p.1
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
What is the focus of the course MEDF1021?
Public Health and Healthcare Ethics.
p.61
Limitations and Critiques of Moral Theories
What is a limitation of the coherence model in principlism?
The coherence model has its own limitations.
p.66
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
Why do moral theories matter?
They provide frameworks for understanding ethical dilemmas and guide decision-making.
p.26
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What are the two main aims of moral theory?
To fulfill both theoretical and practical aims.
p.22
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What are the two key questions that Moral Theory seeks to answer?
What to do and how to be.
p.3
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
What is the definition of ethics?
Ethics is the study of what is right and wrong, guiding moral principles and values.
p.6
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
What is the primary focus of philosophy according to Roger Y Chung?
The process of trying to find answers to fundamental questions using reasoning.
p.34
Bioethics and Public Health Ethics
What does the statement 'Perspectives matter!' imply in the context of Care Ethics?
It suggests that multiple viewpoints are essential for understanding ethical issues.
p.3
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
Why is ethics important in society?
Ethics is important because it provides a framework for individuals and organizations to make moral choices.
p.5
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
What is the definition of Philosophy?
Philosophy is the study of fundamental questions regarding existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
p.11
Bioethics and Public Health Ethics
Is bioethics confined to a medical professional perspective?
No, it is cross-disciplinary and broader than medical ethics.
p.70
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
Why are principles alone not sufficient in biomedical ethics?
Because it is important to determine which principles are valid.
p.49
Balancing Ethical Principles
What must balancing judgments ensure for justification?
They must meet conditions for 'rigorous reasoning' and reduce 'intuition'.
p.62
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What does utilitarian justice require?
The maximization of good for the greatest number of people.
p.26
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is one way moral principles specify right and wrong?
By specifying underlying features that make something right or wrong.
p.8
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
What are the primary investigations of ethics?
How to live a good life and identify standards of morality.
p.66
Balancing Ethical Principles
Are principles enough for our work in ethics?
No, principles alone may not address all complexities of ethical situations; moral theories help in interpreting and applying these principles.
p.9
Normative and Meta-Ethics
What questions does normative ethics seek to answer?
Is it right/wrong to do something? What is morally right/wrong?
p.8
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
What dichotomy does ethics explore?
The dichotomy between good and evil, right and wrong.
p.40
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What is the core concept of principlism?
It is based on four principles derived from a larger set of universal norms shared by all committed to morality.
p.70
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What is the usefulness of principles in biomedical ethics?
They provide guidance in ethical decision-making.
p.43
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What does the principle of beneficence focus on?
Providing benefits and balancing benefits against risks and costs.
p.11
Bioethics and Public Health Ethics
What are the three main cores of bioethics?
Medical/clinical ethics, research ethics, public health ethics.
p.32
Limitations and Critiques of Moral Theories
What is a common misconception about different moral theories?
Focusing on the battles among different moral theories as foundations is missing the point.
p.57
Balancing Ethical Principles
What does the principle of concern state?
It is morally permissible to restrict individual liberty to strive for greater common good.
p.43
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
According to Beauchamp and Childress, what does common morality not require?
Severe sacrifice and extreme altruism (not supererogatory).
p.63
Balancing Ethical Principles
What does the balancing with intuition and judgment refer to in principlism?
The need to reconcile moral intuitions with established principles and theories.
p.68
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
What does the Straightforward Application Model emphasize?
Doing what the theory tells you to do literally.
p.65
Normative and Meta-Ethics
What is the first guiding principle for selecting a moral theory?
It should address what we share as humans, such as interests and needs.
p.39
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What does 'prima facie' mean in the context of Principlism?
It must be taken at face value but is not absolute.
p.28
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What does sticking to the doctrine depend on?
The interpretation of religious texts.
p.8
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
What does ethics study?
Ethics studies and considers what is good and bad conduct, right and wrong values, good and evil.
p.44
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What is the focus of distributive justice according to principlism?
A narrow focus on fair distribution.
p.52
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What can be done with moral residues?
Notification, public justifications, apology, compensations, repair, and further works to prevent future moral conflicts.
p.9
Normative and Meta-Ethics
What questions does meta-ethics seek to answer?
