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What forms the primary fascial condensations in the pelvis? A) Hypogastric sheaths B) Uterine ligaments C) Rectal ligaments D) Peritoneal membranes E) Abdominal fascia
A) Hypogastric sheaths Explanation: The primary fascial condensations in the pelvis are the hypogastric sheaths, which extend along the posterolateral pelvic walls and are crucial for supporting pelvic structures.
What is the primary function of the obturator nerve? A) Innervates pelvic structures B) Supplies the medial thigh muscles C) Controls the bladder D) Innervates the lower limb only E) Supplies the abdominal muscles
B) Supplies the medial thigh muscles Explanation: The obturator nerve, arising from the lumbar plexus, primarily supplies the medial thigh muscles after passing through the obturator canal, indicating its role in lower limb innervation rather than pelvic structures.
1/105
p.1
Fascial Condensations in the Pelvis

What forms the primary fascial condensations in the pelvis?
A) Hypogastric sheaths
B) Uterine ligaments
C) Rectal ligaments
D) Peritoneal membranes
E) Abdominal fascia

A) Hypogastric sheaths
Explanation: The primary fascial condensations in the pelvis are the hypogastric sheaths, which extend along the posterolateral pelvic walls and are crucial for supporting pelvic structures.

p.15
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

What is the primary function of the obturator nerve?
A) Innervates pelvic structures
B) Supplies the medial thigh muscles
C) Controls the bladder
D) Innervates the lower limb only
E) Supplies the abdominal muscles

B) Supplies the medial thigh muscles
Explanation: The obturator nerve, arising from the lumbar plexus, primarily supplies the medial thigh muscles after passing through the obturator canal, indicating its role in lower limb innervation rather than pelvic structures.

p.10
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

Where does the superior rectal artery divide into two branches?
A) At the level of the L2 vertebra
B) At the level of the S3 vertebra
C) At the level of the S1 vertebra
D) At the level of the L5 vertebra
E) At the level of the T12 vertebra

B) At the level of the S3 vertebra
Explanation: The superior rectal artery divides into two branches at the level of the S3 vertebra, which is significant for its anatomical relevance to the rectum.

p.3
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

Why are arterial anastomoses important in the pelvis?
A) They prevent blood loss during surgery
B) They provide alternative routes for blood flow
C) They are involved in lymphatic drainage
D) They connect muscles to bones
E) They regulate nerve impulses

B) They provide alternative routes for blood flow
Explanation: Arterial anastomoses are important because they create alternative routes for blood flow, which can be crucial in maintaining perfusion to pelvic organs in case of blockage or injury.

p.9
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

Where does the ovarian artery arise from?
A) Inferior mesenteric artery
B) Renal artery
C) Abdominal aorta
D) Median sacral artery
E) External iliac artery

C) Abdominal aorta
Explanation: The ovarian artery arises from the abdominal aorta, specifically inferior to the renal artery and superior to the inferior mesenteric artery, indicating its anatomical position.

p.3
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

Which of the following is likely included in the discussion of Table 6.4?
A) Types of pelvic nerves
B) Major veins of the pelvis
C) Specific arteries and their connections
D) Muscles associated with the pelvic floor
E) Organs located in the pelvic cavity

C) Specific arteries and their connections
Explanation: Table 6.4 focuses on the arteries of the pelvis and their anastomoses, which involves detailing specific arteries and how they connect with one another.

p.17
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

Which of the following nerves is the largest in the body?
A) Pudendal nerve
B) Femoral nerve
C) Sciatic nerve
D) Obturator nerve
E) Median nerve

C) Sciatic nerve
Explanation: The sciatic nerve is recognized as the largest nerve in the body, formed by the convergence of the anterior rami of spinal nerves L4–S3.

p.7
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

What anatomical structure does the uterine artery pass directly superior to?
A) Bladder
B) Ureter
C) Ovary
D) Vagina
E) Rectum

B) Ureter
Explanation: The uterine artery passes directly superior to the ureter, which is a key relationship often remembered by the phrase 'water (urine) passes under the bridge (uterine artery).'

p.15
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

What anatomical feature does the obturator nerve pass through to enter the thigh?
A) Obturator foramen
B) Obturator canal
C) Pelvic inlet
D) Greater sciatic notch
E) Lesser sciatic notch

B) Obturator canal
Explanation: The obturator nerve passes through the obturator canal, an opening in the obturator membrane, to enter the thigh, which is crucial for its pathway and function.

p.10
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

What is the superior rectal artery a continuation of?
A) Superior mesenteric artery
B) Inferior mesenteric artery
C) Internal iliac artery
D) External iliac artery
E) Celiac trunk

B) Inferior mesenteric artery
Explanation: The superior rectal artery is described as the direct continuation of the inferior mesenteric artery, indicating its origin in the vascular system.

p.7
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

What happens to the uterine artery as it reaches the cervix?
A) It bifurcates into two equal branches
B) It divides into a descending vaginal branch and an ascending branch
C) It disappears into the pelvic cavity
D) It connects with the inferior vesical artery
E) It becomes the ovarian artery

B) It divides into a descending vaginal branch and an ascending branch
Explanation: Upon reaching the cervix, the uterine artery divides into a smaller descending vaginal branch, which supplies the cervix and vagina, and a larger ascending branch that supplies the uterus.

p.3
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

What is the primary focus of Table 6.4 in the context of pelvic anatomy?
A) Nerve pathways in the pelvis
B) Arterial anastomoses in the pelvis
C) Venous drainage of the pelvis
D) Lymphatic drainage in the pelvis
E) Muscular structures of the pelvis

B) Arterial anastomoses in the pelvis
Explanation: Table 6.4 specifically describes the arterial anastomoses formed in the pelvis, highlighting the connections between different arteries in this region.

p.11
Pelvic Veins and Venous Plexuses

What do the superior rectal veins anastomose with?
A) Inferior mesenteric veins
B) Middle and inferior rectal veins
C) Renal veins
D) Lumbar veins
E) Gonadal veins

