeloblasts and monoblasts.
p.26
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
How is ALL diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves peripheral blood and bone marrow analysis showing more than 20% lymphoblasts, along with specific stains and CD markers.
p.29
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is AML M6 also known as?
Pure erythroid leukemia, also referred to as Di Guglielmo Disease.
p.44
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the two varieties of Richelieu's Syndrome?
Immunodeficiency associated and Primary Effusion Lymphoma.
p.7
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What is Hb Barts disease known for?
It results in intrauterine death.
p.52
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
What mutations are associated with myelofibrosis?
JAK2V617F, MPL, and CALR mutations.
p.38
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
Which statement about the CML accelerated phase is incorrect?
Persistent thrombocytosis, non-responsive to therapy.
p.54
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
What is the defining feature of MDS-ringed sideroblasts?
Presence of ringed sideroblasts.
p.41
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the most common virus associated with Classical RS cells?
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV).
p.51
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
What is a clinical feature of increased platelets in Essential Thrombocythemia?
Erythromelalgia, causing a burning sensation in hands and feet.
p.51
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
What is a characteristic finding in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia?
Increased mast cells and basophils.
p.19
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What do myeloblasts give rise to?
Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils).
p.40
Hodgkin's Lymphoma Types and Genetics
What are the characteristics of Non-Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
It is not associated with EBV and has RS cells that are CD 20+, CD 45+, EMA+, and Beta G+.
p.29
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What defect is associated with AML M3?
A defect in the vitamin A receptor.
p.35
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the relationship between fusion protein weight and Tyrosine kinase activity?
Lower fusion protein weights correlate with higher Tyrosine kinase activity.
p.43
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What happens to B cells after exiting the Germinal Center?
They become Memory B cells.
p.35
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What color indicates the translocation (9:22) and ABL-BCR fusion?
Yellow color is seen when they fuse.
p.35
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
How does the BCR-ABL fusion affect blood lineages?
It affects all lineages, including RBCs and platelets, due to its occurrence in stem cells.
p.21
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What staining technique shows two colors for WBCs?
Toluidine blue (Metachromatic stain).
p.9
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What happens to RBCs coated with C3b in Cold AIHA?
They change into C3d and are taken up by the liver for destruction.
p.24
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)?
The most common leukemia in children.
p.22
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What does May-Hegglin anomaly cause?
Giant platelets, low platelet count, and inclusions in granulocytes (Dohle body-like inclusions).
p.32
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
At what age is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia most commonly seen?
In elderly patients, usually 60-65 years old.
p.43
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the two main types of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL)?
B-cell NHL and T-cell NHL.
p.23
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What is the Alter Reilly anomaly characterized by?
Large cytoplasmic granules.
p.33
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What type of lymphocytes are predominantly present in CLL?
High presence of lymphocytes, including activated ones.
p.33
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What pattern is observed in the structure of CLL?
A darker periphery and a lighter center, resembling a pseudofollicular pattern.
p.21
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What type of infections are Neutrophils associated with?
Acute inflammation and bacterial infections.
p.41
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What type of cells are typically found in the background of a lymph node biopsy for Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Polymorphous background including eosinophils, plasma cells, and lymphocytes.
p.41
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What immunophenotyping markers are associated with Non-Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
CD 20, CD 45, EMA, and Bet 6.
p.35
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
Which type of leukemia has the worst prognosis?
ALL, due to the lowest fusion protein weight and maximum Tyrosine kinase activity.
p.25
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the significance of the t(9:22) translocation in ALL?
It is associated with a poor prognosis.
p.36
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the significance of basophils in CML?
CML is notably associated with the presence of basophils.
p.26
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the clinical significance of organ involvement in T-ALL?
It can lead to tissue infiltration and symptoms like hepatosplenomegaly.
p.9
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What does IgM do in Cold AIHA?
IgM attaches to the I-antigen on RBCs and can activate the complement system.
p.7
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What are 'golfball inclusions' associated with?
They are associated with HbH disease.
p.23
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What are some clinical features of Chédiak-Higashi syndrome?
CNS alterations, hemorrhages, decreased immunity, albinism, coarse cytoplasmic granules.
p.51
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
What is a common thrombotic episode associated with Polycythemia Vera?
Hepatic Vein Thrombosis (Budd-Chiari Syndrome).
p.21
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What does the acronym 'Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas' help identify?
Different types of white blood cells (WBCs).
p.10
Hypoproliferative Anemias
What are some causes of Aplastic Anemia?