What is the principle behind the decision of doing right/wrong? What makes the action right/wrong?
p.17
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What does Scenario 2 in trolleyology typically involve?
A situation where a decision must be made about sacrificing one life to save multiple others.
p.5
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
How does Philosophy relate to ethics?
Philosophy provides the foundational principles and frameworks for understanding ethical questions and dilemmas.
p.14
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What is the main focus of trolleyology?
The ethical implications of making decisions in life-and-death scenarios, often illustrated through thought experiments involving a trolley.
p.40
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What is meant by 'common morality' in the context of principlism?
It refers to the shared moral commitments of all persons.
p.70
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
How can Moral Theory contribute to biomedical ethics?
It can provide higher-level reasons and explanations to favor some principles over others.
p.51
Balancing Ethical Principles
What does reflective equilibrium involve in ethical decision-making?
It involves aligning the principle of concern with other theories, principles, and specific considered judgments.
p.59
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What is a key strength of principlism in bioethics?
It reflects and engages the complexity of moral life, directing attention to morally relevant features of a situation.
p.20
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What does Kantian Deontology emphasize?
Morality grounded in reasoned duties that command categorically.
p.60
Limitations and Critiques of Moral Theories
What issue can arise from conflicts between principles in principlism?
Insoluble conflicts can lead to moral residues.
p.48
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
What must a physician disclose to ensure informed consent?
The benefits and risks of the treatment to generate an adequate level of understanding by the patients.
p.64
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
Why is principlism considered influential in bioethics?
It is widely used in healthcare and medical fields to address ethical issues.
p.65
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What does feminist ethics suggest about using moral theories?
It suggests using them as different perspectives before making a choice.
p.7
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
What is ethics?
Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with questions about what is morally right and wrong, good and bad, and the principles that govern individual behavior.
p.44
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What does Principle 4 of Justice focus on?
Moral norms for fairly distributing benefits, risks, and costs.
p.66
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What role do moral theories play in ethical decision-making?
They help clarify values, assess consequences, and evaluate duties, enhancing our understanding of ethical issues.
p.50
Balancing Ethical Principles
What is the preference of Patient group A regarding treatments?
Patient group A prefers Treatment X over Treatment Y.
p.3
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
What are the main branches of ethics?
The main branches of ethics include normative ethics, meta-ethics, and applied ethics.
p.62
Balancing Ethical Principles
What is the specific considered judgment regarding Vaccine Pass?
It is morally permissible to implement Vaccine Pass for greater disease prevention and health protection.
p.40
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What larger set of norms does principlism derive its principles from?
Universal norms such as principles, virtues, rights, and particular judgments.
p.63
Limitations and Critiques of Moral Theories
What dilemma arises when a particular considered judgment conflicts with a coherent system of theories?
Whether to give up the principles or the new particular considered judgment.
p.60
Limitations and Critiques of Moral Theories
What is a limitation of principlism regarding the number of principles?
It leaves out important features of morality, questioning why there are only four principles.
p.69
Limitations and Critiques of Moral Theories
How is ethical theory described in the context of biomedical ethics?
As a work in progress, not ready for straightforward application.
p.51
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
Why should ethical decisions not exist in a vacuum?
Because they need to be informed by broader ethical frameworks and case learning.
What does public health ethics seek to understand?
The factors that influence people's health and ways to improve health as a population.
p.2
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What are the basic bioethical approaches?
They include various theories and principles that guide ethical decision-making in healthcare.
p.27
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What does virtue ethics emphasize?
The importance of moral character and virtues in ethical decision-making.
p.38
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What is Principlism in biomedical ethics?
A framework that emphasizes four key principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.
p.42
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What are some actions that non-maleficence prohibits?
Causing harm, pain, suffering, or killing.
p.35
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is a key focus of Feministic Ethics?
Addressing gender inequalities and emphasizing the importance of relationships and care.
p.56
Balancing Ethical Principles
What is the second condition regarding alternative actions?
No morally preferable alternative actions are available.
p.4
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
What is ethics in its descriptive sense?
A set of principles, rules, values, and ideals of a particular group of people, determining what is right or wrong.
p.4
Normative and Meta-Ethics
How is ethics defined as a philosophy discipline?
