p.47
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What are some conditions that MRI can help identify?
Cortical development malformations, hippocampal sclerosis, AVM, cavernous hemangioma, low-grade gliomas.
What are congenital causes of epilepsy?
Infections, tuberous sclerosis, and Sturge-Weber syndrome.
p.68
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
Why is epilepsy surgery considered for some patients?
Approximately 1/3 of patients with partial epilepsy are resistant to medical therapy.
p.56
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What should be considered when introducing an alternative drug?
Withdrawing the original drug gradually.
p.11
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What is a seizure?
The clinical manifestation of abnormal and excessive excitation and synchronization of a population of cortical neurons.
p.19
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are the two main types of epileptic seizures according to the International Classification?
1. Partial or Focal Seizures 2. Generalized Seizures
What are common causes of acute symptomatic seizures in adolescents and young adults?
Head trauma and drug intoxication or withdrawal.
p.33
Types of Seizures: Partial and Generalized
What are tonic seizures characterized by?
Sudden stiffening of the extensor muscles, often associated with impaired consciousness and falling.
p.18
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are the three key features of the new basic seizure classification?
Where seizures begin in the brain, level of awareness during a seizure, and other features of seizures.
p.7
Epidemiology and Prevalence of Epilepsy
In which age groups is the illness most common?
Children and young adults.
p.43
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What has advanced in technology regarding seizure diagnosis?
Despite advances, diagnosis remains primarily clinical.
p.69
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is a criterion for surgical treatment of epilepsy?
Medically intractable epilepsy that has not responded to adequate therapy.
What type of considerations are important regarding this illness?
Pathophysiologic considerations.
p.67
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
How can medication contribute to poor control of epilepsy?
Wrong drug or combination.
p.75
Management of Status Epilepticus
What vital signs should be monitored during the management of status epilepticus?
Pulse, blood pressure, and respiration.
p.70
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is the indication for subpial transections?
Partial onset seizures arising from unresectable cortex.
p.35
Types of Seizures: Partial and Generalized
What type of muscle contractions are associated with JME?
Brief bilateral symmetrical synchronous muscle contractions of limbs.
p.35
Types of Seizures: Partial and Generalized
What may occur transiently during JME episodes?
Loss of consciousness (LOC).
p.46
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What is the importance of video EEG?
It is important to distinguish from psychogenic seizures.
p.28
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are tonic seizures?
Generalized seizures that cause stiffening of the muscles.
p.8
Epidemiology and Prevalence of Epilepsy
What percentage of the world's population has epilepsy?
About 1% or 65 million people.
p.31
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What is a typical characteristic of absence seizures?
They usually begin before 5 years of age.
What distinguishes acute symptomatic seizures from epilepsy?
Acute symptomatic seizures are caused by specific conditions like trauma or metabolic disturbances, while epilepsy is a chronic condition.
p.33
Types of Seizures: Partial and Generalized
What are tonic-clonic seizures?
A type of generalized seizure that involves both tonic and clonic phases.
What are common causes of epilepsy in childhood and adolescence?
Idiopathic/genetic syndrome, CNS infection, and trauma.
What are some vascular causes of epilepsy?
Cerebrovascular disease and malformations.
p.70
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is the indication for corpus callosotomy?
Tonic, atonic, or tonic-clonic seizures.
p.73
Epidemiology and Prevalence of Epilepsy
What are some educational challenges faced by individuals with epilepsy?
Education can be affected due to seizures and stigma.
p.21
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What autonomic symptoms can be associated with partial seizures?
Autonomic symptoms can occur but are not specified in the provided text.
p.42
Differential Diagnosis of Seizures
What psychological condition can present as non-epileptic seizures?
Non-epileptic psychogenic seizures (pseudoseizures).
p.73
Epidemiology and Prevalence of Epilepsy
What are the driving restrictions for individuals with epilepsy?
Driving may be prohibited until seizures are well-controlled.
p.35
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What types of seizures are associated with JME?
Generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) or absences.
p.34
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What is a common postictal state after a generalized tonic-clonic seizure?
Slow recovery with confusion and drowsiness.
How can sedative or ethanol withdrawal affect seizures?
It can precipitate seizures.
p.11
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What defines epilepsy?
Two or more recurrent seizures unprovoked by systemic or acute neurologic insults.
p.62
Adverse Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs)
What are dose-related toxic effects in relation to AEDs?
Adverse effects that increase with higher doses of antiepileptic drugs.
What traumatic events can lead to epilepsy?
Head injuries and birth trauma.
p.7
Epidemiology and Prevalence of Epilepsy
Who does the illness commonly affect?
