p.4
Musculo-skeletal System
What are the two main parts of the human skeleton?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
p.12
Osteoporosis and Arthritis
What does arthritis refer to?
Inflammation of the joints.
p.21
Health and Maintenance of Bones and Muscles
What are common activities that can lead to tennis elbow?
Prolonged use of a computer mouse and typing at a keyboard.
p.9
Musculo-skeletal System
What structures are included in the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
What is a hinge joint?
A joint that allows movement of bones in one plane only, like a door hinge.
p.7
Musculo-skeletal System
What are the limb bones?
The bones of the arms and legs.
p.29
Osteoporosis and Arthritis
What happens to bones when a person suffers from osteoporosis?
They become less dense and more brittle.
p.2
Osteoporosis and Arthritis
What is osteoporosis?
A bone disease that commonly affects old people, caused by the loss of calcium from bones.
p.10
Structure and Function of Joints
What is a joint?
The place where two or more bones meet.
p.2
Types of Bone and Cartilage
What is the function of spongy bone?
It is porous and contains cavities filled with red bone marrow.
p.2
Osteoporosis and Arthritis
How does the structure of a bone with osteoporosis compare to healthy bone?
Bone with osteoporosis is more porous than healthy bone.
p.19
Opposing Muscles and Movement
How can you identify which muscle is contracting or relaxing in a pair of opposing muscles?
Identify the limb joint controlled by the muscles and check the effect of muscle contraction on the joint.
p.19
Opposing Muscles and Movement
What happens to muscles A and B when bending the elbow joint?
Muscle A contracts while muscle B relaxes.
p.31
Opposing Muscles and Movement
How do muscles A and B work together to facilitate movement at the joint?
Muscle A contracts to pull the joint in one direction while muscle B relaxes, allowing for smooth movement.
p.9
Musculo-skeletal System
What is one function of structure Q?
Storing minerals and protecting organs.
p.12
Osteoporosis and Arthritis
What happens to cartilage in osteoarthritis?
It wears away, causing bones to rub against each other.
What is a ball-and-socket joint?
A joint where one bone's end is ball-shaped and the other's is cup-shaped, allowing movement in many planes.
p.21
Health and Maintenance of Bones and Muscles
What is tennis elbow?
An inflammation of tendons that attach the forearm muscles to the bone on the outside of the elbow.
p.20
Muscle Types and Functions
What muscles are contracting in the left arm during movement?
Specific muscles indicated in Diagram I.
p.16
Role of Tendons and Ligaments
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
Tendons are inelastic tissues that attach muscles to bones, while ligaments are elastic tissues that hold bones together at joints.
p.14
Muscle Types and Functions
What structural feature is observed in skeletal muscle fibres under a microscope?
Striations of light and dark bands.
p.20
Muscle Types and Functions
What muscles are contracting in the left leg during movement?
Specific muscles indicated in Diagram II.
p.27
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the axon ending of a motor neurone?
It triggers the release of neurotransmitter into the neuromuscular junction.
p.21
Muscle Types and Functions
Which muscles are involved in the movement of the forearm?
The biceps and the triceps.
p.3
Types of Bone and Cartilage
Are blood vessels present in bone?
Yes, blood vessels are present in bone but absent in cartilage.
p.10
Structure and Function of Joints
How does the structure of movable joints contribute to movement?
It allows flexibility while maintaining strength and stability.
p.33
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What is the functional relationship between structures S and T in the neuromuscular junction?
S is the presynaptic terminal that releases neurotransmitters, while T is the postsynaptic membrane that contains receptors.
p.26
Health and Maintenance of Bones and Muscles
Why are stretching exercises important?
They improve body flexibility and prevent joint degeneration.
p.32
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
How is contraction of muscle Q triggered when nerve impulses arrive at the endings of neurone P?
Answer requires description of the process.
p.9
Musculo-skeletal System
What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
p.16
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
How do tendons function during muscle contraction?
They transmit the pulling force produced by muscle contraction to the bones.