As the systematic study of moral concepts and theories, also known as moral philosophy.
p.26
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
How do moral principles assist informed agents?
By allowing them to guide moral deliberation and choice.
p.22
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What does Moral Theory aim to address?
Systemic answers to general moral questions.
p.45
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What is the Formal Principle of Justice?
We must treat equals equally, but unequals unequally.
p.25
Normative and Meta-Ethics
What is the practical aim of moral theory?
To provide a decision procedure that leads informed agents to correct moral verdicts.
p.34
Bioethics and Public Health Ethics
What is the main idea behind Care Ethics?
It emphasizes that no single theory can fully represent ethical perspectives.
p.18
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What is the main focus of trolleyology?
The ethical implications of making decisions in life-and-death scenarios.
p.53
Case Studies in Bioethics
What is the main focus of Case Study 1?
The Vaccine Pass in public health.
p.25
Normative and Meta-Ethics
What is the theoretical aim of moral theory?
To discover the underlying morally salient features that determine the rightness or wrongness of actions.
p.13
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What is a moral dilemma?
A situation in which a person faces conflicting moral principles and must choose between them.
p.18
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What does Modified Scenario 2 in trolleyology refer to?
A specific variation of the classic trolley problem used to explore ethical decision-making.
p.3
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
What does ethics help to determine?
Ethics helps to determine appropriate behavior and decision-making in various contexts.
p.25
Normative and Meta-Ethics
How do the practical and theoretical aims of moral theory interact?
Both aims work together for the process of moral reasoning to function effectively.
p.58
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What is moral residue?
The lingering feelings or consequences after a moral conflict.
p.71
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
Which institution is Roger Y Chung affiliated with?
CUHK (Chinese University of Hong Kong).
p.52
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What is moral residue?
The acknowledgment that actual obligation does not silence other moral considerations.
p.10
Bioethics and Public Health Ethics
What is bioethics?
Bioethics is the study of ethical issues arising from advances in biology and medicine.
p.6
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
How does philosophy differ from simply accepting conventional views?
Philosophy emphasizes reasoning rather than accepting traditional authority without question.
p.58
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
Why is it important to address moral residues?
Because they are not silenced and need to be dealt with.
p.1
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
Which institution offers the course MEDF1021?
JC School of Public Health & Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
p.9
Normative and Meta-Ethics
What is the focus of first order ethics?
Normative ethics, which addresses questions of right and wrong.
p.13
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What does the term '倫理衝突' refer to?
It refers to ethical conflicts or moral dilemmas.
p.53
Case Studies in Bioethics
Which institution is associated with the Vaccine Pass case study?
CUHK (Chinese University of Hong Kong).
p.32
Limitations and Critiques of Moral Theories
What is a major limitation of monistic moral theories?
Most controversial moral conflicts cannot be solved by one single foundational principle.
p.63
Limitations and Critiques of Moral Theories
What is a limitation of the coherence model in principlism?
It may conflict with particular considered judgments that are morally intuitive.
p.52
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
Why is it important to repair moral residues?
To acknowledge past moral conflicts and work towards preventing them in the future.
p.48
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
What is the purpose of the specification process in ethics?
To reduce the indeterminacy of abstract principles and generate rules that can guide action in specific contexts.
p.49
Balancing Ethical Principles
What is the first condition for justifying the infringement of a moral norm?
The moral objective justifying the infringement has a realistic prospect of achievement.
p.65
Normative and Meta-Ethics
Is the selection of moral theories solely based on taste, intuition, or tradition?
Not necessarily; there are guiding principles for selection.
p.67
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
How does the Car Mechanic/Physics Model relate to ethical theory?
One doesn’t have to know physics to be a good mechanic, similar to not needing to apply ethical theory directly to practice.
p.51
Case Studies in Bioethics
What role does case learning play in ethical decision-making?
It informs the steps taken in the decision-making process.
p.65
Normative and Meta-Ethics
What is the second guiding principle for selecting a moral theory?
It should not rest on assumptions about the world that are wrong according to current knowledge.
p.56
Balancing Ethical Principles
What is the first condition to justify infringing one moral norm to adhere to another?
The moral objective justifying the infringement has a realistic prospect of achievement (50-80% protection).
p.67
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
What is the benefit of the interplay between theory and case study in bioethics?