Otherwise healthy people.
p.45
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What types of drug history are relevant in seizure evaluations?
Prescribed medications, over-the-counter medications, illicit drugs, and alcohol use.
What types of neoplastic causes are associated with epilepsy?
Primary and secondary brain tumors.
p.27
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are complex partial seizures?
Seizures that can evolve into generalized seizures.
p.78
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is Phenobarbital used for in IV infusion?
It is used as an anticonvulsant.
p.9
Epidemiology and Prevalence of Epilepsy
How does the incidence of epilepsy vary with age?
High rates in early childhood, low levels in early adulthood, and a second peak in people over 65 years.
p.27
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What is the relationship between complex partial seizures and generalized seizures?
Complex partial seizures can evolve into generalized seizures.
p.21
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are focal motor seizures?
Seizures that involve motor symptoms, which can occur with or without march (Jacksonian).
p.35
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What is Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME)?
A disease of adolescence characterized by myoclonic jerks.
p.46
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What role does EEG play in clinical diagnosis?
EEG can support the clinical diagnosis of seizures.
p.70
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is a common characteristic of large non-resectable lesions?
They may require corpus callosotomy for seizure management.
p.73
Epidemiology and Prevalence of Epilepsy
How does epilepsy affect child-bearing?
There may be concerns regarding medication effects and seizure control during pregnancy.
What is a metabolic precipitant?
A factor that can trigger a seizure due to metabolic disturbances.
p.28
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What distinguishes atypical absence seizures from typical ones?
Atypical absence seizures have a longer duration and may involve more noticeable changes in muscle tone.
What are some causes of acute symptomatic seizures in older adults?
Stroke, brain tumor, acute metabolic disturbances, and neurodegenerative diseases.
p.68
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What are the consequences of persistent uncontrolled seizures?
They are associated with psychosocial dysfunction, increased morbidity, and increased mortality.
p.78
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is the role of Lorazepam in IV administration?
It is used as an anticonvulsant.
p.57
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What should be done if the first add-on drug is not effective?
Replace the 1st add-on drug with a 2nd add-on drug.
p.27
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
How can simple partial seizures evolve?
They can evolve into complex partial seizures or generalized seizures.
p.57
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
When should a 3rd add-on drug be considered?
If necessary, after evaluating the effectiveness of the first two drugs.
What role do CNS infections play in the etiology of epilepsy during childhood?
CNS infections can lead to seizures and are a cause of epilepsy in childhood and adolescence.
p.21
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are some examples of psychic symptoms in partial seizures?
Dysphasia, cognitive changes, affective symptoms, illusions, and structured hallucinations.
p.42
Differential Diagnosis of Seizures
What sleep disorders may be considered in the differential diagnosis of seizures?
OSA, hypnic jerks, benign neonatal sleep myoclonus, REM sleep disorders.
p.29
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are some associated behaviors during typical absence seizures?
Eye blinking and lip smacking, with or without these behaviors.
p.41
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What is the purpose of studies in the context of a first seizure?
To determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.
What interpretation did most cultures place on epilepsy?
A demonic interpretation.
p.28
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are tonic-clonic seizures?
Generalized seizures that involve both tonic (stiffening) and clonic (jerking) phases.
What effect does reduction or inadequate treatment with antiepileptic medication have?
It can precipitate seizures.
p.56
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is the first principle of drug therapy for seizures?
Appropriate first-line treatment.
p.47
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
When is CT used instead of MRI?
If MRI is contraindicated or not available.
p.31
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
How long do typical absence seizures last compared to generalized seizures?
They last longer than typical absence seizures.
What are some prenatal or birth-related causes of epilepsy in infancy and childhood?
Prenatal or birth injury, inborn errors of metabolism, and congenital malformation.
p.44
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What symptoms should be observed during the event?
Motor symptoms, sensory symptoms, level of awareness/responsiveness, tongue biting or other injury, urinary and fecal incontinence, and duration of the event.
p.26
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are some examples of psycho-motor symptoms in complex partial seizures?
Motor arrest, aphasia, and automatism (chewing, smacking, spitting, rubbing, fumbling, nonsense speech, crying, laughing, running).
p.57
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
When can an antiepileptic drug (AED) be gradually withdrawn?
Only after a fit-free period of 2-3 years.
How can trauma contribute to the development of epilepsy in children?
Trauma can cause brain injury, which may lead to seizures and epilepsy.
p.69
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What severity level must epilepsy reach to consider surgical options?
Sufficiently severe and disabling.
p.2
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
Who recognized that seizures are due to disordered brain electricity?
John Hughlings Jackson in 1875.
p.28
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are unclassified seizures?
