Rapid.
Encephalocele includes protruded brain tissue along with the meningeal sac.
Epidural hematoma.
Linear fracture of the skull leading to damage to the middle meningeal artery.
A type of spina bifida that involves both the meningeal sac and spinal cord.
In the subdural space.
Compression leading to brain displacement or herniation.
A type of spina bifida where there is a protrusion of the meningeal sac.
Mild traumatic injury to veins.
A sudden disturbance of CNS function due to focal cerebral ischemia.
Micro-aneurysms leading to hemorrhage (intracerebral or subarachnoid).
Basophilic structures in the cytoplasm of neurons that can also appear extracellularly.
Protrusion of a meningeal sac from a skull defect due to incomplete closure.
Rapid.
Gradual (chronic).
Mild symptoms, brain edema, increased intracranial pressure (ICP), brain herniation, and neurological dysfunction.
Non-communicating and communicating.
Liquefied tissue with neutrophils and a necrotic wall.
Neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
Reactive glial cells (astrocytes) and proliferating capillaries.
It can lead to resolution, absorption, and cystic cavity formation or brain herniation.
Increased vascular permeability.
Choroid tumors.
It forms a cyst lined by gliosis.
Septic (pyogenic) and aseptic (viral).
Encephalitis, pyemia, septicemia, adrenal necrosis (Waterhouse-Friedrichsen syndrome), fibrosis, cranial nerve compression, hydrocephalus, and infarction of the brain due to thrombophlebitis.
Cardiac sources, such as myocardial infarction, valve diseases, and atrial fibrillation.
Highly radiosensitive.
Accumulation of excessive CSF in the ventricular system.
Head enlargement.
Irregular ill-defined grayish-white areas with yellow necrotic and red hemorrhagic areas.
1. Hematogenous spread, 2. Direct implantation (traumatic), 3. Local spread (e.g. from infection in air sinus), 4. Axonal spread (along peripheral nerves, e.g. in rabies).
Ischemia and infarction due to reflex spasm after rupture, and fibrosis of arachnoid leading to hydrocephalus.
Middle cerebral artery at the bifurcation of vessels.
Size, location, and grade of the tumor.
Café au lait skin patches.
Complete failure of development of the brain.
Spina bifida.
Massive trauma, hypertension, arterial vascular diseases, and tumors.
Increased intracellular fluid due to cell injury, following ischemia or hypoxia.
Pressure effects and spread of infection, which could be fatal.
Few bipolar cells with hair-like processes, Rodenthal fibers, and granular bodies.
Inflammation of the leptomeninges with CSF in the subarachnoid space.
Cerebral edema and fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles.
Grade IV.
Multiple neurofibromata.
Excess CSF, cerebral edema, space-occupying lesions (tumors, trauma, hemorrhage/hematoma, infarction with hemorrhage & edema, infections like abscess, TB, amoebic).
Atherosclerosis leading to thrombosis and infarction.
Large size, wide gyri, and narrowed sulci and ventricles.
Obstruction of CSF flow due to congenital issues, post-inflammatory fibrosis, or tumors.
Areas of amyloid beta surrounded by neurites.
Hypertension.
Prognosis is better than astrocytoma.
Headache, confusion, vomiting, convulsions, and potentially coma.
Embolism from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) that bypasses the lung through an atrial septal defect (ASD) or ventricular septal defect (VSD).
Autosomal dominant disorder.
Intracerebral hemorrhage.
Impaired flow or resorption of CSF.
Rounded cells with a clear halo around the nucleus and calcifications.
Sudden severe headache.
Enteroviruses, measles, mumps, and influenza.
Excess lymphocytes, moderate proteins, and normal glucose.
Rounded, well-defined, capsulated, whorly, grayish-white, and firm.
20%.
Accumulation of fluid within the brain.
Increased intracranial pressure, brain atrophy, or herniation.
80%.
From ependymal cells lining the ventricles and spinal canal.
Hydrocephalus, recurrent.
In the basal ganglia and thalamus.
External and internal (ventricular), with more occurrence at the base.
Syncitial with whorly pattern, indistinct borders, fibroblastic similar to fibroblasts with collagen, transitional (mixed), and psammomatus with excess psammoma bodies.
Cerebellum.
Cortical atrophy with widening of cortical sulci and ventricular dilation.
Liquefactive necrosis.
Thrombosis on top of atherosclerosis at the origin of the middle cerebral artery and basilar artery.
Benign tumors may cause compression, while atypical and anaplastic tumors can lead to infiltrative and destructive complications.
Highly cellular small malignant blue cells with Anaplasia forming rosettes.
Cranial nerve VIII.
Pyogenic bacterial infections from sinusitis, otitis media, or septic emboli.
Grade I: Pilocytic, Grade II: Diffuse Fibrillary, Grade III: Anaplastic, Grade IV: Glioblastoma.
Ruptured arteriosclerotic vessels or microaneurysms.
Compression of the spinal cord.
Excess amount and turbid CSF, excess neutrophils, pus, bacteria, excess proteins, and reduced glucose.
Swollen size, soft consistency, loss of definition between grey and white matter, and yellow or hemorrhagic color.
Frequent abnormal mitoses.
Irregular cavitation with surrounding edematous brain tissue.
A smooth wall with gliosis.
Alzheimer's disease.
Rupture of a berry aneurysm on the circle of Willis.
Meningococci, pneumococci, E. coli, and beta streptococcus (in neonates).
Fever, headache, irritability, photophobia, neck stiffness (meningeal irritation), and possible epilepsy if the brain is affected.
In the basal ganglia (80%), thalamus, pons, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex.
Cells are arranged in rosettes or perivascular pseudorosettes.
A sudden sustained rise in diastolic blood pressure greater than 130 mm Hg.
Meningioma, gliomas (astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma), neuronal tumors (neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma, ganglioneuroblastoma), nerve sheath tumors (schwannoma, neurofibroma), vascular tumors (hemangioma), pineal body tumors, choroid plexus adenoma & carcinoma, embryonic tumors (medulloblastoma), and malformative masses (craniopharyngioma, cystic lesions).
Sarcomatoid features.
Children less than 6 years old.
Sensory nerves.
Compression & edema, hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, herniation of brain.
Trauma, tumor, and vascular malformations.
Small, cavitary infarcts of the deep grey matter in the basal ganglia and thalamus due to occlusion of a single penetrating branch of a large cerebral artery.
Thick swollen meninges with pus and fibrin in the subarachnoid space and ventricles, and dilated vessels.
Liquefactive necrosis of the brain caused by cerebral arterial occlusion by a thrombus or an embolus.
Not capsulated, fusiform expansion.