It benefits both the ethical theory and the practical application in real cases.
p.29
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is the main focus of virtue ethics?
Doing what a virtuous person would do and cultivating one's own virtues.
p.35
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What does Virtue Ethics emphasize?
The importance of character and virtues in moral philosophy.
p.56
Balancing Ethical Principles
What does the third condition state about the level of infringement?
The lowest level of infringement that can achieve the primary goal of action has been selected.
p.41
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What does the condition of Intentionality refer to?
Decisions must be planned, not made by accident.
p.56
Balancing Ethical Principles
What is the fourth condition regarding negative effects of the infringement?
All negative effects of the infringement have been minimized.
p.37
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is sentimentalism in moral theories?
A perspective that emphasizes emotions, but is not a complete theory.
p.37
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What does narrative ethics offer?
A different perspective or approach, but is not a complete theory.
p.21
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What are moral theories?
Frameworks that provide systematic approaches to understanding and evaluating moral issues.
p.52
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What is one way to address moral residues?
By providing public justifications for the infringement of moral considerations.
p.32
Limitations and Critiques of Moral Theories
Can a person be purely utilitarian, deontologist, or sentimental all the time?
No, no one person is purely one moral theory all the time.
p.43
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
How does beneficence differ from negative avoidance of harm?
It includes positive prevention and removal of harm.
p.63
Limitations and Critiques of Moral Theories
Should we always aim for coherence in moral theories?
It's debated whether to aim for coherence or allow irreconcilable but important moral commitments to remain.
p.48
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
What does the specification process aim to do with principles?
Narrow the scope of the principle and add contents and details.
p.12
Bioethics and Public Health Ethics
What is the primary focus of research ethics?
Clinical trials, consent, misconduct, and integrity in research.
p.27
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is deontology?
A moral theory that focuses on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, rather than their consequences.
p.23
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
How do moral theories differ from ethical evaluations of specific practices?
Moral theories focus on general abstract principles, while ethical evaluations assess specific practices like abortion or assisted dying.
p.59
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
How does principlism preserve moral reasoning?
It preserves a role for principled/reasoned justification, attempting to minimize intuition, judgments, and subjectivity.
What are some considerations in public health ethics?
Trade-offs between public goods and private interests, health equity, and social determinants of health.
p.49
Balancing Ethical Principles
What is the fourth condition for justifying the infringement of a moral norm?
All negative effects of the infringement have been minimized.
p.2
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
How do bioethical principles work?
They provide a framework for evaluating ethical dilemmas and guiding actions in healthcare.
p.59
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
In what framework does principlism enable ethical reasoning?
In a deductive framework.
p.46
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What happens when prima facie obligations conflict in Principlism?
The most stringent/weightiest obligation overrides the rest to become the actual obligation.
p.56
Balancing Ethical Principles
What is an example of a morally preferable alternative action?
Using a vaccine pass to achieve herd immunity is better than relying on natural selection.
p.29
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What type of moral theories are considered traditional Western monistic theories?
Theories based on one principle alone, such as consequentialism, categorical deontology, and virtue ethics.
p.38
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What does beneficence mean in the context of Principlism?
The obligation to act in the best interest of the patient.
p.38
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What is non-maleficence in Principlism?
The principle of 'do no harm' to patients.
p.38
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
How is justice defined in the context of Principlism?
The fair distribution of benefits and burdens in healthcare.
p.35
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What does Narrative Ethics emphasize?
The importance of personal stories and context in ethical decision-making.
p.11
Bioethics and Public Health Ethics
What is bioethics concerned with?
The analysis of particular moral issues in private or public life.
p.6
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
What does philosophy prioritize in the search for answers?
The process of inquiry and reasoning.
p.5
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
What are some key areas of inquiry in Philosophy?
Existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
p.58
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What should be done to prevent future moral conflicts?
Further works to avoid, ameliorate, or prevent the same moral conflict.
p.50
Balancing Ethical Principles
What is the need of the more vulnerable Patient group B?
Patient group B may need Treatment X to avert untimely deaths.
p.20
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is the main focus of Consequentialism?
The right or wrong of an action is based on the values of its consequences.
p.27
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is consequentialism?