What are two examples of ball-and-socket joints?
The shoulder joint and the hip joint.
p.17
Opposing Muscles and Movement
What is the role of the flexor muscle?
To bend a limb when it contracts.
p.21
Health and Maintenance of Bones and Muscles
Who is commonly affected by tennis elbow?
People with jobs or activities that require repetitive use of forearm muscles, such as tennis players, painters, carpenters, and cooks.
p.17
Opposing Muscles and Movement
What is the role of the extensor muscle?
To straighten a limb when it contracts.
p.8
Musculo-skeletal System
What organs does the skull protect?
The brain, eyes, and ears.
p.22
Opposing Muscles and Movement
What happens when the biceps contracts?
The limb bends as the triceps relaxes.
p.33
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What is the role of the chemical inside Y at the neuromuscular junction?
It is a neurotransmitter that facilitates communication between the neuron and muscle.
p.22
Muscle Types and Functions
Which muscles are flexors and which are extensors in the context of the leg?
Muscles P and S are flexors; muscles Q and R are extensors.
p.12
Osteoporosis and Arthritis
What are the characteristics of joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis?
Swollen, deformed, and painful joints.
p.5
Musculo-skeletal System
What is the primary function of the cranium?
To protect the brain and some sense organs.
What degree of movement is allowed by an artificial knee?
Flexion and extension similar to a natural knee.
p.2
Osteoporosis and Arthritis
Which bones are commonly affected by osteoporosis?
The vertebrae, bones of the forearm, and the hip.
p.7
Musculo-skeletal System
What is the function of limb bones?
They allow movement of the body.
p.20
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What is required to analyze the postures in the photographs?
Identifying which muscles are contracting in each case.
What type of joint is shown in the diagram and can you provide an example?
Hinge joint; an example is the elbow joint.
p.21
Health and Maintenance of Bones and Muscles
What causes tennis elbow?
Overuse of the forearm muscles and tendons, leading to damage and pain in the elbow.
p.4
Musculo-skeletal System
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
p.3
Types of Bone and Cartilage
Does cartilage contain bone marrow?
No, cartilage does not contain bone marrow.
p.10
Structure and Function of Joints
What is the fibrous capsule?
A tissue enclosing the joint.
p.25
Health and Maintenance of Bones and Muscles
What should be done with the dissected frog and gloves after the practical?
Dispose of them properly.
p.5
Musculo-skeletal System
How does the upper jaw differ from the lower jaw?
The upper jaw is immovable and fuses with the cranium, while the lower jaw forms movable joints.
p.34
Muscle Types and Functions
Which muscle is contracting in the girl's left leg as shown in photograph II?
Muscle P or muscle R (specific muscle not provided).
p.32
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What is the correct sequence of events during the initiation of muscle contraction?
Options are A: (1), (2), (3), B: (1), (3), (2), C: (3), (1), (2), D: (3), (2), (1).
What are two examples of hinge joints?
The elbow joint and the knee joint.
p.9
Musculo-skeletal System
What are the functions of the human skeleton?
Supports body weight, gives shape, allows movement, protects organs, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and lipids.
p.20
Muscle Types and Functions
What muscles are contracting in the right arm during movement?
Specific muscles indicated in Diagram I.
p.7
Musculo-skeletal System
What is the role of the pelvic girdle?
It forms the hip and attaches the legs to the axial skeleton.
p.10
Role of Tendons and Ligaments
What is the function of ligaments?
To hold bones together at a joint and prevent dislocation during movement.
p.25
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What is the voltage range used in the experiment to stimulate the sciatic nerve?
Low voltage (about 6 V) and high voltage (about 10 V).
p.13
Structure and Function of Joints
What role does cartilage play in movable joints?
Absorbs shock, reduces friction between bones, and prevents wear.
p.25
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What happens to the calf muscle when voltage is applied to the sciatic nerve?
The calf muscle twitches.
p.19
Opposing Muscles and Movement
What is the relationship between muscle contraction and limb posture?