Seizures that do not fit into the other defined categories.
p.60
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What are second line drugs for epilepsy?
Clobazam, Clonazepam, Gabapentin, Lacosamide, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, Topiramate.
p.45
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What aspects are included in the medical history for evaluating seizures?
Birth history, childhood febrile convulsions, severe head trauma, other neurological insults, and psychiatric illness.
p.64
Adverse Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs)
What are some skin reactions associated with hypersensitivity?
Skin rashes, urticaria, and sore mouth.
p.78
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is Phenytoin used for in IV infusion?
It is used as an anticonvulsant.
p.27
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are simple partial seizures?
Seizures that may evolve into generalized seizures.
p.51
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What does SPECT stand for?
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography.
p.24
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What is the onset of simple partial seizures?
They begin with simple partial features followed by impairment of consciousness.
p.51
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What does PET stand for?
Positron Emission Tomography.
p.29
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
Which gender is more commonly affected by typical absence seizures?
Girls, with a ratio of 2:1.
p.73
Epidemiology and Prevalence of Epilepsy
What challenges might individuals with epilepsy face in marriage?
Concerns about seizures and their impact on relationships.
p.46
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What activation techniques can be used during an EEG?
Hyperventilation and photic stimulation.
p.21
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What is a characteristic feature of vertiginous symptoms in seizures?
They can occur in the absence of stimulation.
What are the two categories of causes for epilepsy that are not clearly defined?
Idiopathic and inherited.
p.57
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is the approach for long-term drug therapy in epilepsy?
Use a 2-drug therapy approach.
p.44
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What should be assessed after the event?
Level of alertness, confusion, and duration of symptoms.
p.70
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What type of seizures is focal resection indicated for?
Partial onset seizures arising from resectable cortex.
p.51
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What does SPECT measure in relation to seizure activity?
Increased blood flow in the areas of seizure activity.
p.9
Epidemiology and Prevalence of Epilepsy
What is the prevalence of epilepsy in developed countries?
3 to 6 per 1,000 (1 in 200).
p.24
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What does 'with impairment of consciousness only' refer to?
A type of complex partial seizure where consciousness is impaired at onset.
p.42
Differential Diagnosis of Seizures
What endocrine/metabolic issues can lead to seizure-like symptoms?
Hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia.
p.73
Epidemiology and Prevalence of Epilepsy
What leisure activities might be affected by epilepsy?
Certain activities may be restricted due to seizure risk.
p.28
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are myoclonic seizures?
Generalized seizures characterized by sudden, brief jerks or twitches of muscles.
p.41
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
When should antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) be started?
Based on the evaluation of the first seizure and its characteristics.
p.61
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What medications are used for simple and complex partial seizures?
Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Oxcarbazepine, Lamotrigine, Topiramate, Sodium Valproate, Levetiracetam, Zonisamide, Gabapentin, Pregabalin, Lacosamide, Vigabatrin, Felbamate, Primidone.
p.56
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What must be ensured regarding the dosage of medication?
The maximum tolerated dose has been used.
p.43
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What is crucial for the diagnosis of seizures?
A detailed description of the events experienced by the patient before, during, and after a seizure.
p.62
Adverse Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs)
What are specific side effects of AEDs?
Particular adverse effects that are unique to certain antiepileptic drugs.
p.51
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What is the purpose of functional imaging in epilepsy?
To identify focal abnormalities in cerebral physiology even if structural imaging is normal.
p.70
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is the indication for anterior temporal lobectomy?
Mesial temporal sclerosis.
p.78
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is the purpose of Paraldehyde in IV infusion?
It is used as an anticonvulsant.
p.57
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is important regarding patient involvement in drug therapy?
Patient participation in decision-making is crucial.
p.63
Adverse Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs)
What is nystagmus?
Uncontrolled movement of the eyes.
p.41
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What is assessed for evidence of interictal CNS dysfunction?
The presence of neurological deficits between seizures.
p.28
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are typical absence seizures?
A type of generalized seizure characterized by brief lapses in consciousness.
p.76
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What should be monitored if possible during urgent investigations?
EEG (Electroencephalogram).
p.34
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What is the effect of generalized tonic-clonic seizures on voluntary control?
Lack of voluntary control of urination and defecation.
p.61
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is the first-line treatment for absence seizures?
Ethosuximide, Sodium Valproate, Lamotrigine, Levetiracetam, Zonisamide.
p.61
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is the first-line treatment for atonic seizures?
Sodium Valproate, Lamotrigine, Topiramate, Rufinamide, Felbamate.
p.62
Adverse Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs)
What is hypersensitivity in the context of AEDs?