B) Middle and inferior rectal veins
Explanation: The superior rectal veins anastomose with the middle and inferior rectal veins, which are tributaries of the internal iliac veins, highlighting the interconnectedness of the pelvic venous system.

p.20
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

What types of fibers are contained in the inferior hypogastric plexuses?
A) Only sympathetic fibers
B) Only parasympathetic fibers
C) Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral afferent fibers
D) Only visceral afferent fibers
E) Somatic and sympathetic fibers

C) Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral afferent fibers
Explanation: The inferior hypogastric plexuses contain both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, as well as visceral afferent fibers, which are essential for innervating the pelvic viscera.

p.20
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

Which spinal nerves give rise to the pelvic splanchnic nerves?
A) T1–T12
B) L1–L5
C) S2–S4
D) C1–C8
E) S1–S5

C) S2–S4
Explanation: The pelvic splanchnic nerves arise from the anterior rami of spinal nerves S2–S4 of the sacral plexus, conveying presynaptic parasympathetic fibers.

p.14
Lymphatic Drainage in the Pelvis

Where do the sacral lymph nodes primarily drain lymph from?
A) Anterior abdominal wall
B) Postero-inferior pelvic viscera
C) Upper limbs
D) Thoracic cavity
E) Head and neck

B) Postero-inferior pelvic viscera
Explanation: The sacral lymph nodes are specifically noted to receive lymph from the postero-inferior pelvic viscera, indicating their role in the lymphatic drainage of the pelvic region.

p.16
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

What does the lumbosacral trunk join after passing inferiorly?
A) Lumbar plexus
B) Coccygeal plexus
C) Sacral plexus
D) Thoracic plexus
E) Brachial plexus

C) Sacral plexus
Explanation: The lumbosacral trunk joins the sacral plexus, which is essential for the innervation of the lower limbs and pelvic region.

p.15
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

What is the role of the sacral and coccygeal nerve plexuses?
A) Innervate the abdominal organs
B) Control the pelvic floor muscles
C) Innervate the lower limb
D) Supply the thoracic region
E) Control the upper limb

C) Innervate the lower limb
Explanation: The sacral and coccygeal nerve plexuses, although located in the pelvis, are primarily involved with the innervation of the lower limb rather than pelvic structures, indicating their broader functional role.

p.13
Lymphatic Drainage in the Pelvis

Where do the external iliac lymph nodes primarily lie?
A) Below the pelvic brim
B) Along the external iliac vessels
C) Near the sacrum
D) Within the abdominal cavity
E) Around the femoral artery

B) Along the external iliac vessels
Explanation: The external iliac lymph nodes are specifically located above the pelvic brim, along the external iliac vessels, indicating their anatomical position in relation to the pelvic structure.

p.9
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

What branches does the ovarian artery divide into?
A) Uterine and vaginal branches
B) Ovarian and tubal branches
C) Rectal and sacral branches
D) Gluteal and lumbar branches
E) Iliac and femoral branches

B) Ovarian and tubal branches
Explanation: The ovarian artery divides into an ovarian branch and a tubal branch, which supply the ovary and uterine tube, respectively, highlighting its role in reproductive anatomy.

p.5
Internal Iliac Artery and Its Branches

What type of branches does the anterior division of the internal iliac artery primarily supply?
A) Muscular branches
B) Visceral branches
C) Cutaneous branches
D) Nervous branches
E) Lymphatic branches

B) Visceral branches
Explanation: The branches of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery are mainly visceral, supplying organs such as the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs.

p.13
Lymphatic Drainage in the Pelvis

Where are the internal iliac lymph nodes clustered?
A) Around the external iliac vessels
B) Near the pelvic brim
C) Around the anterior and posterior divisions of the internal iliac artery
D) At the base of the spine
E) Along the femoral vein

C) Around the anterior and posterior divisions of the internal iliac artery
Explanation: The internal iliac lymph nodes are specifically clustered around the anterior and posterior divisions of the internal iliac artery, which is crucial for understanding their anatomical relationships.

p.2
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

What is a notable feature of the pelvic arteries?
A) They have no anastomoses
B) They provide limited collateral circulation
C) They are poorly supplied
D) They have multiple anastomoses
E) They only supply the lower limbs

D) They have multiple anastomoses
Explanation: The pelvic arteries are characterized by multiple anastomoses, which provide extensive collateral circulation, ensuring a rich blood supply to the pelvic region.

p.11
Pelvic Veins and Venous Plexuses

In the context of pelvic veins, what is the significance of the internal iliac veins?
A) They are the main drainage for the upper body
B) They connect to the hepatic portal system
C) They are the primary drainage for pelvic organs
D) They drain into the pulmonary circulation
E) They are responsible for lymphatic drainage

C) They are the primary drainage for pelvic organs
Explanation: The internal iliac veins are significant as they serve as the primary venous drainage pathway for pelvic organs, facilitating the return of blood to the systemic circulation.

p.12
Pelvic Veins and Venous Plexuses

What do the internal iliac veins merge with to form the common iliac veins?
A) External iliac veins
B) Lumbar veins
C) Umbilical veins
D) Testicular veins
E) Lateral sacral veins

A) External iliac veins
Explanation: The internal iliac veins merge with the external iliac veins to form the common iliac veins, which are crucial for venous drainage from the pelvis.

p.1
Neurovascular Structures of the Pelvis

Where do the major neurovascular structures of the pelvis lie?
A) Intraperitoneally
B) Medially in the pelvic cavity
C) Extraperitoneally against the posterolateral walls
D) Anteriorly in the pelvic cavity
E) Superficially beneath the skin

C) Extraperitoneally against the posterolateral walls
Explanation: The major neurovascular structures of the pelvis are located extraperitoneally against the posterolateral walls, which is important for their anatomical relationships.

