p.12
Vasodilation and Vascular Permeability
What is the effect of vasodilation on blood flow?
It causes hyperemia, leading to increased blood flow.
p.1
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
What type of immunity involves specific responses to pathogens?
Adaptive or acquired immunity.
p.1
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
What type of immunity is characterized by non-specific responses?
Innate or natural immunity.
p.13
Inflammation Mechanism
How does edema help in the removal of foreign material?
Excess fluids in tissue sweep foreign material into lymph for further processing in lymph nodes.
p.4
Innate Immune Responses
What are some examples of chemical barriers in innate defense?
Saliva, tears, sweat, sebum, and gastric juice.
p.16
Adaptive Immune Responses
How is adaptive defense described in terms of its response location?
It is systemic and not restricted to the initial infected site.
p.2
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
Are innate and adaptive immune systems isolated from each other?
Yes, they are considered two isolated systems.
What types of immune cells are activated by T cells?
Lymphocytes and macrophages.
p.8
Inflammation Mechanism
What is inflammation?
A tissue response and immune response to injury.
p.8
Inflammation Mechanism
What can trigger inflammation?
Trauma, heat, irritating chemicals, or infections.
p.3
Inflammation Mechanism
What role does inflammation play in innate defenses?
It is a physiological response that helps to contain and eliminate pathogens.
p.4
Innate Immune Responses
What are the two main types of barriers in innate defense?
Physical barriers and chemical barriers.
p.4
Innate Immune Responses
What role do mucus membranes play in innate defense?
They secrete mucus to trap microbes.
What triggers the activation of lymphocytes and macrophages?
Release of pro-inflammatory chemicals.
p.10
Role of Pro-inflammatory Chemicals
What are the sources of pro-inflammatory chemicals?
Produced by injured tissues, blood proteins, or immune cells.
p.14
Innate Immune Responses
What is margination in the context of phagocyte recruitment?
The process where phagocytes stick to the capillaries.
p.9
Inflammation Mechanism
What occurs during the second stage of inflammation?
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
p.9
Inflammation Mechanism
What is the third stage of inflammation?
Recruitment of phagocytes.
p.15
Fever and Its Benefits
What effect do pyrogens have on the hypothalamus?
They raise the temperature set point.
p.7
Innate Immune Responses
What are natural killer cells (NK cells)?
Large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph.
p.10
Role of Pro-inflammatory Chemicals
Which cells produce histamine?
Mast cells and basophils.
p.3
Innate Immune Responses
What is phagocytosis?
A physiological barrier in innate defenses that involves the ingestion of pathogens by immune cells.
p.8
Inflammation Mechanism
What role does inflammation play in tissue repair?
It sets the stage for repair.
p.11
Role of Pro-inflammatory Chemicals
What effect can prostaglandins and kinins have on pain?
They may trigger pain receptors or promote the release of more pro-inflammatory chemicals.
p.17
Humoral and Cellular Immunity
What is the role of antibodies in relation to phagocytes?
They mark the target for phagocytes or complements for further destruction.
p.2
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
What are the two main types of immune responses?
Innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
p.12
Vasodilation and Vascular Permeability
What are the visible signs of vasodilation?
Blood congestion, redness, and heat.
p.10
Role of Pro-inflammatory Chemicals
What is the primary aim of releasing pro-inflammatory chemicals?
To alert the immune system.
p.5
Innate Immune Responses
What is the role of neutrophils in innate defense?
Neutrophils are roaming phagocytes that help in the innate immune response.
p.3
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
What are the three types of barriers in innate defenses?
Physical, chemical, and physiological barriers.
p.16
Adaptive Immune Responses
What are the two main branches of adaptive immunity?
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity and cellular (cell-mediated) immunity.
p.10
Role of Pro-inflammatory Chemicals
What are cytokines and which cells produce them?
Cytokines (like interferons and interleukins) are produced by macrophages to activate leukocytes.
p.14
Innate Immune Responses
What is chemotaxis?
The movement of phagocytes towards pro-inflammatory chemicals at the wound site.
p.14
Innate Immune Responses
What role does the endothelium play in phagocyte recruitment?
It is part of the capillary wall that phagocytes interact with during margination and diapedesis.
p.14
Innate Immune Responses
What is the function of the basement membrane in the context of phagocyte recruitment?
It provides structural support for the endothelium and capillary walls.
What type of cells do T cells primarily target?
Virus-infected cells and cancer cells.
p.1
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
What is the primary function of the innate immune system?
To provide immediate, non-specific defense against pathogens.
p.16
Adaptive Immune Responses
What is a key characteristic of adaptive defense?
It is specific and recognizes only one type of antigen.
What is phagocytosis?
An engulfing or devouring process by phagocytes.
p.15
Fever and Its Benefits
What are two benefits of fever?
