Fluids

Cortical nephrons have renal corpuscles that are distributed throughout the ___.

cortex

The kidneys remove waste products from the blood, most of which are metabolic by-products of ___ metabolism.

cell

1/185

p.10

Nephron Structure and Function

Cortical nephrons have renal corpuscles that are distributed throughout the ___.

cortex

p.3

Functions of the Urinary System

The kidneys remove waste products from the blood, most of which are metabolic by-products of ___ metabolism.

cell

p.6

Anatomy of the Kidneys

The outer region of the kidney is called the ___.

cortex

p.22

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

The ___ pressure is an inward pressure that opposes filtration in the kidney.

capsular

p.25

Nephron Structure and Function

The epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have numerous ___.

microvilli

p.20

Nephron Structure and Function

The basement membrane is located between the capillary wall and the ___ layer of the Bowman capsule.

visceral

p.8

Nephron Structure and Function

The nephron is the ___ and functional unit of the kidney.

histological

p.14

Nephron Structure and Function

The distal convoluted tubules connect to a single ___ duct.

collecting

p.2

Anatomy of the Kidneys

The waste is emptied from the urinary bladder by the ___.

urethra

p.25

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Normally, all the glucose is reabsorbed from the ___.

nephron

p.17

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

In the filtration process, blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries forces fluid and small molecules out of the blood to create ___.

filtrate

p.3

Functions of the Urinary System

The major function of the urinary system is ___, which controls the composition and volume of body fluids.

excretion

p.1

Functions of the Urinary System

The kidneys use a ___ series of processes to filter our blood.

complex

p.2

Functions of the Urinary System

Maya was born early one morning and her parents noticed her diapers were excessively wet _ after _ throughout the day and night.

hour, hour

p.21

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

Glomerular capillary pressure is essentially the blood pressure inside the ___ capillaries.

glomerular

p.5

Anatomy of the Kidneys

The ___ protects the kidney from mechanical shock.

adipose tissue

p.20

Nephron Structure and Function

Podocytes are found in the ___ layer of the Bowman capsule.

inner

p.14

Nephron Structure and Function

The collecting duct is composed of ___ epithelium.

simple cuboidal

p.11

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

Filtration of the blood occurs in the ___ corpu scle.

renal

p.21

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

The principal force for filtration is ___ capillary pressure.

glomerular

p.3

Functions of the Urinary System

Other waste products eliminated by the kidneys are substances absorbed from the ___.

intestine

p.10

Nephron Structure and Function

The loops of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons are ___ than those in cortical nephrons.

longer

p.22

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

Colloid osmotic pressure is due to the osmotic pressure of ___ in the glomerular capillaries.

plasma proteins

p.24

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

The proximal convoluted tubule is the site of the majority of ___ reabsorption.

solutes

p.5

Anatomy of the Kidneys

The renal artery and nerves ___ the kidney at the hilum.

enter

p.8

Nephron Structure and Function

The four regions of a nephron include the renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and ___ convoluted tubule.

distal

p.6

Urine Production Processes

Several calyces empty into a single enlarged chamber known as the ___.

renal pelvis

p.22

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

The filtration pressure is a net ___ pressure.

outward

p.24

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

The concentration gradient for Na+ is established by ___ transport of Na+ out of the cells.

active

p.3

Kidney Damage and Homeostasis

As long as about ___ of one kidney remains functional, survival is possible.

one-third

p.2

Functions of the Urinary System

Maya exhibited irritability, a slight fever, and vomiting even though she had not eaten for several ___.

feedings

p.21

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

The glomerular capillary pressure forces fluid and solutes out of the blood into the ___ capsule.

Bowman

p.21

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

The glomerular capillary pressure is an outward pressure from blood pressing on the ___ capillary walls.

fenestrated

p.6

Anatomy of the Kidneys

The tips of the renal pyramids are called ___.

renal papillae

p.19

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

Filtration occurs within the ___ corpuscle.

renal

p.9

Nephron Structure and Function

A nephron consists of a renal corpuscle, a proximal convoluted tubule, a loop of ___, and a distal convoluted tubule.