A moral theory that judges the rightness or wrongness of actions based on their outcomes or consequences.
p.52
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What role does apology play in addressing moral residues?
It serves as a recognition of the moral conflict and an attempt to make amends.
p.40
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
How does principlism relate to other ethical theories like utilitarianism and deontology?
Like them, principlism is based on reasoning.
p.42
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What does the principle of non-maleficence emphasize?
Avoiding the causation of harm.
p.57
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What does utilitarian justice require?
The maximization of good for the greatest number of people.
p.21
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What does deontology emphasize?
The inherent morality of actions themselves, regardless of their consequences.
p.46
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What is Principlism in ethics?
A conception of right action based on four general principles.
p.42
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
How does non-maleficence compare to beneficence?
It may be more stringent, impartial, and general than obligations of beneficence.
p.39
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What are the four prima facie principles in Principlism?
1. Respect for Autonomy 2. Non-maleficence 3. Beneficence 4. Justice
p.23
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What types of actions might be considered ethically wrong according to moral theories?
Actions that are forbidden, etc.
p.27
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What is the significance of justice in moral theories?
It emphasizes fairness and equality in the distribution of benefits and burdens.
p.38
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What are the four key principles of Principlism?
Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.
p.33
Balancing Ethical Principles
What is essential for arriving at a moral verdict in principlism?
Balancing the specified principles in actual situations.
p.56
Balancing Ethical Principles
How can the level of infringement be minimized in the context of a vaccine pass?
By restricting the vaccine pass to public venues rather than applying it to private venues as well.
p.33
Limitations and Critiques of Moral Theories
How does narrative ethics differ from traditional theories?
It is not driven by a deductive framework.
p.55
Balancing Ethical Principles
How does Justice interact with Respect for Autonomy in vaccination?
Justice may conflict with Respect for Autonomy when mass vaccination efforts prioritize population health over individual choices.
p.37
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What do non-Western/non-mainstream ethics incorporate?
Different perspectives from other cultures and traditions.
p.9
Normative and Meta-Ethics
What is the focus of second order ethics?
Meta-ethics, which examines the principles behind moral decisions.
p.58
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What are some ways to address moral residues?
Notification, public justifications, apology, compensations, and repair.
p.32
Limitations and Critiques of Moral Theories
Why is the world described as pluralistic in relation to moral theories?
Because there are many perspectives in this world.
p.19
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What is the situation regarding organ donors in this scenario?
There is no organ donor available.
p.57
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
What is a particular considered judgment regarding Vaccine Pass?
It is morally permissible to implement Vaccine Pass for greater disease prevention and health protection.
p.21
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What are the two main categories of moral theories?
Consequentialism and Deontology.
p.12
Bioethics and Public Health Ethics
What are some key topics in medical/clinical ethics?
Abortion, reproductive ethics, pediatric ethics, geriatric ethics, euthanasia, and organ transplant.
p.2
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
What is the relevance of ethics to public health and healthcare?
Ethics is crucial for guiding decision-making and ensuring fairness in public health practices.
p.14
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What ethical principles are often debated in trolleyology scenarios?
Consequentialism and deontology.
p.16
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What ethical dilemma is presented in Scenario 1?
Deciding how to allocate limited medical resources among the injured.
p.27
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is utilitarianism?
A form of consequentialism that advocates for actions that maximize overall happiness or utility.
p.64
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What are the 4 principles of biomedical ethics?
Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence, and Justice.
p.60
Limitations and Critiques of Moral Theories
What does the emphasis on rationalism in principlism potentially overlook?
It risks not exploring other forms of moral reflection and not accommodating the full range of credible moral commitments.
p.24
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What are examples of Moral Theories?
Utilitarianism, Deontology, Virtue Ethics, Care Ethics, Principlism.
p.38
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
Who are the key figures associated with Principlism?
James Childress and Tom Beauchamp.
p.42
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
Is non-maleficence an absolute principle?
No, it is prima facie but requires justification for harmful actions.
p.54
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
Why could governments grant emergency use of vaccines?
In face of the pandemic situation.
p.55
Balancing Ethical Principles
What ethical principle is challenged by the potential harm of vaccines?
