A type of tissue stem cell found in bone marrow.
Direct contact and soluble factors.
Trophectoderm.
Inner cell mass.
A single fertilized egg cell (zygote).
Muscles.
To study what a gene does.
Bone marrow transplants and skin grafting.
Over 270 attempts.
They do not require embryos for their creation.
All possible types of specialized cells.
The microenvironment around stem cells that provides support and signals regulating self-renewal and differentiation.
Neutrophils, NK cells, erythrocytes, dendritic cells, platelets, megakaryocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, B cells, and T cells.
In the bone marrow.
Genetic reprogramming.
Blood cells.
In bone marrow.
Dolly the sheep.
It maintains the stem cell pool necessary for tissue regeneration.
Making multiple types of specialized cells, but not all types.
A process used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity.
One cell grows and divides to produce two 'daughter cells'.
Committed progenitors that are multipotent and divide rapidly without self-renewal.
They can influence the behavior of stem cells within the niche.
From the inner cell mass.
Multipotent.
Tissue stem cells.
It is routine in biology labs.
It replaces dead or damaged cells throughout life.
Make all types of specialized cells in the body.
To create a cloned embryo using a donor nucleus.
In the blastocyst.
Neurons.
Skin cells.
A type of cloning used to make two identical individuals, resulting in live birth.
The organized spatial distribution of cells.
Myosin genes.
Yes, they have the same DNA but express different genes.
Because it is extremely difficult to obtain cells damaged due to the disease.
In the blastocyst, which is a very early embryo.
Adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to become pluripotent stem cells.
To form structures and carry out specific functions.
Skin cells.
Rarely.
A clone that is identical to the individual that provided the nucleus.
They are directed to produce a specific cell type in the lab, creating large amounts of identical cells.
Bone marrow.
Large numbers of somatic cells are needed for reprogramming.
At the 8-cell stage embryo or morula.
Cell division.
Differential gene expression.
Different differentiation programmes.
Little to no risk of rejecting transplanted cells/tissues, as they are immunologically compatible with the patient.
Yes, they all contain the same DNA in their nuclei.
Liver cells.
They work but do not divide.
No, it is not intended for transfer in utero.
They lack the potential to extensively contribute to extraembryonic tissue, such as the placenta.
Differentiating into all possible types of specialized cells.
A donor nucleus.
Haematopoietic (blood) stem cells and umbilical cord blood.
They are used to study growth and differentiation into various cell types.
Cells that have begun to differentiate into specialized cell types.
They divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and normal cell turnover.
The process of copying stem cells to maintain the stem cell pool.
Genetic reprogramming by adding certain genes to the adult cell.
How many types of specialized cells a stem cell can make.
They are pluripotent.
The ability to differentiate into any type of specialized cell.
The process by which cells become different types to form structures and carry out specific functions.
The transfer of nuclear material from a somatic cell into an enucleated oocyte to derive embryonic cell lines with the same genome as the nuclear donor.
In muscles, skin, surface of the eye, brain, breast, intestines (gut), bone marrow, and testicles.
No, it is illegal to do on humans.
Higher potency.
Globin gene.
They can only make the kinds of cells found in the tissue they belong to.
Long-term studies to understand their effects and applications.
In the fetus, baby, and throughout life.
Renewing tissues.
Differentiation.
A process where an egg cell's nucleus is removed and replaced with the nucleus from an adult cell to create a clone.
To treat diseases by replacing irreversibly lost cells.
Ethical concerns regarding egg procurement and technical challenges.
Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc.
Controls for growth conditions are not known.
Shinya Yamanaka and John Gurdon.
Somatic Cell Transfer.
The process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.
They can self-renew.
The nucleus is removed.
In fluid with nutrients to grow more cells.
How do cells become different or 'differentiate' despite having the same DNA?
The process by which stem cells specialize to replace dead or damaged cells.
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
They can be used to model the disease.
All types of cells in the body plus cells needed during embryo development, like the placenta and umbilical cord.
18 different processes.
Stem cells that give rise to various blood cells.
In bone marrow.
Morphogenesis.
Stem cells can self-renew and differentiate, while specialized cells cannot divide.
Parkinson’s disease and heart disease.
Surface of the eye.
An experimental cloning technique used to make patient-specific cell lines from an embryo.
Testicles.
Embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent.
Osteoblasts (bone), chondrocytes (cartilage), and adipocytes (fat).
They provide signals that regulate self-renewal and differentiation.
A cell like a muscle cell or nerve cell that cannot divide to make copies of itself.
They differentiate into specialized blood cells.
The ability to differentiate into almost any cell type.
Adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to behave like embryonic stem cells.
Tissue stem cells.