Drugs, toxins, chemicals, viral infections, genetic syndromes.
p.40
Hodgkin's Lymphoma Types and Genetics
What are the characteristics of RS cells in Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
RS cells are CD 15+, PAX 5+, and CD 30+.
p.30
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is Chloroma?
A type of myeloblastoma or granulocytic sarcoma, not a benign tumor.
p.24
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the classifications of chronic leukemia?
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML).
p.34
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What does Stage A in CLL staging indicate?
Less than 3 areas of lymphadenopathy.
p.53
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
What is a notable feature of dysplasia in WBCs in MDS?
Presence of Döhle bodies.
p.26
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are common clinical features of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)?
Commonly seen in children, with symptoms like anemia, fatigue, pallor, recurrent infections, and bleeding manifestations.
p.44
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is a characteristic of centroblasts?
They have a non-cleaved nucleus.
p.36
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the three phases of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
Chronic, Accelerated, and Blast Crisis.
p.44
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
Which virus is associated with Primary Effusion Lymphoma?
Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8).
p.46
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
Which tumors express CD99?
Granulosa cell tumor and Ewing's Sarcoma.
p.35
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What type of inhibitor is linatinib?
A tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting BCR-ABL fusion.
p.3
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What is thalassemia major's dependence?
Always dependent on transfusion.
p.11
Hypoproliferative Anemias
What are the three specific points for diagnosing Severe Aplastic Anemia?
WBC neutrophils <300, RBC reticulocyte count <1%, and platelet count <20,000.
p.30
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the diagnostic method for AML?
Cytometry, except for AML M3 which requires PISH.
p.11
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What type of leukemia is mentioned in the context?
Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia (LGL).
p.29
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the most common hematological abnormality in newborns?
Transient abnormal myelopoiesis.
p.39
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the bimodal age distribution for Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
It commonly affects younger adults and the elderly.
p.53
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
What staining method is used to identify iron in MDS?
Prussian Blue or Perl's Stain.
p.21
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
In which conditions are Lymphocytes typically seen?
Viral infections, chronic inflammation, typhoid, and TB.
p.30
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What markers are associated with AML?
MPO, CD43, CD45, and lysozyme.
p.11
Hypoproliferative Anemias
What is Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA)?
A condition where only red blood cells are affected.
p.36
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the notable cell types observed in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
Neutrophils, Metamyelocytes, Myelocytes, and Eosinophils.
p.7
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What does the mnemonic 'ThALESSemia' represent?
It indicates that in Thalassemia A, there are absent lines.
p.7
Thalassemia Types and Genetics
What happens to the chains in Thalassemia due to gene deletion?
It results in missing chains.
p.36
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What transformation occurs in myelopoiesis leading to neutrophils?
Myeloblast transforms into Promyelocyte, then Myelocyte, followed by Metamyelocyte, Band, and ultimately Neutrophil.
p.26
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What are the weights of the Bcr-Abl fusion protein in different leukemias?
190 kD in ALL, 210 kD in CML, and 230 kD in CNL.
p.52
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
What type of red blood cells are characteristic of primary myelofibrosis?
Teardrop RBCs (Dacrocytes).
p.34
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What does Stage C in CLL staging indicate?
Antinuclear antibodies (+ ltJg/dl) and thrombocytopenia.
p.9
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
What is the result of the process involving IgG in Warm AIHA?
Extravascular hemolysis (EVH).
p.35
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What colors represent the ABL and BCR genes in the translocation test?
ABL is red and BCR is green.
p.39
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is a characteristic of Hodgkin's Lymphoma regarding lymph node involvement?
It usually involves typical lymph nodes (Cervical, Axillary, Inguinal).
p.39
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is the pattern of spread for Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
It spreads contiguously without skipping.
p.26
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What does a higher weight of the Bcr-Abl fusion protein indicate?
It indicates more tyrosine kinase activity, which is associated with a worse prognosis.
p.9
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Types
Which conditions are associated with Warm AIHA?
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).
p.44
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is Richelieu's Syndrome?
A syndrome where small transformed cells become large.
p.21
Peripheral Blood Smear Findings
What are the two categories of diseases related to WBCs?
Non-neoplastic and neoplastic.
p.44
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What genetic arrangement is shown in Follicular Lymphoma?
Bcl6 gene rearrangements.
p.39
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What genetic change is associated with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Chromosome 2 copy gain and increase in the REL gene, which also increases NF-kB.
p.34
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What happens to the ABL gene in CML?
ABL translocates and sits over BCR.
p.29
Leukemia and Lymphoma Classification
What is a common finding in bone marrow aspiration for AML M7?
A dry tap due to fibrosis in the bone marrow.