Non-maleficence is challenged by the risk of severe side effects.
p.46
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What is meant by 'actual obligation' in Principlism?
The obligation that is determined after considering all prima facie obligations in a specific situation.
p.41
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What does the condition of Understanding entail?
A substantial but not full understanding of the decision.
p.33
Limitations and Critiques of Moral Theories
What does non-Western/non-mainstream ethics incorporate?
Different perspectives from other cultures/traditions.
p.35
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is a characteristic of Chinese Ethics?
Emphasizes harmony, relationships, and the role of community in moral reasoning.
p.17
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What is the main focus of trolleyology?
The ethical implications of making decisions in life-and-death scenarios.
p.11
Bioethics and Public Health Ethics
What are some examples of moral issues addressed in bioethics?
Euthanasia, allocation of scarce health resources, use of human embryos/animals in research.
p.21
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is the purpose of moral theories?
To guide individuals in making ethical decisions and understanding moral principles.
p.10
Bioethics and Public Health Ethics
Who is associated with the study of bioethics?
Roger Y Chung is one of the contributors to the field, particularly in the context of CUHK.
p.51
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
What is the importance of coherence in ethical decision-making?
It ensures that ethical decisions are integrated and consistent with various theories and principles.
p.69
Limitations and Critiques of Moral Theories
What is a limitation of the car mechanic model in biomedical ethics?
Theoretical issues pop up everywhere.
p.31
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is the focus of care ethics?
Agent-centered: Do what a caring person would do.
p.21
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What does consequentialism focus on?
The outcomes or consequences of actions to determine their moral value.
p.70
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
What role do principles play in specific cases of biomedical ethics?
They help in evaluating and applying ethical considerations.
p.48
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
How can the principle of respect for autonomy be specified?
By obtaining informed consent from the patient about intervention/treatment.
p.39
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What is the core concept of Principlism?
A pluralist and principalist account of moral norms based on four prima facie principles.
p.60
Limitations and Critiques of Moral Theories
What does balancing principles in principlism risk?
It may mark the end of reasoned justification for moral reflection, relying on intuition instead.
p.31
Limitations and Critiques of Moral Theories
What recent critiques are mentioned regarding traditional moral theories?
Developments in care ethics and the emergence of feminist ethics.
p.68
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
What does the Car Mechanic/Physics Model suggest?
Using four principles to solve ethical problems without needing to understand their origins.
p.27
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What is the principle of autonomy in moral theories?
The right of individuals to make their own choices and decisions.
p.54
Bioethics and Public Health Ethics
What has not been completed regarding the COVID-19 vaccines?
The traditional trial process.
p.23
Normative and Meta-Ethics
What is the distinction between applied ethics and normative ethics?
Applied ethics deals with specific practices, while normative ethics focuses on general moral principles.
p.37
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is the basis of pre-theory in moral theories?
Religion and traditions (doctrinal).
p.29
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
How does sentimentalism differ from traditional moral theories?
It suggests that emotion or sentiment drives action rather than reasoning.
p.24
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
What are examples of Specific Moral Rules?
Laws, regulations, protocols such as do not kill, do not cause pain/suffering, do not cause offense.
p.54
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What is a potential concern regarding COVID-19 vaccines?
There may be severe side effects.
p.35
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is the core idea of Deontology?
The morality of actions is based on rules and duties rather than consequences.
p.41
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What does the condition of Non-control mean?
The individual must be free from external or internal control that affects self-directedness.
p.37
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is care ethics?
A monistic approach focusing on care and relationships.
p.10
Bioethics and Public Health Ethics
What areas does bioethics encompass?
It encompasses issues related to medical practices, research, and the implications of biological advancements.
p.10
Bioethics and Public Health Ethics
Why is bioethics important?
It helps guide decision-making in healthcare and research, ensuring ethical standards are maintained.
p.62
Balancing Ethical Principles
What principle supports the restriction of individual liberty for the common good?
It is morally permissible to restrict individual liberty to strive for greater common good.
p.12
Bioethics and Public Health Ethics
What does medical/clinical ethics focus on?
Issues related to the practice of medicine, including doctor-patient relationships, clinical decisions, and informed consent.
p.16
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What is the condition of the 5 moderately injured individuals?
