p.16
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What do mid-stream interventions focus on?
Efforts to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes during pregnancy.
p.2
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
What defines inequity in health?
Differences in health between groups that are unjust and could be avoided by reasonable means.
p.1
Importance of Studying Population Health
How does studying population health impact healthcare systems?
It reduces the burden on healthcare.
p.6
Theories Explaining Health Inequalities
What is the behavioral theory in the context of health inequalities?
It suggests that underprivileged people engage in poor health behaviors.
p.19
Role of Medical Practitioners in Public Health
In what way can medical practitioners influence health policy?
By advocating for effective health policies and practices.
p.7
Theories Explaining Health Inequalities
What do selection theory and behavioral theory suggest about underprivileged people?
They suggest that underprivileged people are responsible for making poor health choices.
p.14
Key Determinants of Health
What is tertiary prevention in medical care?
It focuses on managing and reducing the impact of established diseases.
p.14
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
How do social inequalities impact health?
They create disparities in access to resources and health outcomes.
p.8
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
List three determinants of health identified by Marmot and Wilkinson.
Early life, stress, and social exclusion.
p.16
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What is the focus of downstream interventions?
Intensive care that seeks to increase the survival of high-risk neonates.
p.12
Climate Change and Health Inequalities
What role does climate change play in relation to existing issues?
Climate change is a threat multiplier.
p.14
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What is the focus of primary prevention in health care?
To prevent diseases before they occur.
p.9
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What role does race play as a Constitutional Factor?
It influences the social class positioning of individuals.
p.18
Health Needs Assessment Process
What does the third step of the Health Needs Assessment involve?
Describing the size and nature of the problem.
p.11
Key Determinants of Health
What organization provided information on key determinants of health in 2020?
National Association of County and City Health Officials.
p.4
Impact of Income Inequality on Health
How does income inequality affect health outcomes?
Income and income inequality impact health problems.
p.12
Climate Change and Health Inequalities
What is a major global concern related to climate change?
The impact of climate change on inequalities.
p.9
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What are 'Constitutional Factors' in the context of Social Determinants of Health?
Recognizable factors that position individuals in a social class.
p.13
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
How can education contribute to reducing health inequalities?
By empowering individuals with knowledge to make informed health choices.
p.15
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What are policy interventions?
Actions taken by governments or organizations to influence health outcomes.
p.8
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What is the significance of healthy food in the context of health determinants?
It is a crucial factor influencing health outcomes.
p.3
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
What does 'upstream equity in resources' refer to?
The fair distribution of resources that can influence health outcomes.
p.6
Theories Explaining Health Inequalities
What does selection theory propose?
It proposes that poor health leads to a social slide.
p.10
Key Determinants of Health
What is represented by the 'mid-stream' metaphor in health determinants?
Factors that affect individuals, such as lifestyle choices and behaviors.
p.1
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
Who can benefit from addressing health inequalities?
Everyone can reap the benefits.
p.12
Climate Change and Health Inequalities
What changes in disease vectors can result from climate change?
Changes in climate can alter the distribution and behavior of disease-carrying organisms.
p.7
Theories Explaining Health Inequalities
Are health inequalities inevitable?
No, they have been lower in the past and are lower in other populations.
p.18
Health Needs Assessment Process
What is the focus of the eighth step in the Health Needs Assessment?
Recommendations for action.
p.1
Importance of Studying Population Health
What are the benefits of studying population health?
Benefits seen on a population scale.
p.19
Role of Medical Practitioners in Public Health
How can medical practitioners contribute to disease prevention?
By providing vaccinations and screenings.
p.4
Impact of Income Inequality on Health
What is generally accepted regarding income and health?
That income and income inequality impact health problems.
p.13
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
Why is addressing social determinants important in reducing health inequalities?
Because they significantly influence health outcomes and access to care.
p.14
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
What do safety net programs aim to achieve?
They provide support for vulnerable populations, often related to secondary prevention.
p.17
Health Needs Assessment Process
What is emphasized in the recommendations of a health needs assessment?
The actions that are recommended to meet unmet health needs.
p.18
Health Needs Assessment Process
What is identified in the ninth step to evaluate change?
The indicators and outcomes needed.
p.15
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What role do stakeholders play in policy interventions?
They collaborate to design and implement effective health policies.
p.3
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
What is meant by 'downstream equality in outcomes'?
The equal health outcomes resulting from equitable resource distribution.
p.10
Key Determinants of Health
What does the 'upstream' metaphor represent in the context of health determinants?
Factors that influence health at a societal or environmental level.
p.17
Health Needs Assessment Process
What does a health needs assessment systematically identify?