Muscle contraction leads to bending or straightening of the limb, depending on which muscle is active.
p.25
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
How does the strength of the muscle twitch change with voltage?
The strength of the twitch increases with an increase in the voltage applied.
p.10
Structure and Function of Joints
What is the role of the synovial membrane?
To secrete synovial fluid and reduce friction between bones.
p.31
Muscle Types and Functions
What is the state of muscles X and Y when maintaining the yoga posture shown?
Muscle X is relaxed and muscle Y is contracted.
p.26
Health and Maintenance of Bones and Muscles
What are some causes of incorrect posture?
Poor working conditions, heavy schoolbags, and looking down at mobile phones.
p.3
Types of Bone and Cartilage
Is bone innervated by nerves?
Yes, bone is innervated by nerves, while cartilage is not.
p.12
Osteoporosis and Arthritis
What does rheumatoid arthritis affect?
The synovial membrane in the joints.
Where can ball-and-socket joints be found in the body?
In the shoulder joint and hip joint.
p.27
Structure and Function of Joints
What tissues make up a movable joint?
Muscle, bone, cartilage, ligament, and tendon.
p.26
Health and Maintenance of Bones and Muscles
What does vitamin D do for calcium?
It promotes calcium absorption.
p.26
Health and Maintenance of Bones and Muscles
What additional benefits does regular exercise provide?
It also benefits the lungs and heart.
p.30
Structure and Function of Joints
What is the role of cartilage in joints?
To provide cushioning and reduce friction between bones.
p.32
Muscle Types and Functions
Which muscles of the left leg are contracting when the yoga instructor maintains the posture shown in diagram I?
Options are A: 1 and 2, B: 1 and 3, C: 2 and 4, D: 3 and 4.
p.28
Opposing Muscles and Movement
What are opposing muscles?
Muscles that work against each other to create movement.
p.2
Osteoporosis and Arthritis
What happens to bones affected by osteoporosis?
They become thin and brittle, leading to a higher chance of bone fracture.
p.20
Muscle Types and Functions
What is the focus of the diagrams I and II?
Muscles in the arm and the leg.
p.25
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What is the purpose of applying electrical stimulation to the sciatic nerve in a frog?
To demonstrate the initiation of muscle contraction by nerve impulses.
p.19
Opposing Muscles and Movement
What is the action of muscles P and Q when straightening the knee joint?
Muscle P contracts while muscle Q relaxes.
p.2
Types of Bone and Cartilage
What is cartilage?
A soft and elastic tissue.
p.8
Muscle Types and Functions
How does the skeleton allow movement?
It provides surfaces for muscle attachments.
p.10
Structure and Function of Joints
What does cartilage do in a joint?
Covers the end surfaces of bones, absorbs shock, reduces friction, and prevents wear.
p.21
Structure and Function of Joints
What roles do joints, tendons, and muscles play in body movement?
They work together to facilitate movement, as illustrated in an arm model.
What type of joints are identified as A and B in Diagram I?
Joint A is a hinge joint and Joint B is a ball and socket joint.
p.8
Health and Maintenance of Bones and Muscles
What is produced in the red bone marrow?
Blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets.
What type of movement does a ball-and-socket joint allow?
Movement of bones in many planes.
p.17
Opposing Muscles and Movement
How do muscles work to move bones?
Muscles work in pairs, with one contracting to move the bone in one direction and the other contracting to return it to the original position.
p.30
Osteoporosis and Arthritis
What happens to knee joints in the elderly regarding synovial fluid?
The secretion of synovial fluid decreases, causing knee pain.
p.15
Muscle Types and Functions
How does cardiac muscle appear?
With striations and branched cells.
p.33
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
Describe the process of nerve impulse transmission across the neuromuscular junction.
When a nerve impulse reaches the presynaptic terminal, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, which then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, leading to muscle contraction.
p.4
Musculo-skeletal System
What is the function of the pelvic girdle?
