p.3
Tumor Markers and Immunohistochemistry
What is the significance of CD15 and CD30?
They are markers for Hodgkin lymphoma.
p.3
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
Which cancers are associated with the BRAF oncogene?
Melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal carcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, and hairy cell leukemia.
p.3
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
What is the role of p53 in cancer?
It is known as the 'guardian of the genome' and is associated with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome.
p.8
Tumor Markers and Immunohistochemistry
What is the typical hallmark of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on imaging?
Vascular uptake of the nodule in the arterial phase with washout in the portal venous or delayed phases.
p.3
Tumor Markers and Immunohistochemistry
What is neuron-specific enolase associated with?
Neuroendocrine tumors such as small cell lung cancer, carcinoid tumor, and neuroblastoma.
p.7
High-Yield Concepts in Colorectal Neoplasms
What common side effect is associated with oxaliplatin used in the FOLFOX regimen for colon cancer?
Dose-dependent sensory neuropathy.
p.10
High-Yield Concepts in Lung Cancer
What is the major risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the skin?
Chronic long-term sun exposure.
p.12
Chemotherapy Drugs and Their Effects
What is the mechanism of action of Methotrexate?
Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, interfering with DNA synthesis.
p.4
Carcinogens and Associated Cancers
What type of cancer can result from exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) during fetal development?
Vaginal clear cell cancer.
p.4
Carcinogens and Associated Cancers
What malignancies are associated with HIV?
Lymphoma (usually 8-cell) and Kaposi's sarcoma.
p.6
High-Yield Concepts in Gastric and Esophageal Cancer
What is a Krukenberg tumor?
Gastric cancer metastatic to the ovary.
p.10
High-Yield Concepts in Lung Cancer
What is erosion in dermatological terms?
Loss of epidermis without loss of dermis.
p.3
Tumor Markers and Immunohistochemistry
What does CD20+, CD23+, and CD5 indicate?
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL).
p.10
High-Yield Concepts in Lung Cancer
What is a characteristic feature of basal cell carcinoma?
Small waxy, semitranslucent nodules with a rolled or pearly edge.
p.3
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
What is the significance of the WT1 and WT2 genes?
They are associated with Wilm's Tumor.
p.12
Chemotherapy Drugs and Their Effects
What is the mechanism of action of 5-FU?
Inhibits thymidylate synthase.
p.1
Types of Cancer Treatments
What is systemic radiation therapy?
Radionuclides targeted to the site of the tumor.
p.5
Tumor Markers and Immunohistochemistry
What method is used to assess hormonal and HER-2 status of breast carcinomas?
Immunohistochemistry (IHC).
p.10
High-Yield Concepts in Lung Cancer
What is an ulcer in dermatological terms?
Loss of both epidermis and dermis.
p.9
High-Yield Concepts in Genitourinary Malignancies
What scoring system is used to measure histologic aggressiveness of prostate cancers?
Gleason scoring (and WHO group grading).
p.8
Types of Cancer Treatments
What are the candidates for resection in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)?
Single lesion, no metastasis, cirrhotic patients with single tumors ≤5 cm and portal hypertension.
p.1
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
What leads to tumorigenesis in tumor suppressor genes?
Loss of function mutations.
p.8
Carcinogens and Associated Cancers
What parasitic infections are associated with cholangiocarcinoma?
Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini.
p.10
High-Yield Concepts in Lung Cancer
What is the most common type of melanoma?
Superficial spreading melanoma.
p.10
High-Yield Concepts in Lung Cancer
What is the single greatest determinant of metastasis in melanoma?
Depth of invasion (Breslow thickness).
p.12
Chemotherapy Drugs and Their Effects
What is the interaction between Azathioprine and 6-Mercaptopurine?
Increased toxicity when taken together.
p.9
High-Yield Concepts in Genitourinary Malignancies
What is the predominant therapy to reduce future risk of prostate cancer diagnosis?
5-alpha reductase inhibitors (finasteride/dutasteride).
p.4
Carcinogens and Associated Cancers
What types of cancer are linked to smoking?
Bladder, lung, esophageal, kidney, head and neck, and pancreatic cancers.
p.1
Types of Cancer Treatments
What is brachytherapy?
Encapsulated sealed sources of radiation implanted directly or adjacent to the tumor.
p.10
High-Yield Concepts in Lung Cancer
What type of melanoma is most common in dark-skinned individuals and Asians?
