p.8
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is a pyknotic cell?
A 'dying' cell with a very dark/dense nucleus.
p.25
Functional Abnormalities in Macrophages
In which cells are lysosomal storage diseases typically seen?
In macrophages and monocytes.
p.29
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What are qualitative granulocyte disorders characterized by?
Abnormalities in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm of granulocytes.
p.9
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What does 'degranulation' refer to in neutrophilic cytoplasmic abnormalities?
The process where granules are lost or diminished in neutrophils.
p.26
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is Gaucher Disease?
The most common lysosomal lipid storage disease.
p.3
Absolute Neutrophilia and Terminology
What is typically seen alongside neutrophilia in a Leukemoid Reaction?
A marked left shift with bands and often metamyelocytes/myelocytes, and possibly rare promyelocytes or blasts.
p.18
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is the thrombocyte condition in May-Hegglin Anomaly?
Variable thrombocytopenia with giant forms.
p.22
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
What is the primary defect in phagocytes in Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
Decreased ability to produce NADPH oxidase.
p.8
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is visible in a pyknotic cell?
Filaments are still visible.
p.7
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What syndrome is associated with hyposegmented nuclei?
Myelodysplastic syndromes.
p.20
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What increases in individuals with Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
Susceptibility to infection (immunodeficiency).
p.17
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
In which types of cells can Alder-Reilly granules be found?
In lymphocytes and monocytes.
p.3
Absolute Neutrophilia and Terminology
What does 'Left Shift' indicate in terms of neutrophil count?
An increased number of immature cells as an indicator of infection.
p.5
Leukoerythroblastic Picture and Its Implications
What do leukoerythroblastic reactions indicate?
The possibility of a space-occupying lesion in the bone marrow.
p.18
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What are the symptoms of patients with May-Hegglin Anomaly?
Patients are usually asymptomatic or have mild bleeding disorders.
p.22
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
What type of inheritance is associated with Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
X-linked or Autosomal Recessive.
p.27
Infectious Mononucleosis and Its Pathophysiology
What type of lymphocyte proliferation occurs due to EBV infection?
NK, T CD4, and T CD8 lymphocytes.
p.10
Acquired Granulocyte Alterations and Anomalies
What are toxic changes in neutrophils?
Reactive morphologic changes including toxic granulation, Döhle bodies, and cytoplasmic vacuoles.
p.10
Acquired Granulocyte Alterations and Anomalies
What is the significance of cytoplasmic vacuoles in neutrophils?
They are part of the reactive morphologic changes in neutrophils.
p.26
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What are Gaucher cells?
Macrophages with abundant fibrillar blue-gray cytoplasm and a wrinkled appearance found in the bone marrow.
p.14
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is the main characteristic of the Pelger-Huët anomaly?
Hyposegmentation of neutrophil nucleus.
p.14
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is the nuclear appearance in the heterozygous state of Pelger-Huët anomaly?
Bi-lobed nucleus with dense heterochromatin.
p.22
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
What happens to bacteria ingested by phagocytes in Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
Bacteria are not killed and remain encased in granulomas.
p.24
Reactive Changes in Monocytes
What happens to the number of cytoplasmic granules in reactive monocytes?
Increased numbers of cytoplasmic granules.
p.9
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What are neutrophilic cytoplasmic abnormalities characterized by?
Absence of granules, leading to hypo- or agranular conditions.
p.2
Non-Malignant Granulocyte Disorders
What are pathological conditions that can cause a shift in neutrophils into the circulatory pool?
Infection, increased bone marrow production, and release of neutrophils from the storage pool to peripheral blood.
p.10
Acquired Granulocyte Alterations and Anomalies
What do toxic granulation and Döhle bodies indicate?
They are considered reactive morphologic changes in neutrophils.
p.17
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What can Alder-Reilly granules resemble?
Promyelocytes or heavy toxic granulation.
p.26
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What do Niemann-Pick cells contain?
Foamy cytoplasm packed with lipid-filled lysosomes that appear as vacuoles after staining.
p.18
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What are the characteristics of platelets in May-Hegglin Anomaly?
Giant and bizarre platelets, may be hypogranular.
p.16
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is a key characteristic of cells in Alder-Reilly Anomaly?
Abnormally large metachromatic granules in the cytoplasm.
p.15
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
In which conditions can 'Pseudo-Pelger-Huët' be observed?
HIV, tuberculosis, Mycoplasma pneumonia, severe bacterial infections.
p.6
Acquired Granulocyte Alterations and Anomalies
What are necrobiotic forms in granulocytes?
Forms of granulocytes that show signs of cell death or degeneration.
p.7
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What conditions are associated with hypersegmented nuclei?
Chronic infections, megaloblastic anemia, and drugs.
p.13
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is the Pelger-Huët Anomaly?
