How does grey matter differ from white matter in terms of composition?
Grey matter contains cell bodies and unmyelinated axons, while white matter contains myelinated axons.
p.5
Central Nervous System (CNS)
What protects the central nervous system?
Bone, specifically the skull and vertebral column.
p.7
Somatic Nervous System
What does the Somatic nervous system control?
Voluntary skeletal muscle contraction.
p.4
Somatic Nervous System
What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?
Voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.
p.5
Structure of the Nervous System
What are the two main classifications of the nervous system?
Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS).
p.8
Enteric Nervous System
What does the enteric nervous system regulate?
The activities of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
p.4
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
To prepare the body for 'fight or flight' responses.
p.7
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
What are the two main divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Somatic and Autonomic nervous system.
p.14
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
What does each spinal nerve innervate?
A 'segmental field' of the skin.
p.13
Sensory and Motor Divisions
What do somatic descending motor tracts from the brain synapse with?
Cranial neurons and spinal neurons.
p.5
Central Nervous System (CNS)
What are the types of segments in the spinal cord?
8 cervical (C), 12 thoracic (T), 5 lumbar (L), 5 sacral (S), and 1 coccygeal.
p.7
Autonomic Nervous System
What does the Autonomic nervous system control?
Involuntary activities of the heart, exocrine glands, and smooth muscles.
p.3
Myelin and its Function
What is myelin primarily composed of?
Lipid (fatty) rich tissue.
p.9
Enteric Nervous System
How does the Enteric Nervous System communicate with the Central Nervous System?
Through the autonomic nervous system.
p.9
Enteric Nervous System
What is a unique feature of the Enteric Nervous System?
It can operate independently of the Central Nervous System.
p.10
Somatic Nervous System
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Involved in the regulation of voluntary motor movements.
p.15
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
What type of information do sensory cranial nerves transmit?
They transmit sensory information from the head and neck to the brain.
p.4
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
What is the role of the peripheral nervous system?
To connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
p.4
Autonomic Nervous System
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
It promotes 'rest and digest' functions.
What is grey matter primarily composed of?
Cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.
p.8
Enteric Nervous System
Which divisions of the nervous system regulate the enteric nervous system?
Both divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
p.11
Somatic Nervous System
What is the role of relay neurons?
To transmit signals between sensory nerves and the brain.
p.12
Central Nervous System (CNS)
How do cortical association areas contribute to perception?
By processing and interpreting sensory information.
p.15
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
What are cranial nerves?
Nerves that emerge directly from the brain, primarily responsible for sensory and motor functions of the head and neck.
p.13
Sensory and Motor Divisions
What is the pathway for somatic descending motor tracts to reach peripheral areas?
They synapse with cranial or spinal neurons and then travel as motor fibers in cranial or spinal nerves.
p.16
Autonomic Nervous System
What do Autonomic sensory fibers relay to the CNS?
Sensory signals from numerous visceral receptors.
p.9
Enteric Nervous System
Where is the Enteric Nervous System located?
In the walls of the gastrointestinal tract.
p.16
Somatic Nervous System
What sensations do Somatic sensory fibers relay to the CNS?
Sensations of pain, temperature, and touch from the skin.
p.16
Somatic Nervous System
From where do Somatic efferent motor spinal nerves arise?
From all spinal cord segments and as efferent fibers in some cranial nerves (III, IV, V, VI, XI, XII).
p.3
Myelin and its Function
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
To insulate nerve axons and increase the speed of signal transmission.
p.4
Central Nervous System (CNS)
What does the central nervous system consist of?
The brain and spinal cord.
p.4
Autonomic Nervous System
What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.
What is the primary composition of white matter in the CNS?
Largely composed of myelinated nerve axons.
p.5
Central Nervous System (CNS)
What are the main components of the brain in the CNS?
Cerebral cortex, brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla), and cerebellum.
p.7
Enteric Nervous System
What is the function of the Enteric nervous system?
It controls the gastrointestinal system.
p.12
Central Nervous System (CNS)
What is the primary function of the limbic system?
Regulating emotions, memory, and motivation.
p.15
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
p.16
Somatic Nervous System
Is the Somatic Nervous System always excitatory?
Yes, it is always excitatory.
p.3
Myelin and its Function
What cells form myelin in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
Oligodendrocytes (oligodendroglia).
p.9
Enteric Nervous System
What is the Enteric Nervous System?
A complex network of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal system.
p.13
Sensory and Motor Divisions
What are the two roots associated with somatic nerves?
Posterior root and anterior root.
p.15
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
What is the function of the trigeminal nerve?
It is responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing.
p.4
Structure of the Nervous System
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS).
p.10
Somatic Nervous System
What is the function of the reticular formation?
It plays a role in arousal and attention.
p.16
Autonomic Nervous System
Can the Autonomic Nervous System be excitatory or inhibitory?
Yes, it can be excitatory or inhibitory.
p.8
Enteric Nervous System
Where is the enteric nervous system located?
In between the walls of the gastrointestinal tract.
p.9
Enteric Nervous System
What functions does the Enteric Nervous System control?
It controls digestion, absorption, and gut motility.
p.10
Somatic Nervous System
What are the components of the Sensory Division in the Somatic Nervous System?
Sensory nerves and sensory tracts.
p.11
Somatic Nervous System
What do sensory tracts do in the nervous system?
They relay sensory information to the brain.
p.14
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
What is a dermatome?
A skin area supplied by a sensory spinal nerve.
p.16
Autonomic Nervous System
From where do Autonomic efferent fibers arise?
Thoracic, upper three lumbar segments (sympathetic) and middle sacral segments, and cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X (parasympathetic).
p.8
Enteric Nervous System
What activities do the autonomic nervous system regulate in relation to the enteric nervous system?
The secretory and motor activities.
p.10
Somatic Nervous System
What role do cortical association areas play?
They are involved in formulating thoughts, language, memory, learning, and emotions.
p.10
Somatic Nervous System
What is the role of descending motor tracts?
They transmit motor commands from the brain to the body.
p.13
Sensory and Motor Divisions
What do somatic sensory fibers from the body's skin relay?
Sensations of pain, temperature, and touch.
p.12
Central Nervous System (CNS)
What are cortical association areas responsible for?
Integrating sensory information and higher cognitive functions.
p.16
Autonomic Nervous System
What type of muscles does the Autonomic Nervous System supply?
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