They would die if not taken care of.
p.14
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What is a common scenario used in trolleyology?
A trolley is headed towards five people tied to the track, and you can pull a lever to divert it to another track where one person is tied.
p.23
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is the primary purpose of moral theories?
To establish systematically what makes some actions ethically right and others wrong.
p.62
Balancing Ethical Principles
What is the alternative specific considered judgment regarding individual liberty during public health emergencies?
We should respect individual’s liberty at all times, even during public health emergencies.
p.43
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
Is the principle of beneficence general to all people?
No, it is specific based on relations, agreements, contracts, etc.
p.57
Overview of Ethics in Public Health
What is the aim of coherence in ethical considerations?
To create a coherent system that aligns moral judgments with principles and theories.
p.29
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is the basis of consequentialism?
Maximizing the good outcome and minimizing the bad outcome of an action.
p.67
Bioethics and Public Health Ethics
What does the Biology-Medicine Model suggest about bioethics?
Bioethics does not operate independently of ethical theory; there is an interplay between theory and case study.
p.46
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What do the four principles of Principlism serve as?
General guidelines from which more specific moral rules and conclusions can be derived.
p.12
Bioethics and Public Health Ethics
How does public health ethics differ from medical ethics?
Public health ethics focuses on population health, while medical ethics focuses on individual patient care.
p.55
Balancing Ethical Principles
What is the principle of Non-maleficence in the context of vaccines?
It refers to the potential harm a vaccine may cause to some people with severe side effects.
p.2
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What are the general principles in biomedical ethics?
They include autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.
p.24
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What are the four principles of Principlism?
Respect for autonomy, do no harm, do good, do justly.
p.68
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
How does the Biology-Medicine Model differ from the other models?
It suggests that theory informs principles and practice, and vice versa.
p.24
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What is an example of a specific ethical judgment?
The decision between a good death versus marginally prolonging life.
p.24
Normative and Meta-Ethics
How does the level of abstraction in ethics progress?
From Moral Theories to Principles, Rules, and Judgments.
p.55
Balancing Ethical Principles
What is the ethical conflict between Respect for Autonomy and Beneficence?
Respect for autonomy may be compromised when individuals are pressured to accept a vaccine despite its benefits.
p.41
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
Is the principle of Respect for Autonomy decision-specific?
Yes, it is specific to autonomous choices, not respect in general.
p.16
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What is the condition of the 1 severely injured individual?
They would die if not taken care of.
p.50
Balancing Ethical Principles
In this scenario, which ethical principle overrides the respect for autonomy?
Justice overrides the respect for autonomy concern.
p.49
Balancing Ethical Principles
What is the second condition for justifying the infringement of a moral norm?
No morally preferable alternative actions are available.
p.69
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
What two resources are needed in biomedical ethics according to the reflections?
Resources of ethical theory and learning & progress from practice.
p.20
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is a key characteristic of both Consequentialism and Kantian Deontology?
Both theories are based on only one single principle.
p.68
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
What is an example of the Straightforward Application Model?
Acting from duty according to Kant or maximizing utility according to Mill.
p.59
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What does principlism help to unify?
It helps unify and systematize our moral judgments.
p.29
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What does categorical deontology focus on?
Whether the action can be universally applied or considered categorically correct.
p.33
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is the focus of care ethics?
Agent-centered: Do what a caring person would do.
p.65
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What should be considered when evaluating moral theories in specific situations?
Determine which moral perspectives are weightier in that context.
p.59
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What are the strengths of coherence models in ethical reasoning?
They are consistent with how we argue ethically, do not privilege certain forms of moral knowledge, and capture the multi-layered nature of moral reflection.
p.38
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What does the principle of autonomy refer to in Principlism?
The right of individuals to make informed decisions about their own lives.
p.55
Balancing Ethical Principles
What does Justice refer to in the context of mass vaccination programs?
Justice emphasizes that a mass vaccine program could protect many people and maximize population health.
p.55
Balancing Ethical Principles
How does Respect for Autonomy conflict with external control in vaccination?
Respect for autonomy is compromised when people's decisions are influenced or controlled by external factors.
p.54
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
In which venues was the Vaccine Pass implemented?