p.16
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

What additional information is provided in Table 6.5?
A) Blood vessels of the pelvis
B) Segmental composition and distribution of nerves derived from the sacral plexus
C) Muscles innervated by the lumbar plexus
D) Lymphatic drainage pathways
E) Anatomical landmarks of the pelvis

B) Segmental composition and distribution of nerves derived from the sacral plexus
Explanation: Table 6.5 lists the segmental composition and distribution of the nerves derived from the sacral plexus, which is crucial for understanding pelvic innervation.

p.3
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

What anatomical feature is emphasized in the study of pelvic arteries?
A) The structure of the pelvic floor
B) The relationship between arteries and veins
C) The formation of arterial anastomoses
D) The innervation of pelvic organs
E) The lymphatic system in the pelvis

C) The formation of arterial anastomoses
Explanation: The study of pelvic arteries emphasizes the formation of arterial anastomoses, which are critical for ensuring adequate blood supply to the pelvic region.

p.10
Pelvic Veins and Venous Plexuses

Which vein can drain some pelvic plexuses into the hepatic portal system?
A) Inferior mesenteric vein
B) Superior mesenteric vein
C) Internal iliac vein
D) External iliac vein
E) Renal vein

A) Inferior mesenteric vein
Explanation: Some pelvic plexuses drain through the superior rectal vein into the inferior mesenteric vein, which is part of the hepatic portal system, indicating a connection between pelvic and systemic circulation.

p.16
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

What structure is formed by the union of the descending part of the L4 nerve and the anterior ramus of the L5 nerve?
A) Sacral plexus
B) Lumbosacral trunk
C) Sciatic nerve
D) Femoral nerve
E) Obturator nerve

B) Lumbosacral trunk
Explanation: The lumbosacral trunk is formed by the union of the descending part of the L4 nerve and the anterior ramus of the L5 nerve, which is crucial for the formation of the sacral plexus.

p.16
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

Where does the lumbosacral trunk pass after its formation?
A) Superiorly on the lumbar vertebrae
B) Inferiorly on the anterior surface of the ala of the sacrum
C) Laterally towards the iliac crest
D) Posteriorly to the coccyx
E) Anteriorly to the pubic symphysis

B) Inferiorly on the anterior surface of the ala of the sacrum
Explanation: After its formation, the lumbosacral trunk passes inferiorly on the anterior surface of the ala of the sacrum, which is an important anatomical pathway.

p.5
Internal Iliac Artery and Its Branches

What is a characteristic of the arrangement of the visceral branches of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery?
A) It is consistent and uniform
B) It is variable
C) It is always symmetrical
D) It is fixed and unchanging
E) It is only found in males

B) It is variable
Explanation: The arrangement of the visceral branches of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery is noted to be variable, indicating that there can be significant anatomical differences among individuals.

p.17
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

How does the sciatic nerve exit the pelvis?
A) Through the lesser sciatic foramen
B) Through the greater sciatic foramen, usually inferior to the piriformis
C) Through the sacral hiatus
D) Through the obturator foramen
E) Through the pelvic inlet

B) Through the greater sciatic foramen, usually inferior to the piriformis
Explanation: The sciatic nerve exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, typically passing inferior to the piriformis muscle, which is important for its pathway to the gluteal region.

p.2
Pelvic Veins and Venous Plexuses

Where do the pelvic veins lie in relation to the pelvic arteries and somatic nerves?
A) Medially to the pelvic arteries and laterally to the somatic nerves
B) Laterally to the pelvic arteries and medially to the somatic nerves
C) Between the pelvic arteries and somatic nerves
D) Above the pelvic arteries and below the somatic nerves
E) Below the pelvic arteries and above the somatic nerves

C) Between the pelvic arteries and somatic nerves
Explanation: The pelvic veins are positioned between the pelvic arteries, which lie medially, and the somatic nerves, which lie laterally, indicating their anatomical arrangement in the pelvis.

p.10
Pelvic Veins and Venous Plexuses

What do the pelvic venous plexuses surround?
A) The abdominal cavity
B) The pelvic viscera
C) The thoracic cavity
D) The lumbar region
E) The cranial cavity

B) The pelvic viscera
Explanation: The pelvic venous plexuses are formed by interjoining veins that surround the pelvic viscera, highlighting their importance in venous drainage in the pelvis.

p.10
Pelvic Veins and Venous Plexuses

Which veins primarily drain the pelvic venous plexuses?
A) External iliac veins
B) Internal iliac veins
C) Renal veins
D) Hepatic veins
E) Lumbar veins

B) Internal iliac veins
Explanation: The pelvic venous plexuses are mainly drained by tributaries of the internal iliac veins, which play a crucial role in the venous drainage of the pelvis.

p.11
Pelvic Veins and Venous Plexuses

What is depicted in Figure 6.19 regarding pelvic veins?
A) Only male pelvic veins
B) Only female pelvic veins
C) Patterns of systemic and hepatic portal venous systems
D) Lymphatic drainage patterns
E) Arterial supply to the pelvis

C) Patterns of systemic and hepatic portal venous systems
Explanation: Figure 6.19 illustrates the female and male patterns of the systemic (vena caval) system and the hepatic portal venous system of the abdominopelvic cavity, emphasizing the differences in venous drainage.

p.1
Fascial Condensations in the Pelvis

What is the middle lamina in females that supports the vagina and uterine cervix?
A) Rectovesical septum
B) Lateral ligament of the bladder
C) Cardinal ligament
D) Hypogastric sheath
E) Uterosacral ligament

C) Cardinal ligament
Explanation: In females, the middle lamina is the cardinal ligament, which provides passive support to the vagina and uterine cervix while also conveying their neurovasculature.

p.1
Fascial Condensations in the Pelvis

In males, what is the equivalent of the middle lamina found in females?
A) Lateral ligament of the bladder
B) Rectovesical septum
C) Cardinal ligament
D) Uterosacral ligament
E) Hypogastric sheath

B) Rectovesical septum
Explanation: In males, the middle lamina is referred to as the rectovesical septum, which serves a similar structural purpose as the cardinal ligament in females.

