p.8
Central Nervous System Structure
What does the central nervous system consist of?
The brain and spinal cord.
p.25
Nerve Structure and Types
What is cartilage primarily composed of?
Connective tissue cells and fibers embedded in a gel-like matrix.
p.5
Lymph Formation and Transport
What does the lymphatic system transport?
Lymph, which contains infection-fighting white blood cells.
p.8
Central Nervous System Structure
What are the two main parts of the nervous system?
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
p.21
Nerve Structure and Types
What is the function of myelin in nerve fibers?
To insulate the nerve fibers and increase the speed of signal transmission.
p.2
Lymphatic System Overview
What is the lymphatic system composed of?
Lymphatic tissues and lymphatic vessels.
p.18
Grey Matter vs White Matter
What is grey matter composed of?
Nerve cells embedded in neuroglia (glial cells).
p.21
Nerve Structure and Types
What are the basic components of nerve structure?
Nerve fibers, connective tissue, and blood vessels.
p.28
Lymphatic System Overview
How do exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands?
Exocrine glands use ducts for secretion, while endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood.
p.2
Lymphatic System Overview
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
To collect excess fluid in the body's tissues and return it to the bloodstream.
p.2
Lymphatic System Overview
What important role does the lymphatic system play in the body?
It has an important immunological function.
What are the two main functions of spinal nerves?
Motor control and sensory information transmission.
p.13
Peripheral Nervous System Components
How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?
12 thoracic spinal nerves.
p.4
Lymph Formation and Transport
What is the function of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?
They act as a filter against foreign bodies.
What is the role of the ventral root of a spinal nerve?
It carries motor commands from the spinal cord to the muscles.
p.13
Peripheral Nervous System Components
What is the function of the Facial nerve (VII)?
Controls facial expressions and taste sensations.
p.28
Lymphatic System Overview
What are endocrine glands?
Glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream.
p.10
Central Nervous System Structure
What structures make up the brain?
Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata).
p.2
Lymphatic System Overview
What is another name for the lymphatic system?
The body's 'secondary circulatory system'.
p.22
Autonomic Nervous System Functions
What are the two functional divisions of the Nervous System?
Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System.
p.18
Grey Matter vs White Matter
What does white matter consist of?
Nerve fibres (axons) embedded in glial cells.
p.28
Lymphatic System Overview
What are exocrine glands?
Glands that secrete substances through ducts to the outside of the body or into body cavities.
p.16
Neuron Structure and Function
What is the functional unit of the Nervous System?
The nerve cell or neuron.
p.17
Neuron Structure and Function
What are the main components of a neuron?
Dendrites, cell body (soma), and axon.
p.17
Neuron Structure and Function
What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?
To receive signals from other neurons.
What is the role of the dorsal root of a spinal nerve?
It carries sensory information to the spinal cord.
p.13
Peripheral Nervous System Components
What is the function of the Vagus nerve (X)?
Regulates heart rate, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory rate.
p.17
Neuron Structure and Function
What is the significance of synapses in neuron communication?
They are the junctions where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals between neurons.
p.21
Nerve Structure and Types
What is the role of Schwann cells?
To form the myelin sheath around peripheral nerve fibers.
p.10
Central Nervous System Structure
Where is the spinal cord located?
Enclosed in the vertebral canal of the vertebral column.
p.6
Lymphatic System Overview
Where are lymph nodes primarily located in the body?
At the roots of limbs, neck, and around major blood vessels and internal viscera.
p.5
Lymphatic System Overview
What role do lymph nodes play in the lymphatic system?
They filter lymph and trap pathogens.
p.5
Lymph Formation and Transport
What is the significance of the thoracic duct?
It is the largest lymphatic vessel, draining lymph into the bloodstream.
p.14
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
What is the primary function of cranial nerves?
To transmit sensory and motor information to and from the brain.
p.16
Neuron Structure and Function
What are unmyelinated nerve fibres?
Nerve fibres that are not surrounded by Schwann's cells.
p.23
Autonomic Nervous System Functions
What is the characteristic of the Sympathetic Nervous System's ganglions?
They are located beside the origin, i.e., the spinal cord.
p.14
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
What is the role of the trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V)?
It is responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing.
p.5
Lymphatic System Overview
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
To maintain fluid balance and support the immune system.
p.6
Afferent vs Efferent Lymphatics
What is the function of afferent lymphatics?
They carry lymph to the lymph node.
p.6
Afferent vs Efferent Lymphatics
What is the function of efferent lymphatics?