Unmet health and health care needs of a population.
p.5
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
What did the earliest evidence of inequality in health promote?
A global interest in health inequalities.
p.9
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
In what way does disability act as a Constitutional Factor?
It affects the social class status of individuals.
p.15
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
Why are policy interventions important in public health?
They help address health disparities and improve population health.
p.8
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
How do other determinants of health relate to income?
Many are considered a product of income or status.
p.19
Role of Medical Practitioners in Public Health
What is one role of medical practitioners in public health?
To promote health education and awareness.
p.4
Impact of Income Inequality on Health
What complicates the association between income and health outcomes?
The association remains complex due to other variables.
p.17
Health Needs Assessment Process
What is the purpose of a health needs assessment?
To aid decision making and promote action based on population needs.
p.17
Health Needs Assessment Process
What outcomes does a health needs assessment lead to?
Agreed priorities and resource allocation that will improve health.
p.18
Health Needs Assessment Process
What is synthesized and summarized in the fifth step of the Health Needs Assessment?
The evidence on interventions available.
p.15
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What types of policy interventions can be implemented?
Regulations, funding, education programs, and community initiatives.
p.16
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What are upstream interventions in population health?
Policies and interventions that seek to reduce women’s risk of adverse birth outcomes prior to conception.
p.3
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
What is the relationship between upstream equity and downstream outcomes?
Upstream equity in resources leads to downstream equality in outcomes.
p.19
Role of Medical Practitioners in Public Health
What is a key responsibility of medical practitioners regarding patient care?
To diagnose and treat illnesses.
p.10
Key Determinants of Health
What does the 'downstream' metaphor signify in health determinants?
Immediate health outcomes and access to healthcare services.
p.17
Health Needs Assessment Process
Why is a health needs assessment considered the backbone of public health work?
It is used to improve health, commission healthcare, and plan other services.
p.18
Health Needs Assessment Process
What is summarized in the seventh step regarding solutions?
Cost-effective solutions and resource implications.
p.8
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What role does social support play in health?
It is one of the determinants that can influence health outcomes.
p.6
Theories Explaining Health Inequalities
What is the artefact theory regarding health inequalities?
It suggests that there aren’t any inequalities in health; we just don’t measure determinants and outcomes properly.
p.13
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What is one approach to reduce inequalities in health?
Improving access to healthcare services for underserved populations.
p.12
Climate Change and Health Inequalities
How can drought, heat, and floods affect health?
They can lead to increased health risks and disease outbreaks.
p.7
Theories Explaining Health Inequalities
What role do political decisions play in health inequalities?
Health inequalities are influenced by political decisions and priorities.
p.14
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What does the term 'upstream' refer to in health determinants?
Factors that influence health at a societal or policy level.
p.14
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What does 'downstream' refer to in health determinants?
Factors that affect individual health outcomes directly.
p.8
Theories Explaining Health Inequalities
Who identified several alternative models of the determinants of health?
Michael Marmot and Richard Wilkinson.
p.2
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
What is inequality in health?
Any measurable aspect of health that varies across individuals or according to socially relevant groupings, without moral judgement.
p.6
Theories Explaining Health Inequalities
What do structural theories emphasize regarding health inequalities?
They emphasize that politics and policy make it difficult for underprivileged people to adopt healthy behaviors.
p.19
Role of Medical Practitioners in Public Health
What is the importance of collaboration for medical practitioners?
To work with other health professionals for comprehensive care.
p.13
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What role does policy play in reducing health inequalities?
Policies can create equitable access to resources and healthcare services.
p.18
Health Needs Assessment Process
What should be defined in the second step of the Health Needs Assessment?
The problem to be addressed.
p.14
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What does 'midstream' refer to in health determinants?
Factors related to community and social networks.
p.14
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
What does the 'cliff' metaphor represent in health?
It symbolizes the point at which good health is lost due to social inequalities.
p.15
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
How can policy interventions impact social determinants of health?
By improving access to resources like healthcare, education, and housing.
p.8
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
Name two determinants of health related to employment.
Working conditions and unemployment.
p.7
Theories Explaining Health Inequalities
Why are behavioral theories considered insufficient in explaining health inequalities?
They do not fully account for structural factors and can lead to victim blaming.
p.9
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
How does gender serve as a Constitutional Factor?
It positions individuals within a social class.
p.13
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
How can community engagement help in reducing health inequalities?
By involving local populations in decision-making and health initiatives.
p.8
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What are Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)?
Factors that influence health outcomes, including early life, stress, social exclusion, and more.
p.8
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
How does transport relate to health?
It is one of the social determinants that can affect access to health services and overall well-being.
