Tok Pisin.
Some languages may be lost or undergo drastic changes resulting in new codes.
By smuggling books across a bridge in the town of Panemunė.
Influences from Dutch and English colonists.
Slavers would intentionally group speakers from different language groups.
Sanskrit.
They are 'created' or discovered every year through creativity and variation.
It became a means of reaching the international stage and challenging the oppression of white Afrikaans speakers.
An animal something less than a greyhound, of mouse color, slender made, and swift of foot.
It refers to a language variety that is considered the norm or high variety in a given context.
A Zulu-based language used in diamond mines and farms in South Africa.
After the establishment of The East India Company in the 17th century.
Afrikaans was challenged as indigenous and Dutch settlers began learning English as a second language.
A model proposing that larger populations with greater 'gravity' are the main influencers of language diffusion.
One variety may displace another.
In 2017.
The spread of American and British English.
A highly creative and destructive process involving interaction between languages.
Kangooroo or Kanguru.
High variety (H) and Low variety (L).
Glocestershire and Somerset.
A creole must be a first language.
They began deporting prisoners to the region.
They reflect the influence of colonialism on language.
It shows that the variation in its usage has been changing over time.
From London and Ireland.
An English lexifier creole spoken in Papua New Guinea.
The slave trade, also known as the 'triangle trade'.
A Norwegian/Russian hybrid used by sailors during fishing season.
The interaction between languages where words, sounds, and structures are exchanged.
From the early 19th century.
A form of torn French used by the military in French colonies of Africa.
A pidgin is nobody’s first language.
The perception of English's ease varies among learners.
India and South Asia.
A black African variety of English.
Language patterns that can be traced through shared features.
English.
A creole is learned as a first language and used in all contexts and functions of a fully-fledged language.
1848.
In 1770.
It must take on a special status within a community.
It was a banned language.
A non-standardised variety used in everyday use but not usually in any official capacity.
Words, sounds, and structures are passed on, while some are not.
Names of plants, animals, and tools.
More than 800 languages.
The use of different varieties of a language in different contexts.
An official language of Vanuatu, along with English and French.
David Crystal.
Through educational institutions after the founding of universities in Bombay and Calcutta.
It may overlook the complexities and variations within language use.
The context of apartheid.
Yes, one language may be a vernacular in one place and not in another.
Through government recognition or prioritization in education.
Essex, Kent, and Lincolnshire.
The southern group (Virginia) and the northern group (New England).
Certain words may be used in formal contexts that sound unusual in everyday spoken English.
Colonialism has played a huge part in the spread of English.
West African pidgin.
The original meaning was similar to the standard but has been gradually shifting.
A small boat.
In a variety of unique ways, including as a focus marker.
'Stairs'.
Larger populations have more influence.
Tolai.
'Face'.
It has been adapted and changed in innumerable ways.
I can't be bothered.
A thief or bandit.
He is lying.
How are you?
They may associate it with the Tolai word 'iat'.
A variety changes and becomes used in a broader number of societal contexts.
Trudgill in 1974.
It indicates that the speaker is still angry.
A form of English slang originating from London, using rhymes to replace words.
I have dispatched the correspondence.
Canada, USA, the Caribbean, and down to South America.
I want to eat.
A French-based official language of Haiti.
A sparse expanse of wild land.
A basic, adapted form of a language used in specific contexts.
2011.
'I myself don’t know very well the story.'
Use your head or think.
Casual: お土産をもらった (Omiyage o moratta); Formal: お土産をいただきました (Omiyage o itadakimashita).
Greater connectivity via roads and railways, and social/economic factors.
They lack courage.
Lack of common communication.
The use of 'yet' as a focus marker primarily with pronouns.
Cultural and linguistic heritage.
In areas with rich linguistic diversity.
When a pidgin expands and becomes the first language.
It influenced the English that developed in Australia and New Zealand.
It is referenced by Crystal in discussing the impact of different groups on language varieties.
Variations of the same language or different languages entirely.
The wave theory of diffusion through contact.
I no know.
There are alternative theories about what counts as a creole.
Honorific speech used in certain formal contexts.
Two varieties (high and low functions), distinct but complementary functions, and the H variety not used for everyday conversation.
Orait yu yet kilim pikinini bilong mi.
It indicates a casual, conversational setting typical in Jamaican culture.
Used for everyday conversation.
The ease of learning English.
In the USA, it is considered vernacular, while in Spain or South America, it is considered official.
They came from different parts of England, leading to lasting impacts on language varieties.
The use of two distinct varieties of a language for specific purposes.
It is used as a focus marker only with pronouns.
It has had a gradual impact on the grammar and semantics of the creole.
Sankoff (1993).
A language used between groups of speakers who do not share the same native language.
It emphasizes the subject, indicating 'you yourself' killed the child.
Languages that developed as a means of communication among speakers of different native languages.
The two of us came from very far away.
Spanish and Portuguese.
Influence from the substrate language Tolai.
The high variety that is not used for everyday conversation.
English has quite a few weird variations of its own.
A canopy or terraced area.
By becoming an official language of a nation.
They are the surrounding languages that impact the syntax and semantics.
An English-based variety spoken throughout Jamaica.
Large urban centers are the first to innovate, followed by the next largest populations.
Two common outcomes arising from language contact.
The slave trade and colonialism.
A Creole language.
The distinction between classic and colloquial varieties of a language, as seen in Arabic-speaking countries.
Charles Ferguson.
Loose fitting trousers.
Complex gender and case markings.
Languages that are widely used for communication across different native language speakers.
The power and influence of those who speak it.
お土産をいただきました (Omiyage o itadakimashita).
'もらった' (moratta) is casual, while 'もらいました' (moraimashita) is formal.
A pidgin language.
Do you agree with the statement about English's ease?
My belly is still hot.
The use of 'fi' in place of more than one preposition in English.
Creolisation occurs when a pidgin expands and becomes a first language.
Parts of Africa, across Asia, and down to the antipodes.
Latin and French.
Metathesis – flipped sound order.
Sankoff (1993).
The use of informal grammar and vocabulary typical in Jamaican Patois.
Contact between two different languages.
English.
It reflects cultural practices and social commentary within the language.
The primary language on which the pidgin or creole is based, usually providing the bulk of the vocabulary.
The period between birth and roughly early teens when language input is crucial.
In various institutions of government and education.
Tolai - /jat/, English - /jɛt/.
Languages based on English.
1. Size of population, 2. Distance between settlements, 3. Influence from large to small, 4. Proportional to existing similarity.
The language becomes a priority for foreign language teaching.
Along the Vaupes river in the Amazon.
I have posted the letter.
In the phrase 'Mitupela i - kam longwe yet', it emphasizes the distance from which the speakers came.
They have different, mutually unintelligible languages.
Larger distances result in less influence.
A more complex form of language used in various contexts as the primary means of communication.
Influence may first move between large urban centers before reaching smaller settlements.
What is happening?
Comfortable.
They facilitate communication between speakers of different native languages.