To support the weight of the upper body and facilitate movement.
p.33
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What is the significance of the neuromuscular junction in muscle contraction?
It is the site where motor neurones communicate with muscle fibers to initiate contraction.
p.32
Muscle Types and Functions
Which two muscles in the fencer's right leg are contracting?
Answer requires identification of muscles P, R, S, or Q.
p.16
Opposing Muscles and Movement
Why are tendons important for the efficiency of hand movement?
They allow muscles to operate bones without making hands bulky.
How do hinge joints differ from ball-and-socket joints?
Hinge joints allow movement in one plane, while ball-and-socket joints allow movement in many planes.
p.13
Structure and Function of Joints
What is the function of ligaments in a movable joint?
Holds bones together, prevents dislocation during movement, and allows elastic movement.
p.12
Osteoporosis and Arthritis
What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis?
Great pain, swelling, and reduced flexibility in the joint.
p.25
Health and Maintenance of Bones and Muscles
What safety precautions should be taken during the experiment?
Cover exposed wounds with sterile dressings and wear disposable gloves.
p.5
Musculo-skeletal System
What are the two main components of the skull?
The cranium and the facial bones.
p.6
Musculo-skeletal System
What is the smallest bone in the human body?
The stapes (one of the ear bones).
p.33
Muscle Types and Functions
What happens to muscle Z in myasthenia gravis?
The receptors on muscle Z that receive the neurotransmitter are blocked, leading to muscle weakness.
p.5
Musculo-skeletal System
What is the function of the S-shape of the vertebral column?
To act as a spring that absorbs shock during movement.
p.5
Musculo-skeletal System
Why are the bones of the cranium not fused in newborn babies?
To allow for growth and development; they become completely fused in adulthood.
What types of joints do joints X and Y belong to?
Answer requires identification of joint types.
p.16
Role of Tendons and Ligaments
What are tendons?
Fibrous tissues that attach muscles to bones.
p.7
Musculo-skeletal System
What are girdles?
Flat bones that attach limbs to the axial skeleton.
p.20
Muscle Types and Functions
What muscles are contracting in the right leg during movement?
Specific muscles indicated in Diagram II.
p.16
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What happens when a muscle contracts?
The inelastic tendons transmit the force to move the bones at joints.
p.3
Types of Bone and Cartilage
What is a key difference between bone and cartilage regarding rigidity?
Bone is rigid, while cartilage is soft and elastic.
p.31
Structure and Function of Joints
What functions can structure S perform?
Carry out respiration, store minerals, and produce blood cells.
p.13
Structure and Function of Joints
What is the function of the synovial membrane?
Secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joints and nourish cartilage cells.
p.18
Role of Tendons and Ligaments
Why are ligaments necessary for effective movement of the arm?
They hold bones at joints in position and prevent dislocation during movement.
p.34
Opposing Muscles and Movement
What type of muscle relationship do X and Y represent?
They are a pair of opposing muscles.
p.15
Muscle Types and Functions
What are the two types of muscles besides skeletal muscles?
Smooth muscles and cardiac muscles.
p.23
Structure and Function of Joints
What are neuromuscular junctions?
Special synapses formed between the axon of a motor neurone and muscle fibres.
p.27
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
How does curare affect muscle contraction?
Curare likely works by blocking the receptors on muscle fibres.
p.4
Musculo-skeletal System
What is the role of the collar bone in the skeleton?
It is part of the pectoral girdle.
p.34
Structure and Function of Joints
How do joints X and Y compare in terms of movement?
Joint X allows more movement than joint Y.
p.33
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What type of neurones does neurone R belong to?
Motor neurones, because they control muscle contraction.
p.34
Role of Tendons and Ligaments
What are two functions of structure Z?
To connect muscles to bones and to stabilize joints.
p.30
Health and Maintenance of Bones and Muscles
Why might an implanted artificial knee need to be replaced surgically after several years?
Due to wear and tear or loosening of the implant.
p.32
Muscle Types and Functions
How would the movement be affected if structure R is injured?