Henle

p.17

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

Filtration is nonselective and separates based only on _ or _ of molecules.

size, charge

p.14

Blood Flow and Circulation in Kidneys

The renal arteries branch off the abdominal ___ and enter the kidneys.

aorta

p.5

Anatomy of the Kidneys

The hilum opens into a cavity called the ___ sinus.

renal

p.15

Blood Flow and Circulation in Kidneys

Blood enters the glomerulus and exits the nephron circulation through the ___.

veins

p.11

Nephron Structure and Function

A Bowman capsule consists of two layers: (1) an outer layer and (2) an ___ layer.

inner

p.25

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

The proximal convoluted tubule is the primary location for reabsorption of _ and _.

solutes, water

p.10

Nephron Structure and Function

Juxtamedullary nephrons have renal corpuscles found deep in the cortex near the ___.

medulla

p.6

Anatomy of the Kidneys

The renal pyramids extend from the cortex to the ___.

renal sinus

p.19

Urine Production Processes

Urine formation involves three major processes: ___, reabsorption, and secretion.

Filtration

p.4

Functions of the Urinary System

If the kidneys fail to function, they cannot remove sufficient ___ to maintain homeostasis.

wastes

p.6

Urine Production Processes

Urine flows from the renal papilla into a small chamber called a ___.

calyx

p.22

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

In a normal kidney, glomerular capillary pressure is greater than the combination of capsular pressure and ___ pressure.

colloid osmotic

p.24

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Reabsorption of most solutes in the proximal convoluted tubule is linked to the diffusion of ___ into the cells.

Na+

p.19

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Secretion occurs mostly in the ___ convoluted tubule.

distal

p.14

Blood Flow and Circulation in Kidneys

The interlobar arteries pass between the renal ___.

pyramids

p.5

Anatomy of the Kidneys

Each kidney is located in the ___ cavity.

abdominal

p.20

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Healthy individuals' urine does not contain glucose or amino acids due to reabsorption in the ___ convoluted tubule.

proximal

p.17

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

In tubular secretion, certain tubule cells transport additional solutes from the blood into the ___.

filtrate

p.8

Nephron Structure and Function

The distal convoluted tubule rids the blood of additional ___.

wastes

p.14

Blood Flow and Circulation in Kidneys

The peritubular capillaries surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, as well as the loops of ___.

Henle

p.7

Urine Production Processes

When urine is released from the bladder, it exits through the ___ into the external environment.

urethra

p.16

Urine Production Processes

The average concentration of Na+ ions in urine is ___ mEq/L.

142

p.1

Functions of the Urinary System

The primary function of the kidneys is to filter blood of ___ and conserve water.

toxins

p.3

Kidney Damage and Homeostasis

If the functional ability of the kidneys fails completely, death will result unless the person receives ___ treatment.

medical

p.2

Functions of the Urinary System

The urinary system is the major ___ system of the body.

excretory

p.25

Kidney Damage and Homeostasis

People with untreated diabetes mellitus can experience very high levels of ___ in the blood.

glucose

p.5

Anatomy of the Kidneys

The ___ is located on the medial side of each kidney.

hilum

p.20

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

Antibody molecules are too ___ to pass through the filtration membrane.

large

p.25

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

If the concentration of glucose in the nephron becomes too high, not all glucose can be reabsorbed due to the limited number of ___ in the cells.

transport molecules

p.19

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Reabsorption primarily happens in the ___ convoluted tubule.

proximal

p.25

Urine Production Processes

The volume of urine produced by a person with untreated diabetes mellitus is typically ___ due to high glucose levels.

increased

p.10

Nephron Structure and Function

The renal corpuscle consists of (1) the ___ and (2) the Bowman capsule.

glomerulus

p.4

Regulation of Blood Solute Concentrations

The kidneys help regulate the concentration of major molecules and ions, such as ___ and Na+.

glucose

p.17

Urine Production Processes

Most of the filtered water and useful solutes have been returned to the blood by the time the filtrate has been modified to ___.