p.19
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

What is the primary function of the sacral sympathetic trunks?
A) Provide sensory innervation to the lower limbs
B) Provide sympathetic innervation to the lower limbs
C) Supply blood to the pelvic organs
D) Control bladder function
E) Innervate the abdominal muscles

B) Provide sympathetic innervation to the lower limbs
Explanation: The sacral sympathetic trunks primarily provide sympathetic innervation to the lower limbs, playing a crucial role in the autonomic nervous system's regulation of lower limb functions.

p.4
Internal Iliac Artery and Its Branches

How long is each internal iliac artery approximately?
A) 2 cm
B) 4 cm
C) 6 cm
D) 8 cm
E) 10 cm

B) 4 cm
Explanation: Each internal iliac artery is approximately 4 cm long, which is a key anatomical detail regarding its size and structure.

p.4
Differences in Male and Female Pelvic Anatomy

How many main arteries enter the lesser pelvis of males?
A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) Five
E) Six

C) Four
Explanation: Since the testicular arteries do not enter the lesser pelvis, only four main arteries enter the lesser pelvis of males, which is a significant difference compared to females.

p.15
Autonomic Nervous System in the Pelvis

Which part of the sympathetic trunk is associated with the pelvic region?
A) Cervical trunk
B) Thoracic trunk
C) Lumbar trunk
D) Sacral trunk
E) Coccygeal trunk

D) Sacral trunk
Explanation: The pelvic (sacral) part of the sympathetic trunk is shown in the context of the pelvic nerves, indicating its relevance to the autonomic innervation in the pelvic region.

p.13
Lymphatic Drainage in the Pelvis

What do the internal iliac lymph nodes primarily receive drainage from?
A) Upper abdominal organs
B) Superior pelvic viscera
C) Inferior pelvic viscera and deep perineum
D) Inguinal lymph nodes
E) External iliac vessels

C) Inferior pelvic viscera and deep perineum
Explanation: The internal iliac lymph nodes are clustered around the internal iliac artery and primarily receive drainage from the inferior pelvic viscera and deep perineum, indicating their role in lower pelvic lymphatic drainage.

p.20
Differences in Male and Female Pelvic Anatomy

Which structure in females is associated with the pelvic subplexuses?
A) Prostate
B) Seminal glands
C) Cervix of the uterus
D) Epididymis
E) Bulbourethral glands

C) Cervix of the uterus
Explanation: In females, the pelvic subplexuses are associated with the cervix of the uterus and the lateral fornices of the vagina, highlighting the differences in innervation between sexes.

p.14
Lymphatic Drainage in the Pelvis

What is a notable feature of the pelvic lymph nodes?
A) They are isolated and do not connect
B) They are highly interconnected
C) They only drain to the external iliac nodes
D) They are located only in the abdominal cavity
E) They do not play a role in cancer spread

B) They are highly interconnected
Explanation: The pelvic lymph nodes are described as being highly interconnected, which allows for the removal of many nodes without disturbing drainage and facilitates the spread of cancer in various directions.

p.12
Pelvic Veins and Venous Plexuses

Which veins are the largest tributaries of the internal iliac veins except during pregnancy?
A) Testicular veins
B) Lateral sacral veins
C) Superior gluteal veins
D) Umbilical veins
E) Iliolumbar veins

C) Superior gluteal veins
Explanation: The superior gluteal veins are the largest tributaries of the internal iliac veins, except during pregnancy when the uterine veins become larger.

p.17
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

What is the main function of the pudendal nerve?
A) Motor supply to the thigh
B) Sensory supply to the external genitalia
C) Motor supply to the gluteal muscles
D) Sensory supply to the leg
E) Motor supply to the abdominal muscles

B) Sensory supply to the external genitalia
Explanation: The pudendal nerve serves as the main nerve of the perineum and is the chief sensory nerve for the external genitalia, highlighting its critical role in pelvic innervation.

p.18
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

What do the anococcygeal nerves supply?
A) The gluteal region
B) The skin between the tip of the coccyx and the anus
C) The pelvic organs
D) The lower limbs
E) The abdominal wall

B) The skin between the tip of the coccyx and the anus
Explanation: The anococcygeal nerves arise from the coccygeal plexus and pierce the coccygeus and anococcygeal ligament to supply a small area of skin in that specific region.

p.15
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

From which spinal nerves does the obturator nerve arise?
A) L1–L3
B) L2–L4
C) L3–L5
D) S1–S3
E) L4–L6

B) L2–L4
Explanation: The obturator nerve arises from the anterior rami of spinal nerves L2–L4 of the lumbar plexus, highlighting its origin in the greater pelvis before entering the lesser pelvis.

p.9
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

What is the primary function of the superior gluteal artery?
A) Supplies the abdominal muscles
B) Supplies the gluteal muscles in the buttocks
C) Supplies the skin of the abdomen
D) Supplies the pelvic floor muscles
E) Supplies the lower limb muscles

B) Supplies the gluteal muscles in the buttocks
Explanation: The superior gluteal artery is the largest branch of the posterior division and is specifically responsible for supplying blood to the gluteal muscles located in the buttocks.

p.5
Internal Iliac Artery and Its Branches

Where is the anterior division of the internal iliac artery located in relation to the external iliac vein and obturator nerve?
A) Lateral to the external iliac vein
B) Medial to the external iliac vein and obturator nerve
C) Anterior to the external iliac vein
D) Posterior to the obturator nerve
E) Superior to the peritoneum

B) Medial to the external iliac vein and obturator nerve
Explanation: The anterior division of the internal iliac artery is positioned medial to the external iliac vein and obturator nerve, indicating its anatomical location within the pelvis.

p.2
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

What is the primary role of the pelvic arteries?
A) To drain blood from the pelvis
B) To supply blood to the pelvic region
C) To transmit nerve signals
D) To support the pelvic floor
E) To filter waste from the blood