Acral-lentiginous melanoma.
p.12
Chemotherapy Drugs and Their Effects
What should be monitored when taking 6-Mercaptopurine?
Intake of allopurinol, as 6-MP is metabolized by xanthine oxidase.
p.7
High-Yield Concepts in Colorectal Neoplasms
What genetic condition is characterized by multiple polyps in the intestines and associated tumors?
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).
p.7
High-Yield Concepts in Colorectal Neoplasms
What type of colon cancer typically presents with obstructive symptoms?
Left-sided colon cancers.
p.6
High-Yield Concepts in Gastric and Esophageal Cancer
What is the relationship between acid reflux and esophageal cancer?
Acid reflux is related to Barrett's esophagus, which can lead to adenocarcinoma.
p.8
Types of Cancer Treatments
What is the standard surgical procedure for pancreatic head and uncinate tumors?
Pancreaticoduodenectomy (modified Whipple's procedure).
p.11
Risk Factors for Cancer
What paraneoplastic syndrome is associated with hypercalcemia?
PTHrP, commonly seen in squamous cell carcinoma (lung, head & neck, skin, breast, GU, GI).
p.2
Cancer Screening Recommendations
What should African American men or those with a family history of prostate cancer do regarding screening?
Start discussions at age 45.
p.4
Carcinogens and Associated Cancers
What cancers are associated with H. pylori infection?
Gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma.
p.11
Chemotherapy Drugs and Their Effects
What is a notable side effect of cyclophosphamide?
Hemorrhagic cystitis; MESNA is the antidote.
p.3
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
What does the RAS oncogene indicate?
It is associated with colon, lung, and pancreatic cancer.
p.8
Types of Cancer Treatments
What are Klatskin tumors?
Nodular tumors arising at the bifurcation of the common bile duct.
p.10
High-Yield Concepts in Lung Cancer
What are the characteristics of a malignant melanoma lesion?
Asymmetry, border irregularity, color variegation, diameter >6mm, and change in the lesion.
p.6
High-Yield Concepts in Gastric and Esophageal Cancer
What are some implicated risk factors for gastric cancer?
Low socio-economic class, H. pylori infection, ingestion of high concentrations of nitrates in preserved foods.
p.6
High-Yield Concepts in Gastric and Esophageal Cancer
What is the only chance of cure for gastric cancer?
Complete surgical removal of the tumor with resection of adjacent lymph nodes.
p.12
Chemotherapy Drugs and Their Effects
What is the mnemonic for Vinblastine's effect?
'Blast the bone marrow' indicates myelosuppression.
p.10
High-Yield Concepts in Lung Cancer
What are the common presentations of Xeroderma pigmentosum?
Dry skin, photosensitivity, and skin cancer.
p.6
High-Yield Concepts in Gastric and Esophageal Cancer
What are the main risk factors for esophageal cancer?
Smoking and alcohol consumption.
p.9
High-Yield Concepts in Genitourinary Malignancies
What is the classic triad of renal cell carcinoma?
Hematuria, abdominal pain, and palpable abdominal mass.
p.12
Chemotherapy Drugs and Their Effects
What does Hydroxyurea inhibit?
Ribonucleotide reductase.
p.12
Chemotherapy Drugs and Their Effects
What is the effect of Taxanes on microtubules?
Hyperstabilize polymerized microtubules, preventing breakdown.
p.11
Risk Factors for Cancer
Which paraneoplastic syndrome is linked to thymoma?
Myasthenia gravis and pure red cell aplasia.
p.9
High-Yield Concepts in Soft Tissue Malignancies
What is the most important prognostic factor for long-term survival in osteosarcoma?
Response to chemotherapy.
p.5
Risk Factors for Cancer
What types of lung cancer are most commonly associated with smoking?
Small cell and squamous cell lung cancer.
p.10
High-Yield Concepts in Lung Cancer
Where is the most common site for basal cell carcinoma?
Face, head, and neck area.
p.4
Carcinogens and Associated Cancers
Which carcinogens are linked to bladder cancer?
Aromatic dyes and Schistosoma.
p.6
High-Yield Concepts in Gastric and Esophageal Cancer
What threshold of dysphagia indicates significant esophageal circumference infiltration?
>60% of the esophageal circumference.
p.6
High-Yield Concepts in Gastric and Esophageal Cancer
What type of gastric adenocarcinoma is frequently ulcerative?