urine

p.22

Regulation of Blood Volume and Pressure

If the afferent arteriole is constricted, the filtration pressure would _ and urine production would tend to _ .

decrease, decrease

p.24

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

As solutes are transported out of the lumen, water follows by ___.

osmosis

p.15

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

The principal factors that influence filtration pressure include _ and _.

hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure

p.12

Nephron Structure and Function

The inner layer of the renal corpuscle is made up of specialized cells called ___.

podocytes

p.4

Anatomy of the Kidneys

The kidneys are located behind the ___ and are described as retroperitoneal.

peritoneum

p.15

Nephron Structure and Function

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is responsible for the reabsorption of _ and _.

sodium, chloride

p.23

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Nearly ___% of the water and solutes are rapidly returned to the blood via the renal tubules.

p.13

Hormonal Regulation by Kidneys

Secretion of the enzyme ___ by the juxtaglomerular apparatus plays an important role in regulating filtrate formation and blood pressure.

renin

p.3

Functions of the Urinary System

The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the ___ .

urethra

p.21

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

A high-protein diet may affect ___ pressure and urine volume.

filtration

p.6

Anatomy of the Kidneys

The inner region that surrounds the renal sinus is known as the ___.

medulla

p.2

Anatomy of the Kidneys

The urinary system consists of two kidneys, the primary excretory organs, and each kidney's waste products are carried by a ___ to a single urinary bladder.

ureter

p.10

Nephron Structure and Function

Only about ___% of nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons.

p.8

Nephron Structure and Function

There are approximately ___ million nephrons in each kidney.

1.3

p.2

Urine Production Processes

The kidneys filter a large volume of blood, collecting wastes to form ___.

urine

p.15

Blood Flow and Circulation in Kidneys

Blood flow through the kidney starts with the entry of blood into the _ and exits through the _.

larger arteries, veins

p.7

Urine Production Processes

Urine is formed in the _ and _ of the kidneys.

cortex, medulla

p.15

Blood Flow and Circulation in Kidneys

The vessels providing circulation to the nephrons include arteries, capillaries, and ___.

veins

p.9

Nephron Structure and Function

Juxtamedullary nephrons have loops of Henle that extend deep into the ___ of the kidney.

medulla

p.10

Nephron Structure and Function

The glomerulus is a network of capillaries twisted around each other like a ball of ___.

yarn

p.4

Regulation of Extracellular Fluid pH

The kidneys excrete variable amounts of H+ to help regulate extracellular fluid ___.

p.16

Functions of the Urinary System

The kidney uses a sorting approach similar to organizing a ___ drawer.

junk

p.23

Regulation of Blood Volume and Pressure

Decreased sympathetic stimulation of renal blood arteries ___ renal blood flow and increases urine volume.

increases

p.4

Hormonal Regulation by Kidneys

The kidneys play an important role in controlling blood levels of Ca2+ by regulating the synthesis of ___ D.

vitamin

p.24

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

The concentration of the filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule remains about the same as that of the interstitial fluid at ___ mOsm/L.

300

p.5

Anatomy of the Kidneys

The renal veins extend from the kidneys to the ___ vena cava.

inferior

p.23

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Diffusion is the net movement of solutes down their ___ gradient.

concentration

p.12

Regulation of Blood Volume and Pressure

The glomerular capillaries have much higher pressure than other capillaries due to the smaller diameter of the ___ arteriole.

efferent

p.13

Nephron Structure and Function

The specialized smooth muscle cells around the afferent arteriole are called ___ cells.

juxtaglomerular

p.13

Nephron Structure and Function

The first section of the renal tubule is called the ___ convoluted tubule.

proximal

p.13

Nephron Structure and Function

The distal convoluted tubule is ___ than the proximal convoluted tubule.

shorter

p.11

Nephron Structure and Function

The outer layer of the Bowman capsule is constructed of ___ epithelium.

simple

p.10

Nephron Structure and Function

There are two types of nephrons in the kidney: (1) _ nephrons and (2) _ nephrons.