B) To supply blood to the pelvic region
Explanation: The primary role of the pelvic arteries is to supply blood to the pelvic region, ensuring that the tissues and organs receive adequate oxygen and nutrients.

p.5
Internal Iliac Artery and Its Branches

Which of the following structures is NOT typically supplied by the anterior division of the internal iliac artery?
A) Bladder
B) Rectum
C) Reproductive organs
D) Thigh
E) Stomach

E) Stomach
Explanation: The anterior division of the internal iliac artery supplies the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs, but it does not supply the stomach, which is primarily supplied by branches of the celiac trunk.

p.9
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

What do the small visceral branches of the median sacral artery supply?
A) Anterior abdominal wall
B) Posterior part of the rectum
C) Gluteal muscles
D) Uterine tube
E) Ovaries

B) Posterior part of the rectum
Explanation: The small visceral branches of the median sacral artery supply the posterior part of the rectum and anastomose with the superior and middle rectal arteries, indicating their role in rectal blood supply.

p.4
Internal Iliac Artery and Its Branches

What is the primary function of the internal iliac artery?
A) To supply blood to the upper limbs
B) To supply blood to the pelvic viscera
C) To supply blood to the brain
D) To supply blood to the lungs
E) To supply blood to the heart

B) To supply blood to the pelvic viscera
Explanation: The internal iliac artery is the principal artery of the pelvis, primarily responsible for supplying most of the blood to the pelvic viscera and some to the musculoskeletal part of the pelvis.

p.14
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

What role do the piriformis and coccygeus muscles play in the pelvis?
A) They are responsible for blood supply
B) They form a bed for the sacral and coccygeal nerve plexuses
C) They assist in lymphatic drainage
D) They provide structural support to the bladder
E) They are involved in respiratory function

B) They form a bed for the sacral and coccygeal nerve plexuses
Explanation: The piriformis and coccygeus muscles create a supportive structure for the sacral and coccygeal nerve plexuses, which are crucial for pelvic innervation.

p.18
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

Which muscle does the coccygeal plexus supply?
A) Gluteus maximus
B) Coccygeus
C) Iliopsoas
D) Rectus abdominis
E) Quadratus lumborum

B) Coccygeus
Explanation: The coccygeal plexus lies on the pelvic surface of the coccygeus muscle and supplies this muscle, indicating its role in innervating pelvic structures.

p.8
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

What is the origin of the middle rectal artery?
A) It always arises independently from the internal iliac artery
B) It may arise from the internal iliac artery or in common with other arteries
C) It only arises from the inferior vesical artery
D) It arises solely from the internal pudendal artery
E) It arises from the abdominal aorta

B) It may arise from the internal iliac artery or in common with other arteries
Explanation: The middle rectal artery can arise independently from the internal iliac artery or in conjunction with the inferior vesical artery or the internal pudendal artery, indicating its variable anatomical origin.

p.11
Pelvic Veins and Venous Plexuses

What is the primary venous drainage pathway for pelvic organs?
A) External iliac veins
B) Internal iliac veins
C) Femoral veins
D) Superior vena cava
E) Inferior vena cava

B) Internal iliac veins
Explanation: Venous drainage from pelvic organs primarily flows to the caval system via the internal iliac veins, which play a crucial role in the venous return from the pelvis.

p.11
Pelvic Veins and Venous Plexuses

Which system does the superior rectum normally drain into?
A) Systemic venous system
B) Hepatic portal system
C) Pulmonary venous system
D) Lymphatic system
E) Renal venous system

B) Hepatic portal system
Explanation: The superior rectum typically drains into the hepatic portal system, indicating its connection to the liver's blood supply and metabolic processing.

p.7
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

What is the vaginal artery homologous to in males?
A) Urethral artery
B) Inferior vesical artery
C) Prostatic artery
D) Renal artery
E) Testicular artery

B) Inferior vesical artery
Explanation: The vaginal artery is considered homologous to the inferior vesical artery in males, indicating a similarity in their developmental origins.

p.7
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

Where does the vaginal artery often arise from?
A) Directly from the abdominal aorta
B) The anterior division of the internal iliac artery
C) The uterine artery
D) The renal artery
E) The inferior mesenteric artery

C) The uterine artery
Explanation: The vaginal artery often arises from the initial part of the uterine artery instead of directly from the anterior division of the internal iliac artery, highlighting its anatomical relationship.

p.20
Autonomic Nervous System in the Pelvis

What is the primary function of the sympathetic fibers in the pelvic plexuses?
A) Stimulating peristaltic contraction of the rectum
B) Producing vasomotion and inhibiting peristaltic contraction of the rectum
C) Stimulating contraction of the bladder
D) Producing pilomotion
E) Stimulating defecation

B) Producing vasomotion and inhibiting peristaltic contraction of the rectum
Explanation: The sympathetic component in the pelvic plexuses primarily produces vasomotion and inhibits peristaltic contraction of the rectum, while also stimulating contraction of internal genital organs during orgasm.

p.14
Lymphatic Drainage in the Pelvis

What is the location of the common iliac lymph nodes?
A) Inferior to the pelvic brim
B) Along the median sacral vessels
C) Superior to the pelvic brim
D) In the abdominal cavity
E) Within the gluteal region

C) Superior to the pelvic brim
Explanation: The common iliac lymph nodes are located superior to the pelvic brim, along the common iliac blood vessels, serving as a key drainage point for lymph from the pelvis.

p.12
Pelvic Veins and Venous Plexuses

At what vertebral level do the common iliac veins unite to form the inferior vena cava?
A) L2 or L3
B) L3 or L4
C) L4 or L5
D) L5 or S1
E) S1 or S2

C) L4 or L5
Explanation: The common iliac veins unite at the level of vertebra L4 or L5 to form the inferior vena cava, which is a key anatomical landmark in the venous system.

p.1
Neurovascular Structures of the Pelvis

In the pelvic region, where are the veins typically located in relation to the arteries?
A) Medial to the arteries
B) Lateral to the arteries
C) Above the arteries
D) Below the arteries
E) Intermingled with the arteries