Sequestering iron and zinc, and increasing metabolic rate.
p.8
Inflammation Mechanism
What is one benefit of inflammation?
It prevents the spread of damaging agents.
p.8
Inflammation Mechanism
How does inflammation help the immune system?
It alerts the immune system.
p.7
Innate Immune Responses
How do NK cells recognize target cells?
They attack cells that lack 'self' cell-surface receptors (MHC).
p.7
Innate Immune Responses
What is the mechanism by which NK cells kill target cells?
By inducing apoptosis, not through phagocytosis.
p.4
Innate Immune Responses
Where can mucus be found in the body?
In the vagina, digestive tract, and respiratory tract.
What is the first step in phagocytosis?
Phagocyte adheres to pathogens or debris.
What do phagocytes form to engulf foreign particles?
Pseudopods, creating a phagosome.
p.14
Innate Immune Responses
What occurs during diapedesis?
Phagocytes squeeze out of capillaries by flattening.
p.8
Inflammation Mechanism
What are the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
Redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
p.8
Inflammation Mechanism
What does inflammation dispose of?
Cell debris and pathogens.
p.11
Role of Pro-inflammatory Chemicals
Which pro-inflammatory chemicals make capillaries more permeable?
Histamine, prostaglandin, and kinin.
p.11
Role of Pro-inflammatory Chemicals
How do pro-inflammatory chemicals recruit leukocytes?
By signaling to the inflamed area, e.g., through prostaglandin, kinin, and cytokine.
p.10
Role of Pro-inflammatory Chemicals
What do prostaglandins do in the context of inflammation?
They prolong inflammation.
p.12
Vasodilation and Vascular Permeability
What does increased vascular permeability cause?
It causes exudate fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies to leak into tissue.
p.1
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
How does adaptive immunity differ from innate immunity?
Adaptive immunity is specific and develops over time, while innate immunity is immediate and non-specific.
p.5
Innate Immune Responses
What are macrophages and where can they be found?
Macrophages are phagocytes that can be roaming or resident in organs, such as stellate macrophages in the liver, microglia in the brain, and Langerhans cells in the skin epidermis.
p.15
Fever and Its Benefits
How does fever help the immune system?
By stimulating innate and adaptive immunity.
p.7
Innate Immune Responses
What types of cells can NK cells kill?
Cancer cells and virus-infected cells.
p.17
Humoral and Cellular Immunity
What do antibodies bind to?
They bind temporarily to target cells.
p.17
Humoral and Cellular Immunity
What types of targets do antibodies have?
Cellular targets as well as extracellular targets.
p.9
Inflammation Mechanism
What is the first stage of inflammation?
Release of pro-inflammatory chemicals.
p.13
Inflammation Mechanism
What is one benefit of edema related to clotting?
Clotting factors and complement can be delivered into the inflamed area due to increased vascular permeability.
p.13
Inflammation Mechanism
What causes the delivery of clotting factors to an inflamed area?
Increased vascular permeability.
p.11
Role of Pro-inflammatory Chemicals
What is one action of pro-inflammatory chemicals?
They cause vasodilation of arterioles.
What happens in the phagolysosome?
Destruction of foreign particles by lytic enzymes.
p.3
Fever and Its Benefits
What is the purpose of fever in innate defenses?
To create an unfavorable environment for pathogens and enhance immune response.
p.12
Vasodilation and Vascular Permeability
What is the result of exudate fluid leaking into tissue?
It results in local edema (swelling).
p.12
Vasodilation and Vascular Permeability
How does local edema contribute to pain?
It pushes on nerve endings, resulting in pain.
p.14
Innate Immune Responses
What is leukocytosis?
An increase in neutrophils and monocytes that secrete leukocytosis-inducing factors.
What fuses with the phagosome to form a phagolysosome?
A lysosome containing lytic enzymes.
p.11
Role of Pro-inflammatory Chemicals
What role do complement proteins play in inflammation?
They enhance phagocytosis.
p.10
Role of Pro-inflammatory Chemicals
How are mast cells and basophils similar?
They are structurally similar and both induce allergies.
p.17
Humoral and Cellular Immunity
How do antibodies circulate in the body?
They circulate freely in body fluids.
p.7
Role of Pro-inflammatory Chemicals
What do NK cells secrete to promote inflammation?
Pro-inflammatory chemicals, such as interleukins.
p.10
Role of Pro-inflammatory Chemicals
What role do complements play in inflammation?
They form a complement attack complex that creates cell pores.
p.7
Innate Immune Responses
What are mast cells?
Granulocytes with histamine-rich granules.
p.7
Role of Pro-inflammatory Chemicals
What do mast cells secrete?
Histamine, similar to basophils.