juxtamedullary, cortical

p.25

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Microvilli are beneficial for reabsorption because they increase the ___ of the epithelial surface.

surface area

p.24

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

In the proximal convoluted tubule, ___% of the filtrate volume leaves the renal tubule and enters the interstitial fluid.

p.17

Urine Production Processes

Urine formation is categorized into three major processes: (1) ___, (2) tubular reabsorption, and (3) tubular secretion.

filtration

p.22

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

To calculate filtration pressure, all three filtration pressures are ___ together.

summed

p.24

Nephron Structure and Function

The cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have numerous ___ that increase the surface area for reabsorption.

microvilli

p.10

Nephron Structure and Function

The filtration portion of the nephron is housed in the ___ corpuscle.

renal

p.9

Nephron Structure and Function

The distal convoluted tubule empties into a ___ duct.

collecting

p.17

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

During tubular reabsorption, cells in the renal tubules contain many ___ that move water and some filtered molecules back into the blood.

transport proteins

p.20

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

The filtrate contains about ___% protein or less.

0.1

p.16

Nephron Structure and Function

The structural components that perform sorting in the kidney are called ___.

nephrons

p.23

Kidney Damage and Homeostasis

During circulatory shock, renal blood flow can become so low that the kidneys suffer from lack of ___.

p.7

Urine Production Processes

Urine exits the renal pelvis through the ___ .

ureter

p.19

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

About ___% of the blood plasma that flows through the glomerular capillaries passes through the filtration membrane.

p.23

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

The process of tubular reabsorption involves the transport of water and solutes from the filtrate into the ___.

blood

p.14

Blood Flow and Circulation in Kidneys

The vasa recta are specialized portions of the peritubular capillaries that extend deep into the ___ of the kidney.

medulla

p.15

Nephron Structure and Function

The distal convoluted tubule plays a role in the _ and _ of ions.

reabsorption, secretion

p.13

Nephron Structure and Function

The group of specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule is known as the ___ densa.

macula

p.16

Functions of the Urinary System

The primary function of the kidney is the regulation of ___ fluid composition.

body

p.20

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

Glucose and amino acids can pass through the filtration membrane into the ___.

filtrate

p.2

Urine Production Processes

Urine consists of (1) excess water, (2) excess ions, (3) metabolic wastes including the protein by-product ___, and (4) toxic substances.

urea

p.8

Nephron Structure and Function

The renal corpuscle ___ the blood.

filters

p.7

Urine Production Processes

Urine enters the calyces from the tips of the renal _ _ .

pyramids

p.19

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

The driving force of filtration in the kidneys is ___ pressure.

blood

p.14

Blood Flow and Circulation in Kidneys

The arcuate arteries branch from the ___ arteries.

interlobar

p.5

Anatomy of the Kidneys

An adrenal gland is located at the ___ pole of each kidney.

superior

p.20

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

Filtration pressure is determined by the combination of three ___ or pressures.

forces

p.7

Urine Production Processes

Urine flows through the ureters to the ___ , where it is stored.

bladder

p.16

Urine Production Processes

Urine is mostly ___ and some organic waste products.

water

p.19

Urine Production Processes

Only about ___% or less of the filtrate becomes urine.

p.12

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

The filtration membrane consists of capillary endothelium, the basement membrane, and ___ of the Bowman capsule.

podocytes

p.4

Anatomy of the Kidneys

A layer of connective tissue called the ___ capsule surrounds each kidney.

renal

p.23

Nephron Structure and Function

The filtrate flows first through the proximal convoluted tubule, into the loop of Henle, and then into the ___ convoluted tubule.

distal

p.13

Nephron Structure and Function

The thick part of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle transitions to the distal convoluted tubule near the ___ densa.

macula

p.14

Nephron Structure and Function

The collecting duct extends through the medulla toward the tips of the renal ___.

pyramids

p.5

Anatomy of the Kidneys

The renal vein, ureter, and lymphatic vessels ___ the kidney at the hilum.

exit

p.4

Urine Production Processes

The kidneys can produce either a large volume of dilute urine or a small volume of ___ urine.