A) Lateral to the arteries
Explanation: Generally, in the pelvic region, the veins are located laterally to the arteries, which is a key aspect of the neurovascular organization in this area.

p.18
Autonomic Nervous System in the Pelvis

Which nerves merge to form the inferior hypogastric plexus?
A) Lumbar and sacral nerves
B) Hypogastric and pelvic splanchnic nerves
C) Coccygeal and sacral nerves
D) Thoracic and lumbar nerves
E) Anterior rami of S1 and S2

B) Hypogastric and pelvic splanchnic nerves
Explanation: The inferior hypogastric plexus is formed by the merging of the hypogastric and pelvic splanchnic nerves, incorporating both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.

p.7
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

What do the ovarian and tubal branches of the ascending branch of the uterine artery supply?
A) The bladder
B) The medial ends of the ovary and uterine tube
C) The rectum
D) The cervix
E) The vagina

B) The medial ends of the ovary and uterine tube
Explanation: The ovarian and tubal branches of the ascending branch of the uterine artery supply the medial ends of the ovary and uterine tube, and they anastomose with the ovarian and tubal branches of the ovarian artery.

p.13
Lymphatic Drainage in the Pelvis

What is the main source of lymph for the external iliac lymph nodes?
A) Pelvic viscera
B) Inguinal lymph nodes
C) Abdominal organs
D) Thoracic duct
E) Lumbar lymph nodes

B) Inguinal lymph nodes
Explanation: The external iliac lymph nodes primarily receive lymph from the inguinal lymph nodes, as well as from the superior parts of the middle to anterior pelvic organs, highlighting their role in lymphatic drainage.

p.13
Lymphatic Drainage in the Pelvis

How does lymphatic drainage to the external iliac nodes differ from most pelvic drainage?
A) It follows the same routes as venous drainage
B) It does not parallel routes of venous drainage
C) It is more complex
D) It is less efficient
E) It is only from the lower limbs

B) It does not parallel routes of venous drainage
Explanation: Unlike most lymphatic drainage from the pelvis, which tends to follow the routes of venous drainage, the drainage to the external iliac nodes does not follow this pattern, indicating a unique aspect of their function.

p.9
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

What is the median sacral artery's origin?
A) Anterior surface of the abdominal aorta
B) Posterior surface of the abdominal aorta
C) Inferior mesenteric artery
D) Renal artery
E) External iliac artery

B) Posterior surface of the abdominal aorta
Explanation: The median sacral artery usually arises from the posterior surface of the abdominal aorta, just superior to its bifurcation, indicating its anatomical significance.

p.17
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

Where is the sacral plexus located?
A) Anterior wall of the pelvis
B) Posterolateral wall of the lesser pelvis
C) Superior wall of the greater pelvis
D) Medial wall of the pelvis
E) Lateral wall of the abdominal cavity

B) Posterolateral wall of the lesser pelvis
Explanation: The sacral plexus is specifically located on the posterolateral wall of the lesser pelvis, which is crucial for understanding its anatomical relationships.

p.14
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

Which spinal nerves primarily innervate the pelvis?
A) Thoracic and lumbar nerves
B) Cervical and thoracic nerves
C) Sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves
D) Lumbar and cervical nerves
E) Only lumbar nerves

C) Sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves
Explanation: The pelvis is mainly innervated by the sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves, highlighting their importance in pelvic nerve function.

p.1
Lymphatic Drainage in the Pelvis

Where are pelvic lymph nodes primarily clustered?
A) Around the pelvic arteries
B) Around the pelvic veins
C) In the abdominal cavity
D) Along the peritoneal lining
E) Near the bladder

B) Around the pelvic veins
Explanation: Pelvic lymph nodes are mostly clustered around the pelvic veins, and their lymphatic drainage often parallels venous flow, highlighting the interconnectedness of the vascular and lymphatic systems.

p.17
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

Which nerve leaves the pelvis superior to the piriformis?
A) Sciatic nerve
B) Pudendal nerve
C) Superior gluteal nerve
D) Inferior gluteal nerve
E) Femoral nerve

C) Superior gluteal nerve
Explanation: The superior gluteal nerve exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, superior to the piriformis, and is responsible for supplying muscles in the gluteal region.

p.4
Neurovascular Structures of the Pelvis

What anatomical structure separates the internal iliac artery from the sacro-iliac joint?
A) Ureter
B) Internal iliac vein
C) Femoral vein
D) External iliac artery
E) Common iliac artery

B) Internal iliac vein
Explanation: The internal iliac artery is separated from the sacro-iliac joint by the internal iliac vein and the lumbosacral trunk, which is important for understanding its anatomical relationships.

p.2
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

What type of information is provided in Figure 6.16 and Table 6.4 regarding pelvic arteries?
A) Only the names of the arteries
B) The origin, course, distribution, and anastomoses of the arteries
C) The functions of the pelvic veins
D) The types of somatic nerves in the pelvis
E) The diseases affecting pelvic arteries

B) The origin, course, distribution, and anastomoses of the arteries
Explanation: Figure 6.16 and Table 6.4 provide detailed information about the origins, courses, distributions, and anastomoses of the arteries in the pelvis, which is crucial for understanding pelvic vascular anatomy.

p.12
Pelvic Veins and Venous Plexuses

Where do the internal iliac veins form in relation to the greater sciatic foramen?
A) Inferior to the greater sciatic foramen
B) Superior to the greater sciatic foramen
C) Anterior to the greater sciatic foramen
D) Lateral to the greater sciatic foramen
E) Posterior to the greater sciatic foramen

B) Superior to the greater sciatic foramen
Explanation: The internal iliac veins are formed superior to the greater sciatic foramen, indicating their anatomical position in relation to this landmark.