An exaggerated response to a drug that can lead to adverse effects.
What inflammatory conditions can cause epilepsy?
Meningitis, encephalitis, and brain abscess.
p.75
Management of Status Epilepticus
What is the first step in the management of status epilepticus?
Assess cardio-respiratory function.
p.33
Types of Seizures: Partial and Generalized
What happens during atonic seizures?
There is a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to instantaneous collapse, often resulting in injuries.
p.26
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are the types of psycho-sensory symptoms in complex partial seizures?
Illusions (visual) and hallucinations (visual, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory).
p.33
Types of Seizures: Partial and Generalized
What are drop attacks?
A term often used to describe atonic seizures due to the sudden loss of muscle tone.
p.24
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are the two types of features in complex partial seizures?
With simple partial features and with automatisms.
p.70
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What condition is hemisphectomy indicated for?
Rasmussen's syndrome or other unilateral hemisphere pathology.
p.73
Epidemiology and Prevalence of Epilepsy
How can epilepsy impact employment opportunities?
Individuals may face discrimination or limitations due to their condition.
What types of factors can predispose or precipitate seizures?
Predisposing or precipitating factors.
p.63
Adverse Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs)
What is ataxia?
Lack of voluntary muscle coordination.
p.41
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What types of classifications are important for seizures?
Seizure type and syndrome type.
p.46
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What is combined recording of EEG during fMRI used for?
To provide additional functional information during brain imaging.
p.28
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are clonic seizures?
Generalized seizures that involve rhythmic jerking movements of the body.
p.25
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
How can complex partial seizures alter perception?
They can alter the perception of time.
What metabolic imbalances can precipitate seizures?
Hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, and low magnesium.
p.44
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What factors should be considered before an event occurs?
Precipitating or provoking factors, preceding symptoms, and duration of symptoms.
p.43
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
Why is a witness's account important in seizure diagnosis?
It provides critical information about the seizure events.
p.59
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What are first-line antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)?
Carbamazepine, Sodium Valproate, Lamotrigine, Levetiracetam, Oxcarbazepine, Ethosuximide.
p.77
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
How is Diazepam administered as an IV infusion?
100 mg in 500 ml of Normal Saline over 12 hours (40 ml/hr).
p.21
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are simple partial seizures characterized by?
They occur without impaired consciousness and may involve motor symptoms.
p.78
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is GA with Halothane and Neuromuscular blockade used for?
It is used in the context of anesthesia and seizure management.
p.42
Differential Diagnosis of Seizures
Which cardiac conditions can mimic seizures?
Vasovagal syncope, reflex anoxic seizures, sick sinus syndrome, arrhythmias, hypotension.
p.69
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What must be certain in the diagnosis before considering surgery?
The diagnosis must be certain; non-epileptic seizures must be excluded.
p.29
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What characterizes the onset of typical absence seizures?
Sudden onset of staring and impaired consciousness.
p.35
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What is the mental and neurological status of individuals with JME?
They are normally mentally and neurologically intact.
p.34
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What can happen to a person during a generalized tonic-clonic seizure?
They may fall and sustain injuries.
p.34
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What involuntary actions may occur during a generalized tonic-clonic seizure?
Incontinence and tongue biting.
p.61
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What medications are used for unclassifiable seizures?
Sodium Valproate, Levetiracetam, Lamotrigine, Topiramate, Zonisamide.
p.45
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
Why is family history important in the evaluation of seizures?
It may reveal genetic predispositions or hereditary conditions related to seizures.
p.32
Types of Seizures: Partial and Generalized
What are myoclonic seizures?
Sudden brief muscle contractions, either singly or in clusters, affecting any muscle group.
p.77
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is the administration rate for Diazepam IV?
2 mg/min until seizures stop, maximum 20 mg.
What is an inborn error of metabolism?
A genetic disorder that results in a metabolic dysfunction, potentially leading to epilepsy.
p.44
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What aspects of the pattern of events should be noted?
Duration, frequency, and whether the events are stereotyped or variable.
p.4
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What is the term 'Apasmara' associated with?
It is another name for epilepsy, particularly in ancient texts.
p.21
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What types of sensory symptoms can occur in partial seizures?
Somatosensory, visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, and vertiginous symptoms.
What is the typical onset age for Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy?
Between 8 to 19 years old.
p.41
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What does focal onset indicate?
It refers to whether the seizure originates from a specific area of the brain.
p.69
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
Are there any contraindications to surgery for epilepsy?
No other contraindications to surgery.
p.25
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What is a cognitive characteristic of complex partial seizures?
Déjà vu, meaning 'already seen'.
p.35
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What does an EEG show in patients with JME?