concentrated

p.16

Functions of the Urinary System

Substances that are waste products, toxins, and excess materials are ___ removed from the body.

permanently

p.23

Regulation of Blood Volume and Pressure

Intense sympathetic stimulation causes constriction of the kidney ___, decreasing renal blood flow and filtrate formation.

arteries

p.24

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Carrier molecules in the proximal convoluted tubule transport amino acids, glucose, and other solutes specifically to ___ and Na+.

one

p.15

Blood Flow and Circulation in Kidneys

Blood from the peritubular capillaries, including the vasa recta, returns to general circulation through the ___ of the kidneys.

veins

p.4

Hormonal Regulation by Kidneys

The kidneys secrete a hormone called ___, which regulates the synthesis of red blood cells.

erythropoietin

p.16

Urine Production Processes

The 'throw away' items from the kidney end up in the ___ while the 'save' items return to the blood.

urine

p.15

Nephron Structure and Function

The function of the proximal convoluted tubule is to _ and _ substances from the filtrate.

reabsorb, secrete

p.12

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

The glomerular capillaries are highly permeable due to the presence of ___.

pores

p.15

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

The collecting duct influences the composition of the filtrate by regulating the ___ of water.

reabsorption

p.13

Nephron Structure and Function

The wall of the proximal convoluted tubule is composed of ___ epithelium.

simple cuboidal

p.4

Regulation of Blood Volume and Pressure

The kidneys play a major role in controlling the ___ fluid volume in the body.

extracellular

p.16

Functions of the Urinary System

The kidney sorts substances from the blood for either removal in the urine or return to the ___.

blood

p.20

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

Most plasma proteins are too large to be filtered out of the blood and are retained in the ___ capillaries.

glomerular

p.6

Urine Production Processes

The tube that transports urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is called the ___.

ureter

p.8

Nephron Structure and Function

The proximal convoluted tubule returns filtered substances to the ___.

blood

p.7

Urine Production Processes

From the calyces, urine flows into the renal ___ .

pelvis

p.19

Blood Flow and Circulation in Kidneys

An average of ___% of the blood pumped by the heart flows through the kidneys each minute.

p.14

Blood Flow and Circulation in Kidneys

Afferent arterioles carry blood to the ___ capillaries.

glomerular

p.17

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Some solutes in tubular secretion may not have been filtered by the filtration membrane and are considered ___ items.

throw away

p.19

Urine Production Processes

In all the nephrons of both kidneys, about ___ liters of filtrate are produced each day.

180

p.8

Nephron Structure and Function

The collecting ducts carry newly formed urine toward the ___ papilla.

renal

p.4

Anatomy of the Kidneys

Each kidney is about the size of a tightly clenched ___.

fist

p.16

Urine Production Processes

The specific gravity of urine increases as the concentration of ___ in urine increases.

solutes

p.13

Nephron Structure and Function

The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that are in close contact with ___ cells.

afferent arteriole

p.13

Nephron Structure and Function

The loop of Henle has two limbs: the descending limb and the ___ limb.

ascending

p.22

Regulation of Blood Volume and Pressure

The blood pressure within the glomerular capillaries is fairly constant over a broad range of systemic blood pressure due to the ability of the afferent and efferent arterioles to _ or _.

dilate, constrict

p.6

Anatomy of the Kidneys

The renal sinus contains the renal pelvis, calyces, blood vessels, and ___ tissue.

adipose

p.8

Nephron Structure and Function

The loop of Henle helps conserve ___ and solutes.

water

p.9

Nephron Structure and Function

Collecting ducts merge into larger ___ ducts, which empty into a calyx.

papillary

p.5

Anatomy of the Kidneys

The renal fascia is a connective tissue layer that ___ the kidney to the abdominal wall.

anchors

p.8

Nephron Structure and Function

The fluid in the distal convoluted tubule empties into a ___ duct.

collecting

p.23

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Water movement in the kidney is primarily governed by ___.