Schools, restaurants, public facilities, private vendors like clubs, theaters, etc.
p.33
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is feminist ethics characterized as?
A pluralistic approach that incorporates all major moral theories as perspectives.
p.49
Balancing Ethical Principles
What is the third condition for justifying the infringement of a moral norm?
The lowest level of infringement that can achieve the primary goal of action has been selected.
p.23
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What types of actions might be considered ethically right according to moral theories?
Actions that are obligatory, praiseworthy, etc.
p.24
Normative and Meta-Ethics
What are the main categories in the level of abstraction in ethics?
Moral Theories, Mid-Level Ethical Principles, Specific Moral Rules.
p.48
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
Can the same ethical principle be specified in different ways?
Yes, there could be different ways to specify the same principle.
p.55
Balancing Ethical Principles
How does Beneficence relate to vaccine efficacy?
Beneficence highlights that a vaccine can protect individuals with an efficacy of 50-80% against COVID-19.
p.41
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
Does the principle of Respect for Autonomy have moral priority over other principles?
No, it does NOT have moral priority over other principles.
p.42
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
How do Beauchamp and Childress define harm?
As a thwarting, defeating, or setting back of some party’s interests, but not always wrong or unjustified.
p.37
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is the main focus of consequentialism?
The outcomes or consequences of actions (Utilitarianism).
p.37
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What does categorical deontology emphasize?
The adherence to rules or duties regardless of the consequences.
p.35
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What does Principlism refer to in ethics?
The application of four key principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.
p.56
Balancing Ethical Principles
What is a consideration regarding the infringement on liberty?
The infringement should not restrict people from engaging in basic activities.
p.59
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
How does principlism address conflicts between principles?
By specifying and balancing in a coherence model.
p.64
Balancing Ethical Principles
How does principlism approach moral dilemmas?
By specifying and balancing the principles, though with limitations.
p.33
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What is principlism in ethics?
A pluralistic approach focusing on four key principles in health/healthcare.
p.35
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is the main principle of Care Ethics?
Emphasizing interpersonal relationships and the moral significance of care.
p.33
Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare
What does narrative ethics emphasize?
Listening to people's stories, concerns, and reasons behind decisions.
p.37
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is virtue ethics concerned with?
The character and virtues of the moral agent.
p.35
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What is the focus of Sentimentalism in ethics?
The role of emotions and sentiments in moral judgments.
p.37
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What does feminist ethics represent?
A pluralistic approach that incorporates feminist perspectives.
p.39
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What do the four general moral statements in Principlism aim to define?
The conditions under which an action is right/wrong or something is good/bad.
p.46
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What are moral residues in the context of Principlism?
Moral residues are obligations that remain after the most weighty obligation has been determined, leading to new moral obligations.
p.41
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What are the three conditions for respecting autonomy?
Intentionality, Understanding, and Non-control.
p.35
Moral Theories: Consequentialism and Deontology
What does Utilitarianism focus on?
Maximizing overall happiness or utility.
p.54
Application of Ethical Principles in Public Health
What decision did the government make to protect against COVID-19?
To implement Vaccine Pass in many public venues.
p.56
Balancing Ethical Principles
How can private information be protected during an infringement?
By ensuring that private information is not disclosed to a degree that the patient is identifiable.
p.37
Principlism in Biomedical Ethics
What is principlism?
A pluralistic approach based on four major principles specifically for health and healthcare.
p.2
Bioethics and Public Health Ethics
What are bioethics and public health ethics?
Bioethics deals with ethical issues in biology and medicine, while public health ethics focuses on ethical issues related to population health.
What are the 50 prima facie obligations in principlism?
Actual obligation + Moral residue.
Give an example of specifying norms in context in principlism.
Allow competent patients to exercise their liberty rights.
What are the 4 principles used to identify moral norms in principlism?
E.g. respect for autonomy.
What is the aim of aiming for coherence in principlism?
To strike coherence with other judgments of other cases and inform how we specify and balance the different moral norms.
What is the aim of making balanced judgments in principlism?
To balance between respect for patient’s autonomy and beneficence.
What is the 4-step process for principlism?
1. Identify moral norms, 2. Specify norms in context, 3. Make balanced judgments, 4. Aim for coherence.
