Chemistry of Life.
Carbohydrates consisting of 3 to 10 monosaccharides bound by a glycosidic bond.
Defense.
Water easily creates hydrogen bonds.
Electronegative elements such as oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), or fluorine (F).
Hydrogen bonds must be broken.
Antigens (things that your body doesn’t recognize).
Through dehydration synthesis.
Electrons end up linking the two molecules, creating a hydrogen bond.
A lot of energy.
Hydrogen bonds or electrostatic interactions.
The process by which genetic information moves unidirectionally from DNA to proteins.
The resulting 3D structure of the protein.
Because it attracts ions and polar molecules.
Monosaccharides.
An amino group (-NH2), an acidic carboxyl group (-COOH), and a hydrogen (H).
The R group, which can be 20 different variations.
Double strands with paired nitrogenous bases.
Ions and polar molecules.
They fill electronic 'gaps' to facilitate the breakdown of polymers.
Electronic gaps are created, allowing monomers to combine.
Maintain a stable temperature.
α (alpha) and β (beta).
Changes in pH can mess with charges, affecting protein structure.
Amino acids that must be acquired from food.
They provide structural stability to the nucleic acid chains.
It means having both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) properties.
They spontaneously arrange into a double layer, forming a 'pocket' separated from the surroundings.
Muscle flexing.
A class of lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings.
A glucose transporter that allows glucose to enter muscles and fatty tissues.
Many proteins, including elastin.
Oligosaccharides.
Intruders.
Water has both δ+ and δ- poles.
Storage.
By keeping molecules from interacting with others or being damaged.
It is the hereditary molecule.
They fold on themselves.
Due to the crystalline structure formed by hydrogen bonds that pushes molecules further apart.
Cooking increases temperature, causing denaturation of proteins.
It allows better control of blood sugar.
1 calorie/g/°C.
Butane and isobutane.
Cis-trans isomers.
Single strand with unpaired nitrogenous bases.
Their structure allows them to create barriers that regulate the internal environment of cells.
Hydrogen bonds.
Sugars.
Elastin levels drop, leading to saggy or wrinkled skin.
Adhesion.
Antibodies that bind to antigens.
Structures formed when water molecules surround ions or polar molecules.
Lactase.
Insulin.
T (Thymine) and U (Uracil).
Binds glucose monomers together to keep them stored in the liver.
It lowers blood sugar.
mRNA.
A partial positive charge (δ+).
Motion.
They are hydrophobic.
Energy is released during the breakdown of glucose.
ATP, as it provides energy for cellular functions.
In the intestines.
Saturated fatty acids have a higher melting point (e.g., butter) compared to unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., oil).
In the presence of insulin, which is a hormone for high blood sugar.
They are the most common membrane surface markers.
Ions and polar molecules.
Deoxyribonucleic acid.
By the combination of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids, with water (H2O) released.
Approximately 1300.
Hydrogen bonds must be re-made.
Phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base.
Defense.
Energy storage.
Phosphodiester bonds.
The specific 3D structure of a protein is directly related to its function.
DNA, RNA, and ATP.
Oligopeptide.
They are highly negatively charged, which causes them to repel each other.
ATP acts as a molecular 'spring' that stores and releases energy.
By folding on itself.
Amphi (on both sides) and pathic (feeling).
They are non-polar and hydrophobic.
High heat capacity.
Double bonds create an angle in the fatty acid chain.
Motion.
It keeps connective tissues stretchy.
Surface tension.
Two hydrogen bonds.
Many monosaccharides bound by a glycosidic bond.
Carbohydrates formed by 2 monosaccharides bound by a glycosidic bond.
Proteins have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structural levels.
A process that breaks down polymers into monomers by adding OH- and H+.
Phosphodiester bonds.
1 calorie/g/°C.
α-glucose glycosidic bond.
It contributes to the structure of the cell membrane.
Transcription (DNA → RNA).
11 amino acids.
Weak bonds, such as hydrogen bonds.
Non-polar C-H bonds.
T is thymine and U is uracil.
Mitochondria.
Several similar subunits.
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine.
It is the hydrophilic part of the phospholipid that interacts with water.
They contain some C=C bonds and have a squiggly line structure.
They control what comes in and out of cells.
Actin and myosin.
Polysaccharides.
5 or 6 cyclic carbons.
It is key to how trees transport water to their leaves.
CₙH₂ₙOₙ.
An amino group, an acidic carboxyl group, and a hydrogen.