osmosis

p.19

Filtration Mechanism in Kidneys

The filtration membrane allows water and small molecules to leave the blood while preventing ___ cells and most proteins from leaving.

blood

p.12

Urine Production Processes

Urine production begins when the filtration membrane filters the ___.

blood

p.13

Nephron Structure and Function

As the proximal convoluted tubule descends toward the medulla, the renal tubule is referred to as the ___ of Henle.

loop

p.9

Nephron Structure and Function

Cortical nephrons do ___ have loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla.

not

p.10

Nephron Structure and Function

The filtered fluid from the Bowman capsule flows into the ___ convoluted tubule region of the renal tubule.

proximal

p.12

Nephron Structure and Function

The epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubule become ___-shaped.

cube

p.24

Urine Production Processes

By the end of the proximal convoluted tubule, the volume of the filtrate has been reduced by approximately ___%.

p.5

Anatomy of the Kidneys

The renal arteries extend from the abdominal aorta to each ___.

kidney

p.15

Nephron Structure and Function

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is primarily involved in the ___ of water.

reabsorption

p.12

Urine Production Processes

The filtered fluid that enters the lumen of the Bowman capsule is called ___.

filtrate

p.13

Nephron Structure and Function

The thin part of the loop of Henle transitions from simple cuboidal epithelium to ___ epithelium.

simple squamous

p.8

Nephron Structure and Function

Several collecting ducts merge into a larger-diameter tubule called a ___ duct.

papillary

p.23

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Cotransport moves two molecules or ions in the ___ direction.

same

p.12

Regulation of Blood Volume and Pressure

An important regulatory structure located next to the glomerulus is called the ___.

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Cortical nephrons have renal corpuscles that are distributed throughout the ___.

The kidneys remove waste products from the blood, most of which are metabolic by-products of ___ metabolism.

The outer region of the kidney is called the ___.

The ___ pressure is an inward pressure that opposes filtration in the kidney.

The epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have numerous ___.

The basement membrane is located between the capillary wall and the ___ layer of the Bowman capsule.

The nephron is the ___ and functional unit of the kidney.

The distal convoluted tubules connect to a single ___ duct.

The waste is emptied from the urinary bladder by the ___.

Normally, all the glucose is reabsorbed from the ___.

In the filtration process, blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries forces fluid and small molecules out of the blood to create ___.

The major function of the urinary system is ___, which controls the composition and volume of body fluids.

The kidneys use a ___ series of processes to filter our blood.

Maya was born early one morning and her parents noticed her diapers were excessively wet ___ after ___ throughout the day and night.

Glomerular capillary pressure is essentially the blood pressure inside the ___ capillaries.

The ___ protects the kidney from mechanical shock.

Podocytes are found in the ___ layer of the Bowman capsule.

The collecting duct is composed of ___ epithelium.

Filtration of the blood occurs in the ___ corpu scle.

The principal force for filtration is ___ capillary pressure.

Other waste products eliminated by the kidneys are substances absorbed from the ___.

The loops of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons are ___ than those in cortical nephrons.

Colloid osmotic pressure is due to the osmotic pressure of ___ in the glomerular capillaries.

The proximal convoluted tubule is the site of the majority of ___ reabsorption.

The renal artery and nerves ___ the kidney at the hilum.

The four regions of a nephron include the renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and ___ convoluted tubule.

Several calyces empty into a single enlarged chamber known as the ___.

The filtration pressure is a net ___ pressure.

The concentration gradient for Na+ is established by ___ transport of Na+ out of the cells.

As long as about ___ of one kidney remains functional, survival is possible.

Maya exhibited irritability, a slight fever, and vomiting even though she had not eaten for several ___.

The glomerular capillary pressure forces fluid and solutes out of the blood into the ___ capsule.

The glomerular capillary pressure is an outward pressure from blood pressing on the ___ capillary walls.

The tips of the renal pyramids are called ___.

Filtration occurs within the ___ corpuscle.

A nephron consists of a renal corpuscle, a proximal convoluted tubule, a loop of ___, and a distal convoluted tubule.

