p.22
Electron Microscopy Advancements
What is the main principle of transmission electron microscopy (TEM)?
Electrons are transmitted through the specimen.
p.13
Cytology and Cellular Structure
Where can you find a video demonstration related to the content?
On YouTube at the provided link.
What is the primary application of confocal microscopy?
It is primarily used for imaging biological specimens in three dimensions.
What does 'pseudo 3D image' refer to?
An image that appears three-dimensional but lacks true depth.
p.3
History of Cell Biology
What were the two main factors that restricted early progress in cell biology?
Limited resolution of microscopes and the descriptive nature of cell biology.
How does a confocal microscope achieve optical sectioning?
By focusing a laser beam on a single point and collecting emitted light from that point only.
p.12
Cytology and Cellular Structure
Where can you find a demonstration video of a microtome?
On YouTube at the provided link.
What does the limit of resolution refer to?
How far apart objects must be to appear as distinct.
In what contexts are pseudo 3D images commonly used?
In visual media, computer graphics, and certain microscopy techniques.
p.5
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells
What organelles are commonly found in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.
p.6
Cell Theory Development
What did Rudolf Virchow contribute to the cell theory?
All cells arise only from preexisting cells.
What does limited resolution in microscopes refer to?
The ability to see fine detail.
p.3
Cell Theory Development
What was the primary focus of early cell biology?
Observation, with little emphasis on explanation.
What advantage does a confocal microscope have over traditional light microscopes?
It provides improved optical resolution and contrast by using point illumination and a spatial pinhole.
p.11
Staining Techniques in Microscopy
What was the significance of dyes in early microscopy?
They were used for staining cells, improving visibility.
p.7
History of Cell Biology
What is the focus of the genetics strand in modern cell biology?
Information flow and heredity.
What limitation did Hooke face in his observations?
Low magnification power of his microscope.
p.21
Contributions of Key Scientists
What was the impact of the electron microscope on cell biology?
It was a major breakthrough for cell biology.
What type of microscope was commonly used by the 1830s?
Compound microscopes (two lenses).
p.14
Staining Techniques in Microscopy
What can distort tissues during microscopy preparations?
Fixing, embedding, and staining.
What has been developed to enhance the visualization of cells?
Various types of microscopy.
p.15
Light Microscopy Techniques
What do phase contrast and differential interference contrast microscopy exploit?
Differences in the phase of light passing through structures with a different refractive index than the surrounding medium.
p.12
Cytology and Cellular Structure
What is a microtome used for?
To cut thin slices of material for microscopic examination.
p.5
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells
What is a key characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
They have a defined nucleus.
p.15
Light Microscopy Techniques
What is a common feature of the microscopy techniques mentioned?
They allow observation of living cells without fixing, embedding, or staining.
How is a pseudo 3D image typically created?
By using techniques that simulate depth perception, often through shading or perspective.
p.16
Light Microscopy Techniques
What is the primary advantage of brightfield microscopy?
It allows for the observation of stained or naturally pigmented specimens.
What improvements did compound microscopes provide?
Increased magnification and resolution.
p.16
Light Microscopy Techniques
What is the basic principle behind brightfield microscopy?
Light passes through the specimen and is focused to form an image.
p.22
Electron Microscopy Advancements
How does scanning electron microscopy (SEM) work?
It scans the surface of a specimen by detecting electrons deflected from the outer surface.
p.22
Electron Microscopy Advancements
What is a key feature of specialized approaches in electron microscopy?
They allow for visualization of specimens in three dimensions.
What type of microscope combines fluorescence with phase contrast?
Fluorescence Microscope with Phase Contrast.
p.15
Light Microscopy Techniques
How does confocal scanning microscopy work?
It uses a laser beam to illuminate a single plane of a fluorescently labeled specimen.
p.11
Staining Techniques in Microscopy
Which two dyes were commonly used for staining in early microscopy?
Hematoxylin for nuclei and eosin for cytoplasm (H&E stain).
p.10
Cytology and Cellular Structure
What are organelles?
Membrane-bound structures within cells, such as nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
p.6
Cell Theory Development
What does the cell theory state about organisms?
All organisms consist of one or more cells.
p.23
Electron Microscopy Advancements
Which microscopy technique is better for viewing internal structures of a specimen?
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
What is a confocal microscope?
A type of microscope that uses laser light to scan samples and create high-resolution images.
What is another technique that can be used with a fluorescence microscope?
Differential Interference Contrast (DIC).
What is the primary function of a fluorescence microscope?
To visualize fluorescently labeled specimens.
What is the primary difference between an electron microscope and a light microscope?
An electron microscope uses a beam of electrons instead of light.
p.5
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells
Can eukaryotic cells be unicellular or multicellular?
Yes, they can be both unicellular and multicellular.
p.23
Electron Microscopy Advancements
What does TEM stand for in microscopy?
Transmission Electron Microscopy.
p.23
Electron Microscopy Advancements
What does SEM stand for in microscopy?
Scanning Electron Microscopy.
p.16
Light Microscopy Techniques
What is a common limitation of brightfield microscopy?
It may not provide sufficient contrast for transparent or colorless specimens.
p.23
Electron Microscopy Advancements
Which microscopy technique provides 3D images of the specimen's surface?
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
p.7
History of Cell Biology
What are the three historical strands that contribute to modern cell biology?
Biochemistry, genetics, and cytology.
p.15
Light Microscopy Techniques
What is the purpose of fluorescence microscopy?
To detect fluorescent dyes or labels that show the locations of substances in the cell.
p.5
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells
What is a defining feature of prokaryotic cells?
They lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
What advantage does phase contrast provide in microscopy?
It enhances the contrast of transparent specimens.
What does Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) enhance in microscopy?
The contrast and resolution of unstained specimens.
How does the magnification of electron microscopes compare to light microscopes?
The magnification is very much higher than that of light microscopes.
p.23
Electron Microscopy Advancements
What is the primary function of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)?
To scan a specimen's surface with a focused beam of electrons to create an image.
p.7
History of Cell Biology
What does the cytology strand emphasize in modern cell biology?
Cellular structure and optical techniques.
p.10
Cytology and Cellular Structure
Can you name some examples of organelles?
Nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
p.23
Electron Microscopy Advancements
What is the primary function of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)?
To transmit electrons through a specimen to form an image.