Generalized polyspike waves.
p.25
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are some affective characteristics of complex partial seizures?
Fear and pleasant sensations (e.g., erotic feelings).
p.61
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What are the first-line treatments for tonic-clonic seizures?
Sodium Valproate, Carbamazepine, Levetiracetam, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Lamotrigine, Oxcarbazepine, Topiramate, Zonisamide, Primidone.
p.68
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What types of mortality are associated with uncontrolled seizures?
Accident-related mortality and sudden unexpected death (SUDEP).
p.32
Types of Seizures: Partial and Generalized
What characterizes clonic seizures?
Rhythmic or semi-rhythmic muscle contractions, typically involving the upper extremities, neck, and face.
p.24
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What were complex partial seizures previously called?
Temporal lobe or psychomotor seizures.
What are some implications of the illness?
Socio-cultural implications.
p.42
Differential Diagnosis of Seizures
What are some neurological conditions that can be a differential diagnosis for seizures?
TIA, TGA, migraine, narcolepsy.
p.26
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What autonomic symptoms can occur during complex partial seizures?
Pallor, flushing, tachycardia, bradycardia, sweating, piloerection, and epigastric sensation.
p.59
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is the role of Lamotrigine in epilepsy treatment?
It is a first-line antiepileptic drug.
p.51
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What is MR Spectroscopy used for in the context of epilepsy?
To analyze metabolic changes in the brain.
p.28
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are generalized seizures?
Seizures that involve both hemispheres of the brain from the onset.
p.46
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
When is a sleep-deprived EEG indicated?
If the initial EEG is normal.
p.29
Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Seizures
What EEG pattern is associated with typical absence seizures?
3-Hz spike and wave pattern.
What type of cause can lead to secondary epilepsy?
Secondary cause for epilepsy.
p.73
Epidemiology and Prevalence of Epilepsy
How does social acceptance impact individuals with epilepsy?
Stigma can lead to social isolation and discrimination.
p.28
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are atonic seizures?
Generalized seizures that result in a sudden loss of muscle tone.
How can television flickers contribute to seizures?
They can act as a visual trigger for seizures.
How does stress relate to seizures?
Stress can act as a precipitant for seizures.
p.74
Management of Status Epilepticus
What are the potential consequences of untreated status epilepticus?
Severe brain damage or death.
p.17
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What is meant by 'generalized' in the context of epilepsy classification?
Epilepsies that involve both hemispheres of the brain from the onset.
p.72
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What are the potential benefits of deep brain stimulation for epilepsy?
It may reduce the frequency and severity of seizures in some patients.
What types of intoxication can act as precipitants for seizures?
Stimulant or other proconvulsant intoxication.
What role does sleep deprivation play in seizures?
It can act as a precipitant for seizures.
p.74
Management of Status Epilepticus
What characterizes status epilepticus?
Repetitive tonic-clonic convulsions with the patient not recovering normal alert state between attacks.
p.72
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What conditions can deep brain stimulation be used to treat?
It is primarily used for movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, but can also be explored for epilepsy.
p.17
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What does 'undetermined' signify in the classification of epilepsies?
Epilepsies for which the classification cannot be clearly defined.
What hormonal variations can influence seizure activity?
Hormonal variations can act as precipitants.
p.74
Management of Status Epilepticus
Why is status epilepticus considered a medical emergency?
It demands immediate and vigorous treatment.
p.72
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
How does deep brain stimulation work?
It modulates abnormal brain activity by delivering controlled electrical impulses.
What role does fever or systemic infection play in seizures?
They can act as precipitants for seizures.
p.61
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What medications are used for myoclonic seizures?
Sodium Valproate, Levetiracetam, Zonisamide, Topiramate, Lamotrigine, Clobazam, Clonazepam, Phenobarbital.
How can concussion or closed head injury affect seizure occurrence?
They can act as precipitants for seizures.
What is the full name of the character 'Danny' in the context of literature or film?
Danny is a common name and can refer to various characters.
p.72
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is a key consideration before opting for deep brain stimulation?
A thorough evaluation of the patient's condition and previous treatment responses is necessary.
p.17
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What does 'localization-related' refer to in the classification of epilepsies?
Epilepsies that are linked to a specific area of the brain.
p.72
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What is deep brain stimulation?
A neurosurgical procedure that involves implanting a device to send electrical impulses to specific brain areas.
p.55
Treatment Options for Epilepsy
What are the indications for treatment of seizures?
2 or more recent non-situation related seizures.
p.17
Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies
What are the main classifications of epilepsies according to ILAE?
Localization-related, generalized, undetermined, and special syndromes.