Dehydration reaction.
20 different things.
2 fatty acids.
Loss of 3D structure and function.
No, they do not dissolve in water, like oil.
A phosphate group and two sugar molecules.
They form the backbone of nucleic acid structures.
It allows for an insulating layer that protects aquatic life during winter.
Polypeptide.
Phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base.
Digestion.
To maintain proper body temperature and function.
Thymine.
A type of polysaccharide.
Unsaturated fatty acids have fewer C-H bonds, resulting in lower energy.
They slide against each other.
Water has both δ+ (positive) and δ- (negative) poles.
Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
As polymers.
A partial positive charge (δ+).
Polymers of nucleotides.
A phosphate group, a glycerol, and 2 fatty acids.
Dehydration is the opposite of hydrolysis.
Glycogenin.
Amino acids.
Polymers of nucleotides.
It creates an insulating layer, preventing the water underneath from freezing.
Peptide.
β-glucose glycosidic bonds.
They cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet.
Storage.
It refers to having both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) parts.
It consists of a phosphate group (hydrophilic head) and two fatty acids (hydrophobic tails).
Because it can dissolve many substances.
Cohesion.
A disaccharide made of two glucose units.
At the tertiary level.
Support.
Large.
It takes a lot of energy to vaporize water due to hydrogen bonds.
Because it takes a lot of energy to vaporize water, which cools the skin.
Deoxyribose.
Capillary action.
Energy storage.
Enzyme catalysis.
Many monosaccharides bound by a glycosidic bond.
The hydrolysis of lactose into glucose and galactose.
Enzymes help break down polymers into monomers.
Transport.
Phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base.
Isomers that have the same covalent bonds but differ in the spatial arrangements of atoms.
Ribo Nucleic Acid.
Electrons are closer to oxygen, resulting in a polar molecule.
It picks up H-ions to form water (H2O).
Endothelin.
Monomers.
They form the structural basis of cell membranes.
Guanine.
Unsaturated fatty acids have a lower melting point.
Transport.
Uncharged or non-polar molecules.
Cohesion.
High specific heat.
Simple sugars that usually have 5 or 6 cyclic carbons.
1 Glycerol and 3 Fatty acids.
Because it has both δ+ and δ- poles, attracting ions and polar molecules.
1 Glycerol and 3 Fatty acids.
The cell membrane.
Water's high heat of vaporization allows it to effectively cool things, including the atmosphere.
Phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base.
Water is released during the formation process.
Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆).
Proteins.
Chemical interactions.
α (alpha) and β (beta).
Sucrose, the main carbohydrate in plant sap.
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
Length and number of C - H bonds.
It increases GLUT4 activity.
Structural isomers and stereoisomers.
Deoxyribose.
Amino acid (aa).
Because it attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen.
α-glucose glycosidic bond.
Electrons are attracted to oxygen, creating a partial negative charge (δ-).
Glucose.
It is key to the movement of molecules within and across cell membranes.
Enzyme catalysis.
By acting as enzymes.
Regulation.
The process of removing H2O to combine monomers.
Because glass is a polar substance.
Increased energy can break weak bonds, such as hydrogen bonds.
The 5th and 3rd carbons.
Water is polar.
20 different amino acids.
Support.
Regulation.
Adenosine triphosphate.
Ribose.
H2O.
Polar.
Several.
Adhesion.
A type of macromolecule (polysaccharide).
Isomers that differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
They wouldn't survive winter.
It consists of 1 ribonucleotide (Adenosine) and 3 phosphate groups (PO4^3-).
Proteins.
Protein.
Nucleobases.
Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Uracil (U).
Polymers made up of a few (3-10) subunits.
Single subunits that make up polymers.
A simple sugar and a monomer.
Translation (RNA → protein).
It releases a lot of energy.
By dispersing heat evenly through the body.
It releases energy.
2’ Deoxyribose.
Saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids.
Water.
A simple sugar and a monomer of carbohydrates.
It takes a lot of energy to cool or heat water.
Polymers of nucleotides.
Triglycerides, Steroids, and Phospholipids.
A type of lipid made up of glycerol and three fatty acids.
It is polar charged and hydrophilic.
Polymers made up of two subunits.
High heat of vaporization.
Glycogen from glucose.
Saturated fatty acids have more C-H bonds, resulting in higher energy.
They have no C=C bonds and form a straight line.
A disaccharide formed from two glucose units.
Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water.