They carry lymph from the lymph node.
p.6
Afferent vs Efferent Lymphatics
How do afferent and efferent lymphatics differ?
Afferent lymphatics bring lymph to the node, while efferent lymphatics carry it away from the node.
p.4
Lymph Formation and Transport
What absorbs the excess fluid not reabsorbed by blood capillaries?
Surrounding lymphatic capillaries.
p.17
Neuron Structure and Function
What are nodes of Ranvier?
Gaps in the myelin sheath that facilitate rapid signal conduction.
p.23
Autonomic Nervous System Functions
What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System.
p.23
Autonomic Nervous System Functions
What are the effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
Opposite to those of the sympathetic, including decreased blood pressure, decreased heart rate, and increased peristalsis in the intestine.
p.18
Grey Matter vs White Matter
What is the primary difference between grey matter and white matter?
Grey matter contains nerve cells, while white matter contains nerve fibres (axons).
p.21
Nerve Structure and Types
What are the two main types of nerve fibers?
Afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers.
p.21
Nerve Structure and Types
What is the significance of the node of Ranvier?
It allows for saltatory conduction, speeding up nerve impulses.
p.5
Lymphatic System Overview
What are the main components of the lymphatic system?
Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and lymphoid organs.
p.5
Lymph Formation and Transport
How does lymph differ from blood?
Lymph is a clear fluid that contains fewer proteins and cells than blood.
How many spinal nerves are there in the human body?
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
What are spinal nerves responsible for?
They transmit signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body.
How are spinal nerves categorized?
They are categorized into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves.
p.27
Lymphatic System Overview
Can you give an example of an exocrine gland?
Sweat glands or mucous glands in the gastrointestinal tract.
p.23
Autonomic Nervous System Functions
What physiological responses does the Sympathetic Nervous System prepare the body for?
Responses to dangerous situations, such as sweating, increased blood pressure, and increased heart rate.
p.2
Lymphatic System Overview
Where are lymphatic tissues found?
In lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and some other organs.
p.17
Neuron Structure and Function
What is the myelin sheath?
A fatty layer that insulates the axon and speeds up signal transmission.
p.14
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
What cranial nerve controls facial expressions?
The facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII).
p.23
Autonomic Nervous System Functions
From which spinal cord segments does the Sympathetic Nervous System arise?
From T1 to L2-L3 segments.
p.21
Grey Matter vs White Matter
What is the difference between gray matter and white matter in the nervous system?
Gray matter contains neuronal cell bodies, while white matter consists of myelinated axons.
p.17
Neuron Structure and Function
What is the function of the axon?
To transmit electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles.
p.27
Lymphatic System Overview
What are the two types of glands?
Exocrine glands and endocrine glands.
p.27
Lymphatic System Overview
How do exocrine glands deliver their secretions?
Through ducts to the outside of the body or to body cavities.
p.14
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
What is the function of the vagus nerve (Cranial Nerve X)?
It controls functions of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.
p.25
Nerve Structure and Types
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.
p.17
Neuron Structure and Function
What is the role of the cell body (soma) in a neuron?
To process incoming signals and maintain the neuron's health.
p.14
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
How many cranial nerves are there?
There are 12 cranial nerves.
p.27
Lymphatic System Overview
What are glands?
Specialized epithelial structures that produce and secrete compounds regulating body functions.
p.4
Lymph Formation and Transport
Where is the excess fluid transported after being absorbed by lymphatic capillaries?
Back into large veins near the heart.
p.14
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision?
The optic nerve (Cranial Nerve II).
p.17
Neuron Structure and Function
What is the function of axon terminals?
To release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons.
p.17
Neuron Structure and Function
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons.
p.14
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?
The olfactory nerve (Cranial Nerve I).
p.4
Lymph Formation and Transport
At what level does lymph formation occur?
At the microscopic level.
p.4
Lymph Formation and Transport
What happens to fluid during the exchange between blood circulation and body tissues?
Blood capillaries may not reabsorb all of the fluid.
p.13
Peripheral Nervous System Components
How many cervical spinal nerves are there?
8 cervical spinal nerves.
p.14
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Which cranial nerve is involved in hearing and balance?
The vestibulocochlear nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII).
p.27
Lymphatic System Overview
How do endocrine glands deliver their secretions?
Directly into the bloodstream without ducts.
p.20
Nerve Structure and Types
What are the two types of nerve fibers found in a nerve?
Myelinated and unmyelinated.
p.23
Autonomic Nervous System Functions
From where does the Parasympathetic Nervous System arise?
From the brain stem (cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X) and sacral segments (S2, S3, and S4).