Answer requires explanation of movement impact.
p.1
Types of Bone and Cartilage
Where is cartilage found in relation to bones?
At the end surfaces of bones.
p.14
Muscle Types and Functions
What are muscle fibres?
Elongated cells that make up skeletal muscle tissue.
p.22
Role of Tendons and Ligaments
What is the function of tendons?
Tendons attach muscles to bones and transmit the pulling force produced by muscle contraction to bones.
p.7
Musculo-skeletal System
What does the pelvic girdle protect?
The reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lower parts of the gut.
p.22
Opposing Muscles and Movement
What are opposing muscles?
Opposing muscles are pairs of muscles that cause opposite actions in a movement.
p.14
Muscle Types and Functions
Why are skeletal muscles also referred to as striated muscles?
Because of the striations visible under a microscope.
p.22
Opposing Muscles and Movement
How do opposing muscles bring about movement of a limb?
When one muscle contracts, the opposing muscle relaxes, allowing the limb to bend or straighten.
p.26
Health and Maintenance of Bones and Muscles
What is the benefit of correct posture?
It requires less muscular effort, preventing muscle fatigue.
p.6
Musculo-skeletal System
Which body part contains the most bones?
The hands (54 bones in total).
p.12
Osteoporosis and Arthritis
What is a potential treatment for severe osteoarthritis?
Surgery to replace the damaged joint with an artificial joint.
Where can hinge joints be found in the body?
In the elbow joint and knee joint.
p.15
Muscle Types and Functions
Where can smooth muscles be found?
In internal organs (e.g., small intestine) and walls of blood vessels.
p.30
Osteoporosis and Arthritis
Why do patients with osteoarthritis feel pain in their joints when they move?
Due to the degradation of cartilage, leading to bone-on-bone contact.
p.30
Osteoporosis and Arthritis
At which knee does the old woman feel pain?
The right knee, as indicated by the X-ray image.
p.33
Muscle Types and Functions
What could be a possible treatment for myasthenia gravis?
Administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to increase the availability of neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular junction.
p.28
Types of Bone and Cartilage
What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?
Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer, while spongy bone is lighter and found inside.
p.1
Musculo-skeletal System
What system is responsible for movement in humans?
The musculo-skeletal system.
p.1
Health and Maintenance of Bones and Muscles
What is the significance of Vitamin D for bone health?
It promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphate ions.
p.19
Opposing Muscles and Movement
In the context of the ankle joint, what occurs when bending the limb?
Muscle X contracts while muscle Y relaxes.
p.16
Opposing Muscles and Movement
How do long tendons benefit the structure of the hand?
They connect finger bones to muscles in the forearm, allowing for more efficient movement.
p.10
Structure and Function of Joints
What is synovial fluid?
A lubricant that reduces friction between bones during movement and nourishes cartilage cells.
What type of movement does a hinge joint allow?
Movement of bones in one plane only.
p.27
Structure and Function of Joints
What is structure X in the context of the neuromuscular junction?
The axon ending of a motor neurone.
What types of joints are joints X and Y?
Joints X and Y are different types of joints (specific types not provided).
p.8
Musculo-skeletal System
How do male and female pelvic girdles differ?
Females have a wider and shallower hip bone, larger aperture, and larger angle between pelvic bones.
p.5
Musculo-skeletal System
What are sutures?
Immovable joints where the bones of the cranium are fused together.
p.34
Role of Tendons and Ligaments
What is structure Z in the human leg?
Structure Z is a ligament or tendon (specific structure not provided).
p.30
Structure and Function of Joints
Name two structural differences between a natural knee and an artificial knee.
Natural knee has cartilage; artificial knee is made of metal and plastic.
p.32
Muscle Types and Functions
Which muscles of the left leg are flexors?
Options are A: 1 and 2, B: 1 and 3, C: 2 and 4, D: 3 and 4.
p.32
Muscle Types and Functions
How would the movement of the fencer be affected if structure T in the leg was injured?