p.6
Internal Iliac Artery and Its Branches

What happens to the distal parts of the umbilical arteries after the umbilical cord is cut?
A) They continue to function normally
B) They become occluded and form fibrous cords
C) They enlarge and supply blood to the bladder
D) They transform into the uterine artery
E) They remain patent and supply blood to the pelvis

B) They become occluded and form fibrous cords
Explanation: After the umbilical cord is cut, the distal parts of the umbilical arteries become occluded and transform into fibrous cords known as the medial umbilical ligaments.

p.12
Lymphatic Drainage in the Pelvis

How are the lymph nodes in the pelvis categorized?
A) By their size only
B) By their location only
C) By their association with blood vessels
D) By their function
E) By their shape

C) By their association with blood vessels
Explanation: The lymph nodes receiving drainage from pelvic organs are categorized into groups based on their association with blood vessels, although this categorization can be somewhat arbitrary.

p.6
Internal Iliac Artery and Its Branches

Which artery occurs consistently only in males?
A) Uterine artery
B) Inferior vesical artery
C) Obturator artery
D) Umbilical artery
E) Superior vesical artery

B) Inferior vesical artery
Explanation: The inferior vesical artery is noted to occur consistently only in males, while in females, it may arise as a branch of the internal iliac artery or the uterine artery.

p.8
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

Where does the internal pudendal artery exit the pelvis?
A) Through the greater sciatic foramen
B) Between the piriformis and coccygeus muscles
C) Through the lesser sciatic foramen
D) Through the abdominal wall
E) Through the sacral foramina

B) Between the piriformis and coccygeus muscles
Explanation: The internal pudendal artery exits the pelvis by passing between the piriformis and coccygeus muscles, which is a key anatomical landmark in its course.

p.5
Internal Iliac Artery and Its Branches

At what anatomical landmark does the internal iliac artery typically end?
A) Inferior edge of the pelvic brim
B) Superior edge of the greater sciatic foramen
C) Inferior edge of the greater sciatic foramen
D) At the pelvic floor
E) At the ischial spine

B) Superior edge of the greater sciatic foramen
Explanation: The internal iliac artery usually ends at the superior edge of the greater sciatic foramen, where it divides into anterior and posterior divisions.

p.2
Pelvic Veins and Venous Plexuses

What anatomical relationship do pelvic veins have with somatic nerves?
A) They lie medially to somatic nerves
B) They lie laterally to somatic nerves
C) They lie above somatic nerves
D) They lie below somatic nerves
E) They lie between pelvic arteries and somatic nerves

E) They lie between pelvic arteries and somatic nerves
Explanation: The pelvic veins are anatomically situated between the pelvic arteries and somatic nerves, highlighting their position within the pelvic cavity.

p.9
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

What does the median sacral artery provide during pelvic laparoscopic procedures?
A) Blood supply to the ovaries
B) Indication of the midline on the posterior wall of the pelvis
C) Supply to the gluteal muscles
D) Blood supply to the rectum
E) Indication of the anterior wall of the pelvis

B) Indication of the midline on the posterior wall of the pelvis
Explanation: The median sacral artery serves as a useful anatomical landmark during pelvic laparoscopic procedures, helping to identify the midline of the posterior pelvic wall.

p.20
Visceral Afferent Innervation in the Pelvis

How do visceral afferent fibers travel in the pelvis?
A) With somatic nerve fibers
B) With sympathetic fibers only
C) With parasympathetic fibers
D) Independently of autonomic fibers
E) With cranial nerve fibers

C) With parasympathetic fibers
Explanation: Visceral afferent fibers in the pelvis travel with parasympathetic fibers through the pelvic and inferior hypogastric plexuses to the spinal sensory ganglia of spinal nerves S2–S4.

p.6
Internal Iliac Artery and Its Branches

What is the primary function of the umbilical arteries before birth?
A) Conduct oxygen-rich blood to the fetus
B) Conduct oxygen- and nutrient-deficient blood to the placenta
C) Supply blood to the bladder
D) Provide nutrients to the umbilical cord
E) Transport waste products from the fetus

B) Conduct oxygen- and nutrient-deficient blood to the placenta
Explanation: The umbilical arteries are responsible for carrying oxygen- and nutrient-deficient blood from the fetus to the placenta for replenishment before birth.

p.12
Pelvic Veins and Venous Plexuses

What is a potential consequence of the lateral sacral veins anastomosing with the internal vertebral venous plexus?
A) Increased blood flow to the pelvis
B) Pathway for metastasis of cancer cells
C) Formation of new veins
D) Decreased venous pressure
E) Enhanced lymphatic drainage

B) Pathway for metastasis of cancer cells
Explanation: The anastomosis of the lateral sacral veins with the internal vertebral venous plexus may provide a pathway for metastasis of prostatic or ovarian cancer cells to vertebral or cranial sites.

p.4
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

Which arteries enter the lesser pelvis of females?
A) Only the internal iliac artery
B) Internal iliac and ovarian arteries
C) Testicular and median sacral arteries
D) Internal iliac and external iliac arteries
E) Only the median sacral artery

B) Internal iliac and ovarian arteries
Explanation: Six main arteries enter the lesser pelvis of females, including the paired internal iliac and ovarian arteries, along with the unpaired median sacral and superior rectal arteries.

p.18
Autonomic Nervous System in the Pelvis

What is the superior hypogastric plexus a continuation of?
A) The lumbar plexus
B) The sacral plexus
C) The aortic plexus
D) The brachial plexus
E) The cervical plexus

C) The aortic plexus
Explanation: The superior hypogastric plexus is described as a continuation of the aortic plexus, which plays a significant role in autonomic innervation in the pelvis.

p.8
Internal Iliac Artery and Its Branches

Which arteries arise from the posterior division of the internal iliac artery?
A) Inferior vesical and internal pudendal arteries
B) Iliolumbar and lateral sacral arteries
C) Middle rectal and inferior gluteal arteries
D) Perineal and dorsal arteries of the penis or clitoris
E) Superior gluteal and inferior gluteal arteries

