The science that deals with the composition of substances and the changes that take place in their composition.
Organic substances that contain carbon and hydrogen.
A + B → AB + water.
They do not have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons.
It results in a conservation of energy.
Models of the Atom.
Globular proteins made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Smaller molecules have greater kinetic energy, leading to a faster reaction rate.
A process that uses hydrolysis to break large molecules into smaller ones.
Activation energy.
The ability to do work.
To provide energy.
Proteins serve as building blocks for tissues and play a crucial role in various biological processes.
Proteins are made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
It is where substrates bind to the enzyme.
Energy.
Enzymes rapidly transform the substrate into a product.
ATP + water → ADP + PO4 + energy.
The hydrogen of a water molecule attracting to the oxygen of another water molecule.
Na+ + Cl- → NaCl.
Globular proteins.
They can denature enzymes, altering their structure and function.
Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically in a ratio of 1:2:1.
A solution with the same tonicity where cells neither gain nor lose H2O.
A water molecule.
They lead to catalysis.
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in the body.
Typically, metals and nonmetals.
From pH 7.1 to 14.
It releases Na+ and Cl- ions.
Electrolytes that release anions that can combine with H+.
Cations and anions.
By billions of times.
The chemistry of living organisms, essential for understanding physiology due to chemical changes in cells.
Biomolecules essential for all forms of life, including DNA and RNA.
AB + water → A + B.
AB + CD → AD + CB.
It results in a lower pH, making the solution more acidic.
It results in a higher pH, making the solution less acidic.
Compounds that release ions when dissolved in water.
Adenosine monophosphate.
Ionic bonding is formed by the attraction of opposite charges of a cation and an anion.
Atoms that have lost electrons and carry positive charges.
Stored energy in matters.
Simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.
Sugars.
Long chains of sugar molecules.
A + B < - - - > AB.
Water (H2O).
A high-energy molecule derived from the nucleotide adenine.
Hydrogen bond.
The number of solute molecules per unit volume of solution.
A bond formed by sharing electrons between two atoms.
Heat, radiation, electricity, certain chemical substances, and extreme pH.
Cells lose H2O and shrink.
Higher concentration of reactants produces a faster reaction rate.
Anything that has weight (or mass) and takes up space; it can be solids, liquids, or gases.
A chemical bond formed through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
By the electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.
It is involved in protein synthesis and gene expression.
From pH 0 to 6.9.
The number of protons and electrons in an atom.
Solute.
NaOH → Na+ + OH-.
pH 7.
Cholesterol.
Atoms that have either lost or gained electrons.
It has a lower osmotic pressure, causing cells to gain H2O and swell.
Working energy produced by the motion of matters.
Chemicals that contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H), such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids.
Energy input.
Electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of ions.
The structure of a protein determines its function and how it interacts with other molecules.
Enzymes are usually reusable or recycled.
Electrolytes that release H+ ions.
Substances formed by the reaction between an acid and a base.
pH values greater than 7.
Cl + Cl → Cl2.
The process by which enzymes lose their functional shape due to external factors.
It contains more protons than electrons, becoming a cation.
The formation, breaking, or rearrangement of chemical bonds.
A water molecule.
Energy.
Triglyceride + water → fatty acids + energy.
An isotonic solution has the same solute concentration as the inside of the red blood cells, causing no net movement of water.
Protein and water.
By adding the number of protons and the number of neutrons.
ADP + water → AMP + PO4 + energy.
In molarity.
pH values less than 7.
The energy necessary to start a reaction.
Atoms that have gained excessive electrons and carry negative charges.
It contains more electrons than protons, becoming an anion.
Catalysts, whether inorganic or organic (enzymes), increase the reaction rate.
E – S.
Chemicals that do not contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H), such as table salt (NaCl), carbon dioxide (CO2), and ammonia (NH3).
Most organic substances are large, non-electrolytes that use covalent bonding, while most inorganic substances are small, electrolytes that usually use ionic bonding.
They influence the movement of water in and out of the cells, affecting their shape and function.
Many enzymes require cofactors (ions, metals) or coenzymes (organic cofactors like vitamins) to achieve optimum efficiency.
Adenosine diphosphate.
They are the weakest type of bonding.
0 to 14.
Covalent bonding.
The ability of a solution to change the tone or shape of cells by changing their internal H2O volume.
Higher temperature creates greater kinetic energy, resulting in a faster reaction rate.
Hydrolysis (or decomposition) reaction.
Tonicity refers to the concentration of solutes in a solution compared to another solution.
Red blood cells lose water and shrink.
Red blood cells gain water and may burst.
Proteins, such as antibodies, help defend the body against pathogens.
Each enzyme is designed to bind to only one specific substance, known as the substrate.
A large amount of energy is generated.
H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3-.
HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl.
Anabolic metabolism.
Chemical, electrical, radiant, and mechanical energy.
Chemical energy.
A polysaccharide and water.
Peptide bond.
Most enzymes' names end with 'ase' (e.g., DNAse, Sucrase).
A solution.
The measure of dissolution of a particular solute in a given volume of solvent.
The acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid).
To store and transmit genetic information.
Dipeptide product (P).
pH 7.0.
Three phosphate groups (PO4).
Solvent.
A substance that can react with an acid or a base and thus resist a change in pH.