An inherited qualitative abnormality characterized by hyposegmented neutrophils.
p.10
Acquired Granulocyte Alterations and Anomalies
Are the cytoplasmic abnormalities in neutrophils always pathological?
No, they usually reflect a normal, reactive response.
p.12
Non-Malignant Granulocyte Disorders
What is platelet satellitism?
A phenomenon where platelets surround neutrophils.
p.28
Infectious Mononucleosis and Its Pathophysiology
What is noted about lymphocyte morphology in Infectious Mononucleosis?
There is a wide variation in lymphocyte morphology.
p.16
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What causes the formation of granules in Alder-Reilly Anomaly?
Incomplete degradation of mucopolysaccharides.
p.24
Reactive Changes in Monocytes
How does the cytoplasmic volume change in reactive monocytes?
Increased cytoplasmic volume.
p.21
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is a key characteristic of Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
Giant lysosomal granules in all white blood cells (WBCs).
p.2
Non-Malignant Granulocyte Disorders
What is a benign cause of neutrophil shift into the circulatory pool?
Stress, trauma, labor, strenuous exercise, shock, burns, or increase in epinephrine.
p.23
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
What test is used to diagnose Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test or flow cytometry.
p.20
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What are the hematological features associated with Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
Platelet dense granules leading to a tendency to bleed.
p.12
Acquired Granulocyte Alterations and Anomalies
What type of cell are neutrophils?
A type of white blood cell.
p.3
Absolute Neutrophilia and Terminology
What types of cells are increased during a Left Shift?
Bands, metamyelocytes, and possibly myelocytes.
p.16
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is found in most cells due to Alder-Reilly Anomaly?
Mucopolysaccharide deposits (granules).
p.19
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
In which parts of the body can disease manifestations of Chédiak-Higashi syndrome be found?
Hair, skin, adrenal and pituitary glands, and nerves.
p.15
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is 'Pseudo-Pelger-Huët'?
A condition induced by drugs or seen in certain infections and disorders.
p.11
Acquired Granulocyte Alterations and Anomalies
What do Döhle Bodies represent?
Remnants of ribosomal RNA.
p.6
Acquired Granulocyte Alterations and Anomalies
What is hyposegmentation in granulocytes?
A condition where the nucleus of granulocytes has fewer segments than normal.
p.29
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is the difference between acquired and inherited granulocyte disorders?
Acquired disorders develop due to external factors, while inherited disorders are genetic.
p.25
Functional Abnormalities in Macrophages
What happens to phagocytized material in lysosomal storage diseases?
It accumulates in cells due to incomplete degradation.
p.20
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What neurological issues develop in Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
Neurologic complications that develop through childhood.
p.12
Functional Abnormalities in Macrophages
What is the significance of yeast in relation to neutrophils?
Neutrophils can ingest yeast as part of the immune response.
p.5
Leukoerythroblastic Picture and Its Implications
What characterizes a leukoerythroblastic picture?
Presence of immature neutrophils, nRBCs, and teardrop RBCs in the same sample.
p.5
Leukoerythroblastic Picture and Its Implications
What are some conditions associated with leukoerythroblastic reactions?
Metastatic tumor, fibrosis, lymphoma, and leukemia.
p.14
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is the nuclear appearance in the homozygous state of Pelger-Huët anomaly?
Nucleus is round or oval with no segmentation.
p.22
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
How is neutrophil morphology affected in Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
Neutrophil morphology is usually normal.
p.6
Acquired Granulocyte Alterations and Anomalies
What does hypersegmentation refer to in granulocytes?
A condition where the nucleus of granulocytes has more segments than normal.
p.29
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
Can granulocyte disorders be acquired?
Yes, they can be either acquired or inherited.
p.7
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What are the characteristics of hyposegmented nuclei?
Myelodysplastic syndromes, asynchrony of nuclear maturation, very clumped chromatin, and no segmentation.
p.13
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What characterizes the Alder-Reilly Anomaly?
Presence of large granules in leukocytes, often associated with mucopolysaccharidoses.
p.17
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is the appearance of granules in Alder-Reilly anomaly?
Deep-purple to lilac granules appear in WBCs.
p.26
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What characterizes Niemann-Pick Disease?
Lipid buildup in macrophages.
p.3
Absolute Neutrophilia and Terminology
What conditions can lead to a Leukemoid Reaction?
Severe and/or chronic infection, metabolic disease, inflammation, or response to malignancy.
p.16
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
How does Alder-Reilly Anomaly affect leukocyte function?
Leukocyte function is unaffected.
p.15
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is a key characteristic of the nuclear chromatin in Pelger-Huët anomaly?
It is exceptionally coarse and condensed.
p.11
Acquired Granulocyte Alterations and Anomalies
What is toxic vacuolization?
A cytoplasmic abnormality often seen with toxic granulation, indicating phagocytosis and may contain bacteria and other material.
p.6
Acquired Granulocyte Alterations and Anomalies
What are pyknotic forms in granulocytes?