Answer requires explanation of movement impact.
p.27
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
How is muscle contraction initiated?
A nerve impulse triggers the release of neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction, which binds to receptors on the muscle fibre, generating electrical impulses that lead to contraction.
p.19
Opposing Muscles and Movement
What is the effect of muscle contraction on limb movement?
One muscle contracts while its opposing muscle relaxes, allowing movement in the joint.
p.23
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What triggers skeletal muscle contraction?
Stimulation by nerve impulses from motor neurones.
p.17
Opposing Muscles and Movement
What happens when the biceps contracts?
The triceps relaxes to bend the arm at the elbow joint.
p.22
Opposing Muscles and Movement
What happens when the triceps contracts?
The limb straightens as the biceps relaxes.
p.15
Muscle Types and Functions
What is the appearance of smooth muscle?
No striations and spindle-shaped cells.
p.23
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What does the neurotransmitter do after being released?
It diffuses across the cleft and binds to receptors on the muscle fibre membrane.
p.26
Health and Maintenance of Bones and Muscles
How does regular exercise benefit the body?
It strengthens muscles, bones, and joints.
p.32
Structure and Function of Joints
What is the difference in the degree of movement allowed by joint X and joint Y?
Answer requires explanation of movement range.
p.32
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What chemicals are responsible for impulse transmission from sensory neurone to interneurone?
Answer requires identification of chemicals involved.
p.34
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What happens to muscle Y when the arm straightens?
Muscle Y becomes shorter and thicker.
p.4
Musculo-skeletal System
What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?
Support and protection of internal organs.
p.27
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What role does the neurotransmitter play in muscle contraction?
It diffuses across the neuromuscular junction and binds to receptors on the muscle fibre, generating electrical impulses.
p.26
Health and Maintenance of Bones and Muscles
What can incorrect posture lead to?
Muscle pain and deformation of the skeleton.
p.18
Opposing Muscles and Movement
How will movement be affected if structure X (tendon) is injured?
It becomes difficult to lift the forearm.
p.23
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What happens when a nerve impulse arrives at a neuromuscular junction?
It triggers the release of neurotransmitter from vesicles.
p.27
Musculo-skeletal System
What is the function of intervertebral discs?
They separate the vertebrae in the spine (vertebral column).
p.4
Musculo-skeletal System
What is the function of the rib cage?
To protect the heart and lungs.
p.15
Muscle Types and Functions
What is the function of skeletal muscles?
To attach to bones and bring about movement of the body.
p.22
Muscle Types and Functions
Which muscles control joint Y in diagram III?
Muscles P and Q control joint Y.
p.18
Role of Tendons and Ligaments
What is the function of tendons in arm movement?
They transmit the pulling force produced by muscle contraction to the bones.
p.34
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What occurs when the forearm moves closer to the shoulder?
Muscle X contracts and muscle Y relaxes.
p.17
Opposing Muscles and Movement
What happens when the triceps contracts?
The biceps relaxes to straighten the arm at the elbow joint.
p.26
Health and Maintenance of Bones and Muscles
Why is a balanced diet important for bone health?
It provides sufficient calcium and vitamin D.
p.8
Muscle Types and Functions
Why is support provided by muscles important for the skeleton?
Without muscles, the skeleton will collapse.
p.15
Muscle Types and Functions
What are skeletal muscles made up of?
Bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissues.
p.28
Role of Tendons and Ligaments
What is the role of ligaments in the skeletal system?
To connect bones at joints.
p.28
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
What is the neuromuscular junction?
The point where a motor neuron meets a muscle fiber.
p.3
Types of Bone and Cartilage
Which part is harder in the longitudinal section of a limb bone?
Part X is harder than part Y.
p.5
Musculo-skeletal System
What are intervertebral discs?
Discs of cartilage between vertebrae that allow bending and act as shock absorbers.
p.1
Types of Bone and Cartilage
What is cartilage and how does it differ from bone?
Cartilage is softer and more elastic than bone, containing fewer minerals.