Filtration is nonselective and separates based only on ___ or ___ of molecules.

The renal arteries branch off the abdominal ___ and enter the kidneys.

The hilum opens into a cavity called the ___ sinus.

Blood enters the glomerulus and exits the nephron circulation through the ___.

A Bowman capsule consists of two layers: (1) an outer layer and (2) an ___ layer.

The proximal convoluted tubule is the primary location for reabsorption of ___ and ___.

Juxtamedullary nephrons have renal corpuscles found deep in the cortex near the ___.

The renal pyramids extend from the cortex to the ___.

Urine formation involves three major processes: ___, reabsorption, and secretion.

If the kidneys fail to function, they cannot remove sufficient ___ to maintain homeostasis.

Urine flows from the renal papilla into a small chamber called a ___.

In a normal kidney, glomerular capillary pressure is greater than the combination of capsular pressure and ___ pressure.

Reabsorption of most solutes in the proximal convoluted tubule is linked to the diffusion of ___ into the cells.

Secretion occurs mostly in the ___ convoluted tubule.

The interlobar arteries pass between the renal ___.

Each kidney is located in the ___ cavity.

Healthy individuals' urine does not contain glucose or amino acids due to reabsorption in the ___ convoluted tubule.

In tubular secretion, certain tubule cells transport additional solutes from the blood into the ___.

The distal convoluted tubule rids the blood of additional ___.

The peritubular capillaries surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, as well as the loops of ___.

When urine is released from the bladder, it exits through the ___ into the external environment.

The average concentration of Na+ ions in urine is ___ mEq/L.

The primary function of the kidneys is to filter blood of ___ and conserve water.

If the functional ability of the kidneys fails completely, death will result unless the person receives ___ treatment.

The urinary system is the major ___ system of the body.

People with untreated diabetes mellitus can experience very high levels of ___ in the blood.

The ___ is located on the medial side of each kidney.

Antibody molecules are too ___ to pass through the filtration membrane.

If the concentration of glucose in the nephron becomes too high, not all glucose can be reabsorbed due to the limited number of ___ in the cells.

Reabsorption primarily happens in the ___ convoluted tubule.

The volume of urine produced by a person with untreated diabetes mellitus is typically ___ due to high glucose levels.

The renal corpuscle consists of (1) the ___ and (2) the Bowman capsule.

The kidneys help regulate the concentration of major molecules and ions, such as ___ and Na+.

Most of the filtered water and useful solutes have been returned to the blood by the time the filtrate has been modified to ___.

If the afferent arteriole is constricted, the filtration pressure would ___ and urine production would tend to ___ .

As solutes are transported out of the lumen, water follows by ___.

The principal factors that influence filtration pressure include ___ and ___.

The inner layer of the renal corpuscle is made up of specialized cells called ___.

The kidneys are located behind the ___ and are described as retroperitoneal.

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is responsible for the reabsorption of ___ and ___.

Nearly ___% of the water and solutes are rapidly returned to the blood via the renal tubules.

Secretion of the enzyme ___ by the juxtaglomerular apparatus plays an important role in regulating filtrate formation and blood pressure.

The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the ___ .

A high-protein diet may affect ___ pressure and urine volume.

Maya was born early one morning and her parents noticed her diapers were excessively wet _ after _ throughout the day and night.

Filtration is nonselective and separates based only on _ or _ of molecules.

The proximal convoluted tubule is the primary location for reabsorption of _ and _.

If the afferent arteriole is constricted, the filtration pressure would _ and urine production would tend to _ .

The principal factors that influence filtration pressure include _ and _.

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is responsible for the reabsorption of _ and _.

Blood flow through the kidney starts with the entry of blood into the _ and exits through the _.

Urine is formed in the _ and _ of the kidneys.

There are two types of nephrons in the kidney: (1) _ nephrons and (2) _ nephrons.

The distal convoluted tubule plays a role in the _ and _ of ions.

Urine enters the calyces from the tips of the renal _ _ .

The function of the proximal convoluted tubule is to _ and _ substances from the filtrate.