Forms of granulocytes with a condensed and shrunken nucleus.
p.8
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What are the characteristics of a necrotic cell?
A dead cell with no visible filaments.
p.23
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
What is the morphology of white blood cells (WBC) in Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
Normal WBC morphology or Neutrophilia with toxic changes.
p.13
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
A rare inherited disorder that affects the immune system and is characterized by partial oculocutaneous albinism and recurrent infections.
p.3
Absolute Neutrophilia and Terminology
What does an increase in immature neutrophils suggest?
It suggests an ongoing infection or inflammatory process.
p.14
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
Is the Pelger-Huët anomaly symptomatic or asymptomatic?
Asymptomatic (fully functional).
p.27
Infectious Mononucleosis and Its Pathophysiology
What virus causes Infectious Mononucleosis (I.M.)?
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV).
p.22
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
What types of infections are common in individuals with Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
Recurring bacterial and fungal infections.
p.6
Acquired Granulocyte Alterations and Anomalies
What are Döhle bodies?
Cytoplasmic inclusions in granulocytes that appear as small blue-gray spots, often associated with infection or inflammation.
p.9
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What are abnormal granules in neutrophils indicative of?
They signify cytoplasmic abnormalities in neutrophils.
p.2
Absolute Neutrophilia and Terminology
What is absolute neutrophilia?
A condition characterized by an increased number of neutrophils in the blood.
p.13
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is the May-Hegglin Anomaly?
An inherited disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia and large platelets, along with Döhle bodies in leukocytes.
p.18
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is the inheritance pattern of May-Hegglin Anomaly?
Autosomal Dominant (rare).
p.19
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is a key characteristic of Chédiak-Higashi syndrome?
Abnormal fusion of granules in most cells that contain granules.
p.11
Acquired Granulocyte Alterations and Anomalies
What are Döhle Bodies?
Pale blue, oval inclusions found at the periphery of neutrophils, associated with bacterial infection, sepsis, and pregnancy.
p.24
Reactive Changes in Monocytes
What are reactive changes in monocytes associated with?
Infection, recovery from bone marrow aplasia, or post GM-CSF treatment.
p.6
Acquired Granulocyte Alterations and Anomalies
What does degranulation refer to in granulocytes?
The process where granulocytes release their granules into the surrounding tissue.
p.25
Functional Abnormalities in Macrophages
Where can macrophages and monocytes affected by lysosomal storage diseases be found?
In the bone marrow (BM) and spleen.
p.3
Absolute Neutrophilia and Terminology
What is a Leukemoid Reaction?
A reactive leukocytosis above 50 × 10^3/uL with neutrophilia and a marked left shift.
p.18
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What blood condition is associated with May-Hegglin Anomaly?
Leukopenia with large basophilic inclusions.
p.14
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What does the term 'dumbbell' or 'pince-nez' refer to in the context of Pelger-Huët anomaly?
It describes the appearance of the hyposegmented neutrophil nucleus.
p.22
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
What can occur if granulomas in Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) rupture?
They may release live bacteria and pus.
p.24
Reactive Changes in Monocytes
What evidence indicates phagocytic activity in reactive monocytes?
Cytoplasmic vacuolation, intracellular debris, and irregular cytoplasmic borders.
p.20
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What is a key characteristic of Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
Dysfunctional phagocytosis and inefficient bacterial destruction.
p.17
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What are the associated features of toxic granulation?
Neutrophilia, Dohle bodies, and left shift.
p.28
Infectious Mononucleosis and Its Pathophysiology
What is the typical white blood cell (WBC) count in Infectious Mononucleosis?
Usually elevated (10 - 30 x 10^9/L).
p.5
Leukoerythroblastic Picture and Its Implications
Is neutrophilia always present in leukoerythroblastic reactions?
No, it is often accompanied by neutrophilia, but not always.
p.16
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
Which types of cells exhibit metachromatic granules in Alder-Reilly Anomaly?
Granulocytes, Monocytes, and Lymphocytes.
p.19
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What happens to the granules in Chédiak-Higashi syndrome?
They are fused, large, and mostly dysfunctional.
p.15
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities in Granulocytes
What are some underlying causes of 'Pseudo-Pelger-Huët'?
Myelodysplastic syndromes, acute leukemias, chronic myeloproliferative disorders.
p.6
Acquired Granulocyte Alterations and Anomalies
What is vacuolization in granulocytes?
The formation of vacuoles in the cytoplasm of granulocytes.
p.27
Infectious Mononucleosis and Its Pathophysiology
What is the principle of the Mono test?
Heterophile antibodies react with RBCs from horse or sheep.
p.6
Acquired Granulocyte Alterations and Anomalies
What is toxic granulation in granulocytes?
The presence of abnormal granules in the cytoplasm indicating an inflammatory response.