B) Iliolumbar and lateral sacral arteries
Explanation: The posterior division of the internal iliac artery typically gives rise to the iliolumbar artery and the lateral sacral arteries, which supply various pelvic and lumbar structures.

p.16
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

What is depicted in Figure 6.22?
A) Anatomy of the lumbar spine
B) Somatic nerves of the pelvis—the sacral plexus
C) Blood supply to the pelvis
D) Muscles of the pelvic floor
E) Lymphatic drainage of the pelvis

B) Somatic nerves of the pelvis—the sacral plexus
Explanation: Figure 6.22 illustrates the somatic nerves of the pelvis, specifically focusing on the sacral plexus and its components.

p.19
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

What do peri-arterial plexuses primarily provide?
A) Sensory fibers to the pelvic viscera
B) Postsynaptic sympathetic vasomotor fibers
C) Motor innervation to the lower limbs
D) Parasympathetic fibers to the colon
E) Blood supply to the pelvic organs

B) Postsynaptic sympathetic vasomotor fibers
Explanation: The peri-arterial plexuses provide postsynaptic sympathetic vasomotor fibers to the superior rectal, ovarian, and internal iliac arteries and their branches, facilitating blood flow regulation.

p.6
Internal Iliac Artery and Its Branches

Where does the obturator artery typically arise from?
A) The inferior epigastric artery
B) The umbilical artery
C) The external iliac artery
D) The internal iliac artery
E) The uterine artery

D) The internal iliac artery
Explanation: The obturator artery usually arises close to the origin of the umbilical artery, which is a branch of the internal iliac artery.

p.19
Neurovascular Structures of the Pelvis

Where do the sacral sympathetic trunks descend?
A) Anterior to the bladder
B) On the pelvic surface of the sacrum
C) Lateral to the iliac arteries
D) Within the abdominal cavity
E) Posterior to the pubic symphysis

B) On the pelvic surface of the sacrum
Explanation: The sacral sympathetic trunks descend on the pelvic surface of the sacrum, just medial to the pelvic sacral foramina, indicating their anatomical location.

p.19
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

Which plexus is the most important route for sympathetic fibers to the pelvic viscera?
A) Sacral sympathetic trunks
B) Peri-arterial plexuses
C) Hypogastric plexuses
D) Pelvic splanchnic nerves
E) Lumbar plexus

C) Hypogastric plexuses
Explanation: The hypogastric plexuses are identified as the most important route for conveying sympathetic fibers to the pelvic viscera, integrating autonomic control in this region.

p.4
Internal Iliac Artery and Its Branches

From where does the internal iliac artery bifurcate?
A) From the aorta
B) From the common iliac artery
C) From the femoral artery
D) From the subclavian artery
E) From the renal artery

B) From the common iliac artery
Explanation: The internal iliac artery begins as the common iliac artery and bifurcates into the internal and external iliac arteries at the level of the IV disc between the L5 and S1 vertebrae.

p.8
Internal Iliac Artery and Its Branches

Which artery is larger in males than in females?
A) Middle rectal artery
B) Inferior gluteal artery
C) Internal pudendal artery
D) Iliolumbar artery
E) Lateral sacral artery

C) Internal pudendal artery
Explanation: The internal pudendal artery is noted to be larger in males than in females, reflecting differences in pelvic vascular anatomy between genders.

p.18
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

What forms the coccygeal plexus?
A) Anterior rami of S1 and S2
B) Anterior rami of S3 and S4
C) Anterior rami of S4 and S5 and coccygeal nerves
D) Anterior rami of S5 and S6
E) Anterior rami of S2 and S3

C) Anterior rami of S4 and S5 and coccygeal nerves
Explanation: The coccygeal plexus is specifically formed by the anterior rami of S4 and S5 along with the coccygeal nerves, creating a network that supplies certain pelvic muscles and areas.

p.19
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

What type of innervation do pelvic splanchnic nerves provide?
A) Sympathetic innervation
B) Sensory innervation
C) Parasympathetic innervation
D) Motor innervation
E) Somatic innervation

C) Parasympathetic innervation
Explanation: The pelvic splanchnic nerves serve as the pathway for parasympathetic innervation of the pelvic viscera and the descending and sigmoid colon, crucial for digestive and reproductive functions.

p.17
Pelvic Nerves and Plexuses

What accompanies the pudendal nerve as it exits the pelvis?
A) Femoral artery
B) Internal pudendal artery
C) Sciatic artery
D) Superior gluteal artery
E) Inferior gluteal artery

B) Internal pudendal artery
Explanation: The pudendal nerve is accompanied by the internal pudendal artery as it leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, which is essential for its vascular supply.

p.8
Pelvic Arteries and Their Anastomoses

What does the inferior gluteal artery primarily supply?
A) The anterior thigh
B) The muscles and skin of the buttocks and posterior thigh
C) The pelvic organs
D) The abdominal wall
E) The lower leg

B) The muscles and skin of the buttocks and posterior thigh
Explanation: The inferior gluteal artery supplies the muscles and skin of the buttocks and the posterior surface of the thigh, making it crucial for the vascularization of these areas.

p.6
Internal Iliac Artery and Its Branches

What is a common variation of the obturator artery?
A) It arises from the uterine artery
B) It is absent in females
C) An aberrant or accessory obturator artery arises from the inferior epigastric artery
D) It runs posterior to the bladder
E) It has no branches

C) An aberrant or accessory obturator artery arises from the inferior epigastric artery
Explanation: In about 20% of individuals, an aberrant or accessory obturator artery can arise from the inferior epigastric artery, which is important for surgeons to consider during hernia repairs.

p.6
Internal Iliac Artery and Its Branches

What is the developmental homolog of the uterine artery in males?
A) Inferior vesical artery
B) Umbilical artery
C) Artery to the ductus deferens
D) Obturator artery
E) Superior vesical artery

C) Artery to the ductus deferens
Explanation: The uterine artery is developmentally homologous to the artery to the ductus deferens in males, indicating a shared embryological origin.

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder