p.1
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What are the common characteristics of chronic respiratory disorders?
They are characterized by progressive tissue degeneration and obstruction in airways.
p.38
Respiratory Failure Types
What does tachypnea mean?
Abnormally rapid breathing.
p.52
COVID-19 and SARS-CoV
Where was COVID-19 first identified?
Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
What are the main components of the pathogenesis of COPD?
Inflammation and fibrosis of the bronchial wall, hypertrophy of submucosal glands, hypersecretion of mucus, and loss of elastic lung fibers and alveolar tissue.
p.12
Asthma Types and Triggers
What is mucosal edema?
Swelling of the airway mucosa that can block airflow.
Who is at risk for silicosis?
Hard rock miners, foundry workers, sandblasters, pottery makers, and slate industry workers.
p.2
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What are the two types of obstructive airway disease associated with COPD?
Emphysema and chronic obstructive bronchitis.
p.41
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) and Pneumoconiosis
What does Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) involve?
Inflammatory and fibrotic changes in the interstitium or interalveolar septa of the lungs.
p.48
COVID-19 and SARS-CoV
What is the severe form of pneumonia caused by SARS-associated Coronavirus?
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
What type of workers are at risk for berylliosis?
Ore extraction workers and alloy production workers.
What causes bronchitis?
Infection of the inner layer of the bronchi by bacteria, viruses, or foreign material.
p.31
Lung Cancer Types and Risk Factors
What are the subtypes of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), Adenocarcinoma, Large Cell Carcinoma.
p.28
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What triggers a secondary infection in tuberculosis?
Decrease in immunity leading to reactivation of latent TB bacilli.
p.45
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) and Pneumoconiosis
What should be emphasized during history taking for lung diagnosis?
Exposure to environmental, occupational, and other injurious agents.
p.49
COVID-19 and SARS-CoV
What is a common diagnostic test for detecting certain infections?
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR).
p.42
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) and Pneumoconiosis
What is pneumoconiosis?
A lung disease caused by the inhalation of inorganic dusts and particulate matter.
p.20
Respiratory Failure Types
What can a Chest X-Ray and CT Scan reveal?
Air in the pleural cavity and possible mediastinal shift.
p.15
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What does a Pulmonary Function Test measure?
It measures vital capacity and peak expiratory flow.
p.47
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What is a common medication used to suppress the inflammatory response?
Steroids, such as Prednisolone.
p.36
Lung Cancer Types and Risk Factors
What is the purpose of palliative chemotherapy and radiation therapy?
To relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.
p.12
Asthma Types and Triggers
How do airway responses affect oxygen supply?
They block the airways, interfering with airflow and oxygen supply.
p.3
Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
What is a key characteristic of emphysema?
Loss of elastic tissue of the lungs.
p.13
Asthma Types and Triggers
Why is status asthmaticus considered a medical emergency?
It may be fatal due to severe hypoxia and acidosis.
p.49
COVID-19 and SARS-CoV
Can airborne transmission be excluded in certain situations?
No, especially in aerosol-generating procedures (AGP).
p.2
Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
What are the key features of chronic obstructive bronchitis?
Increased mucus production, obstruction of small airways, and a chronic productive cough.
What happens to the airways during bronchitis inflammation?
The airways become narrowed.
p.34
Lung Cancer Types and Risk Factors
What are common early signs of lung cancer that may be masked by other conditions?
Insidious signs such as smoker's cough.
p.28
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What is cavitation formation in tuberculosis?
Formation of a large open area in the lung, eroding into bronchi and blood vessels.
p.19
Respiratory Failure Types
What is a sign of asymmetric chest wall movement?
Asymmetric chest wall movement indicates potential respiratory issues.
p.5
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What characterizes the late stages of COPD?
Recurrent respiratory infections and chronic respiratory failure.
p.38
Respiratory Failure Types
What does severe dyspnea indicate?
Severe difficulty in breathing.
p.44
Respiratory Failure Types
What is the arterial blood gas status in late stages of respiratory issues?
Hypoxemia often present, even at rest.
p.14
Respiratory Failure Types
What is respiratory failure?
A condition where the respiratory system fails to maintain adequate gas exchange.
p.42
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) and Pneumoconiosis
What causes pneumoconiosis?
Inhalation of inorganic dusts and particulate matter.
p.8
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What is purse-lip breathing?
A breathing technique that involves inhaling through the nose and exhaling through pursed lips.
p.36
Lung Cancer Types and Risk Factors
What is Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) used for?
To destroy single small tumors.
p.39
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
What is a key treatment for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?
Correcting the underlying cause combined with ventilatory support.
p.12
Asthma Types and Triggers
What is bronchoconstriction?
Contraction of smooth muscle in the airways, leading to narrowed air passages.
p.9
Asthma Types and Triggers
When does asthma often develop?
Often occurs in childhood, but can emerge at any point in life.
p.16
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What do chest X-rays show in the diagnosis of certain lung conditions?
Hyperinflation with areas of atelectasis.
p.28
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What happens to the bacilli during a secondary infection?
They multiply, leading to tissue destruction.
p.16
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What does arterial blood gas testing indicate in early stages?
Normal levels and hypoxemia.
p.13
Asthma Types and Triggers
What is status asthmaticus?
A persistent severe attack of asthma that does not respond to therapy.
p.8
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What organization provided information on purse-lip breathing?
American Lung Association.
What causes asbestosis?
Inhalation of asbestos fibers.
p.47
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What is the first step in the treatment modality for respiratory diseases?
Identify and remove the injurious agent.
What is the result of bronchitis?
Inflammation reaction leading to swelling, increased blood flow, and change in capillary permeability.
p.54
COVID-19 and SARS-CoV
What are the primary modes of transmission for certain infections?
Droplets, secretion, and airborne (in aerosol-generating procedures).
p.48
COVID-19 and SARS-CoV
What virus causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?
SARS-associated Coronavirus (SARS-CoV).
p.1
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Are chronic respiratory disorders completely reversible?
No, they are progressive and not completely reversible.
p.5
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What complications are common in COPD patients?
Frequent exacerbations of infection and respiratory insufficiency.
p.17
Asthma Types and Triggers
What are common triggering factors to avoid?
Airborne irritants and certain drugs.
p.18
Respiratory Failure Types
What happens when air accumulates between the lung and the chest wall?
It compresses the underlying lung, preventing lung expansion and causing atelectasis.
p.35
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What is a common imaging test used to diagnose lung conditions?
CT (Computed Tomography).
p.18
Respiratory Failure Types
What are the classifications of pneumothorax?
Spontaneous, Traumatic, and Tension Pneumothorax.
p.11
Asthma Types and Triggers
What effect does histamine have on bronchiolar smooth muscle?
It causes bronchiolar smooth muscle constriction, increased mucus production, and increased capillary permeability leading to airway edema.
p.38
Respiratory Failure Types
What does hypoxemia refer to?
Low levels of oxygen in the blood.
p.10
Asthma Types and Triggers
What is a common familial history associated with Extrinsic asthma?
Other allergic conditions, such as eczema.
p.37
Respiratory Failure Types
What are the clinical manifestations used for diagnosing respiratory failure?
Clinical manifestations and signs.
p.37
Respiratory Failure Types
What PCO2 level indicates respiratory failure?
PCO2 > 50 mmHg (normal is ~35 - 45 mmHg).
p.30
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What is Pleurocentesis used for?
To remove fluid from the pleural space for analysis.
What is coal miners' pneumoconiosis?
A type of lung disease caused by inhaling coal dust.
p.9
Asthma Types and Triggers
What are the main characteristics of asthma?
Reversible bronchospasm, inflammation, and hyperactive airway.
p.13
Asthma Types and Triggers
What are the potential fatal consequences of status asthmaticus?
Severe hypoxia and acidosis leading to cardiac arrhythmias or central nervous system depression.
p.49
COVID-19 and SARS-CoV
What are the primary transmission methods for certain infections?
Respiratory secretions, saliva, blood, urine, and feces.
p.8
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What is the purpose of purse-lip breathing?
To help control shortness of breath and improve breathing efficiency.
p.41
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) and Pneumoconiosis
What is a consequence of ILD on lung function?
It results in stiff and non-compliant lungs, leading to restrictive lung disease.
p.24
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What is the primary cause of Tuberculosis (TB)?
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.
p.15
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What is indicated by decreased vital capacity in spirometry?
It suggests impaired lung function.
p.52
COVID-19 and SARS-CoV
What is the nature of COVID-19?
A cluster of viral pneumonia cases.
p.25
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
How does socioeconomic status affect disease risk?
Low socioeconomic status is a risk factor.
p.2
Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
What characterizes emphysema?
Enlargement of airspaces and destruction of lung tissue.
p.36
Lung Cancer Types and Risk Factors
When is chemotherapy and radiation therapy used?
In conjunction with surgery or for palliative care.
p.5
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What are common manifestations of COPD?
Fatigue, exercise intolerance, cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath.
p.25
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What does it mean to be immunocompromised?
Having a weakened immune system, increasing disease risk.
p.17
Asthma Types and Triggers
What is a non-pharmacological treatment for respiratory issues?
Controlled breathing technique.
p.4
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What characterizes chronic bronchitis?
Inflammation that does not clear.
p.34
Lung Cancer Types and Risk Factors
What is hemoptysis?
Coughing up blood, a symptom of lung cancer.
p.44
Respiratory Failure Types
What is the arterial blood gas status in early stages of respiratory issues?
Normal at rest and decreased during exercise.
p.11
Asthma Types and Triggers
What do IgE mast cells release during an asthmatic reaction?
Chemical mediators such as histamine.
p.3
Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
How does emphysema influence airflow?
It increases airflow obstruction.
p.34
Lung Cancer Types and Risk Factors
What symptom is associated with bone metastasis in lung cancer?
Bone pain and pathological fractures.
p.19
Respiratory Failure Types
What does tracheal deviation on a chest X-ray indicate?
It may indicate tension pneumothorax.
p.37
Respiratory Failure Types
What PO2 level indicates respiratory failure?
PO2 < 50 mmHg (normal is ~80 - 100 mmHg).
p.33
Lung Cancer Types and Risk Factors
What types of occupational exposure are risk factors for lung cancer?
Exposure to carcinogens such as silica and asbestos.
p.30
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What is the purpose of Bronchoscopy?
To visualize the airways and collect samples.
p.9
Asthma Types and Triggers
What are common triggers for asthma?
Allergens, nonallergic inhaled irritants, exercise, and emotion.
p.45
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) and Pneumoconiosis
What is the first step in diagnosing lung conditions?
Comprehensive personal and family history taking.
p.15
Asthma Types and Triggers
What does a Complete Blood Count (CBC) with differentials measure?
It measures various blood components, including eosinophil count.
p.15
Asthma Types and Triggers
What does an increased eosinophil count in a CBC suggest?
It suggests an allergic reaction or asthma.
p.19
Respiratory Failure Types
What does tachypnea refer to?
Rapid and shallow breathing.
p.3
Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
What effect does emphysema have on lung recoil during expiration?
It decreases lung recoil.
p.14
Respiratory Failure Types
What is hypoxia?
A deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues.
p.27
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What occurs if the immune response is high during tuberculosis infection?
TB bacilli remain walled off within the tubercle, leading to latent TB.
p.30
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What is the purpose of Tuberculin Skin Tests?
To diagnose tuberculosis infection.
p.27
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What is lymphadenopathy in the context of tuberculosis?
The condition where TB bacilli spread to the lymphatic system and other organs.
p.33
Lung Cancer Types and Risk Factors
What is a major risk factor for lung cancer?
Cigarette and e-cigarette smoking.
p.30
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What does Sputum for Acid-fast Bacilli test for?
Presence of tuberculosis bacteria in sputum.
p.39
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
What does ARDS lead to in terms of lung function?
Progressive loss of lung compliance and increasing hypoxia.
p.12
Asthma Types and Triggers
What effect does increased mucus secretion have on the airways?
It can block the airways and interfere with airflow.
p.47
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What is the goal of treatment to prevent disease progression?
To prevent the progression of the disease.
p.49
COVID-19 and SARS-CoV
What types of samples can be used for RT-PCR testing?
Blood, stool, nasal secretions (NPA, NPS), oropharyngeal swabs.
p.15
Asthma Types and Triggers
What does an increase in Serum IgE indicate?
It indicates an allergic response or asthma.
p.1
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What are the main causes of chronic respiratory disorders?
Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis.
p.5
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What are the consequences of frequent exacerbations in COPD?
Absence from work and eventual disability.
p.11
Asthma Types and Triggers
What do eosinophils release during an asthmatic reaction?
Chemicals that stimulate mast cell degranulation.
p.27
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What do cytokines and chemokines attract during a tuberculosis infection?
Other phagocytic cells such as monocytes and neutrophils.
p.34
Lung Cancer Types and Risk Factors
What are some systemic symptoms of lung cancer?
Weight loss, anemia, and fatigue.
What conditions can be indicated by ABG results?
Hypoxemia or Hypercapnia.
p.38
Respiratory Failure Types
What can agitation indicate in a patient?
Increased anxiety or distress, often related to respiratory issues.
p.38
Respiratory Failure Types
What does confusion in a patient suggest?
Possible hypoxia or other serious medical conditions.
p.7
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What type of treatments will be discussed in another lecture?
Pharmacological treatments.
p.29
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What neurological symptoms can occur in secondary TB?
Change in mental status and headache.
p.20
Respiratory Failure Types
How can serial or sequential chest X-Rays be useful?
They guide treatment effectiveness and monitor progress.
p.15
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What does a Peak Flowmeter (PFR) measure?
It measures peak expiratory flow, specifically FEV.
p.28
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What is necrosis in the context of tuberculosis?
Tissue death resulting from bacilli multiplication.
p.47
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What supportive therapies are used for advanced respiratory disease?
Long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) and high-flow oxygen.
p.11
Asthma Types and Triggers
What are the primary mediators of inflammation in an asthmatic reaction?
Eosinophils and IgE mast cells.
What are the key components of diagnosing a respiratory condition?
Patient history, physical examination, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic tests.
p.14
Respiratory Failure Types
What indicates severe respiratory distress?
Signs of respiratory failure.
p.27
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What happens if the immune response is low during tuberculosis infection?
Bacterial replication is not controlled, leading to an enlarged tubercle and TB bacilli entering the lymphatic system.
What does CXR reveal in respiratory conditions?
Hyperinflation of the lungs.
p.38
Respiratory Failure Types
What does disorientation indicate in a medical context?
A lack of awareness of time, place, or identity, often due to hypoxia.
p.39
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
What type of support may be provided to patients with ARDS?
Oxygen support and intubation with ventilatory support.
p.54
COVID-19 and SARS-CoV
What does AGP stand for in the context of transmission?
Aerosol-generating procedures.
p.24
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
Can Tuberculosis infect parts of the body other than the lungs?
Yes, it can infect kidneys, bones, joints, etc. (Closed TB).
p.14
Respiratory Failure Types
What is wheezing?
A high-pitched sound made while breathing, often indicating airway obstruction.
p.3
Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
How does emphysema affect gas exchange?
It decreases gas exchange.
p.35
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Which diagnostic test uses magnetic fields to create detailed images of the body?
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging).
What are the expected changes in FEV and vital capacity in respiratory conditions?
Decreased FEV and vital capacity.
p.37
Respiratory Failure Types
What is the significance of Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) in diagnosing respiratory failure?
It measures PO2 and PCO2 levels.
p.7
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What does LTOT stand for?
Long Term Oxygen Therapy.
p.7
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Which vaccinations are recommended for COPD patients?
Influenza and pneumonia immunizations.
p.38
Respiratory Failure Types
What does decreased consciousness signify?
A serious condition that may indicate severe hypoxia or respiratory failure.
p.39
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
What is the main focus of treatment for ARDS?
Addressing the underlying cause of the condition.
p.44
Respiratory Failure Types
What does tachypnea indicate in respiratory conditions?
Increased respiratory rate but decreased tidal volume.
p.3
Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
What happens to the alveolar walls in emphysema?
Destruction of alveolar walls.
p.14
Respiratory Failure Types
What characterizes breathing in severe respiratory distress?
Rapid and labored breathing with the use of accessory muscles.
p.10
Asthma Types and Triggers
What triggers Extrinsic asthma?
Hypersensitivity reaction to inhaled antigens.
p.22
Respiratory Failure Types
What procedure may be used for chest issues?
Chest drainage with or without suction.
p.19
Respiratory Failure Types
What does respiratory distress indicate?
Difficulty in breathing or inadequate oxygenation.
p.30
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What is the purpose of Sputum for culture?
To grow and identify bacteria causing lung infections.
p.29
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What type of cough is associated with TB?
Prolonged and productive cough.
p.33
Lung Cancer Types and Risk Factors
What role do genetic factors play in lung cancer risk?
They can increase susceptibility to lung cancer.
p.51
COVID-19 and SARS-CoV
What is IV Ribavirin used for?
It is one of the treatments mentioned, but its efficacy is inconclusive.
p.45
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) and Pneumoconiosis
What imaging techniques are used in lung diagnosis?
Chest X-rays and high-resolution computed tomography scans.
p.20
Respiratory Failure Types
What does pulse oximetry measure?
Desaturation of oxygen in the blood.
p.19
Respiratory Failure Types
What type of pain is associated with pleuritis?
Sharp pleuritic pain aggravated by chest movement, breathing, and coughing.
p.3
Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
What is a consequence of alveolar hyperinflation in emphysema?
Effects on lung function.
p.16
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What does pulse oximetry measure?
Desaturation levels in the blood.
p.37
Respiratory Failure Types
What is the consequence of inadequate gas exchange?
Hypoxia and hypercapnia leading to acidosis.
p.27
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What is formed as a result of the immune response in tuberculosis?
Tubercle formation, a nodular granulomatous structure visible on chest X-rays.
p.17
Asthma Types and Triggers
What type of medication can be taken prophylactically?
Medication at the first sign of a cold.
p.35
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What is the purpose of a biopsy in diagnostic testing?
To obtain tissue samples for analysis.
p.10
Asthma Types and Triggers
What types of stimuli can trigger Intrinsic asthma?
Respiratory infections, exposure to cold, exercise, stress, and smoke.
p.10
Asthma Types and Triggers
What is the difference between Extrinsic and Intrinsic asthma?
Extrinsic asthma is genetically induced and often occurs in children, while Intrinsic asthma is environmentally induced and typically begins in adulthood.
p.33
Lung Cancer Types and Risk Factors
What can result from chronic inflammation due to smoking?
Cellular changes, such as cell mutation.
p.7
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What is a key component of managing COPD non-pharmacologically?
Pulmonary rehabilitation program.
p.28
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What symptom often occurs as a result of tissue destruction in tuberculosis?
Hemoptysis (coughing up blood).
p.27
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What happens during the primary infection of tuberculosis?
Microbes first enter the lungs and macrophages produce cytokines and chemokines.
p.19
Respiratory Failure Types
What is cyanosis a sign of?
Insufficient oxygen in the blood.
p.35
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What tests measure how well the lungs are functioning?
Pulmonary Function Tests.
p.44
Respiratory Failure Types
What is notable about wheezing in these clinical manifestations?
There is no wheezing or signs of airway obstruction.
p.38
Respiratory Failure Types
What is cyanosis?
A bluish discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen levels.
p.10
Asthma Types and Triggers
What are the two basic types of asthma?
Extrinsic asthma and Intrinsic asthma.
p.5
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
When does death usually occur in COPD patients?
During an exacerbation of illness associated with infection and respiratory failure.
p.18
Respiratory Failure Types
What are the two types of spontaneous pneumothorax?
Primary (Idiopathic) and Secondary (Related to a specific cause).
p.38
Respiratory Failure Types
What is tachycardia?
An abnormally rapid heart rate.
What does pulse oximetry measure?
Desaturation of oxygen in the blood.
p.30
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What does Sputum for MTB PCR detect?
Genetic material of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
p.30
Tuberculosis (TB) Overview
What does a Pleural biopsy involve?
Taking a tissue sample from the pleura for examination.
p.33
Lung Cancer Types and Risk Factors
What are the carcinogenic effects of smoking?
Chronic inflammation and frequent respiratory infections leading to cellular changes.