Intestinal type, often involving the antrum and lesser curvature.
p.2
Tumor Markers and Immunohistochemistry
What is the significance of cKIT (CD117) in tumor markers?
It is associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) and mastocytosis.
p.4
Carcinogens and Associated Cancers
What is the association of HBV, HCV, aflatoxin-1, and ethanol?
Hepatocellular carcinoma.
p.2
Tumor Markers and Immunohistochemistry
What does PSA stand for and what cancer is it associated with?
Prostate-specific antigen; associated with prostate cancer.
p.5
High-Yield Concepts in Lung Cancer
What is the most common histology of lung cancer overall?
Adenocarcinoma of the lung.
p.9
High-Yield Concepts in Genitourinary Malignancies
What is the initial manifestation of an underlying urinary tract cancer?
Painless hematuria (either gross or microscopic).
p.8
Types of Cancer Treatments
What does Courvoisier's sign indicate?
Palpable gallbladder associated with obstructive biliary malignancy.
p.10
High-Yield Concepts in Lung Cancer
What is lichenification?
Thickening of skin with accentuation of skin fold markings.
p.6
High-Yield Concepts in Gastric and Esophageal Cancer
What are Sister Mary Joseph nodes?
Gastric cancer metastatic to the periumbilical region.
p.2
Tumor Markers and Immunohistochemistry
What cancers are associated with hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)?
Hydatidiform moles, choriocarcinomas, and testicular cancer.
p.12
Chemotherapy Drugs and Their Effects
What is a significant side effect of Irinotecan?
Severe diarrhea and myelosuppression.
p.3
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
What type of cancer is associated with the APC tumor suppressor gene?
Colon cancer (Familial Adenomatous Polyposis - FAP).
p.4
Carcinogens and Associated Cancers
What type of cancer is associated with alkylating agents and benzene?
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).
p.6
High-Yield Concepts in Gastric and Esophageal Cancer
What are the initial symptoms of esophageal cancer?
Progressive dysphagia and weight loss.
p.5
Breast Cancer Risk Factors and Treatments
What hormonal treatment increases the risk of endometrial cancer in breast cancer patients?
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM).
p.4
Carcinogens and Associated Cancers
Which virus is linked to cancers of the cervix and anus?
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
p.6
High-Yield Concepts in Gastric and Esophageal Cancer
What is the primary treatment for gastric MALT lymphoma?
Eradication of H. pylori (as long as it has not transformed into DLBCL).
p.2
Tumor Markers and Immunohistochemistry
What condition is indicated by elevated levels of AFP (alpha fetoprotein)?
Hepatocellular carcinoma and neural tube defects.
p.9
High-Yield Concepts in Genitourinary Malignancies
What is the most common histology of bladder cancer?
Urothelial carcinoma (formerly referred to as transitional cell carcinoma).
p.1
Types of Cancer Treatments
What is teletherapy?
Delivery of radiation therapy from a distance.
p.2
Cancer Screening Recommendations
What is the screening recommendation for women aged 40-44?
Provide the opportunity to begin annual screening.
p.2
Cancer Screening Recommendations
What is the recommendation for mammography screening for women aged 55 and older?
Transition to biennial screening or continue annual screening.
p.11
Risk Factors for Cancer
What is the paraneoplastic syndrome associated with SIADH?
Small cell carcinoma of the lung, carcinoid tumors, GI, GU, ovarian cancer, and intracranial neoplasms.
p.11
Risk Factors for Cancer
Which tumors are associated with hypoglycemia from IGF-2 excess?
Mesenchymal tumors, hepatocellular, and adrenal carcinomas.
p.9
High-Yield Concepts in Soft Tissue Malignancies
What characteristic x-ray findings are associated with osteosarcoma?
Codman triangle or sunburst pattern.
p.4
Carcinogens and Associated Cancers
What cancers are associated with asbestos exposure?
Lung cancer and mesothelioma.
p.6
High-Yield Concepts in Gastric and Esophageal Cancer
What type of gastric adenocarcinoma is characterized by loss of cell cohesion?
Diffuse type (linitis plastica or leather bottle appearance).
p.1
Chemotherapy Drugs and Their Effects
What are the most effective drugs against highly emetogenic agents?
Serotonin receptor antagonists (e.g., ondansetron).
p.9
High-Yield Concepts in Genitourinary Malignancies
What test is used to establish a prostate cancer diagnosis?
Image-guided needle biopsy.
p.11
Risk Factors for Cancer
What is Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome associated with?
Small cell carcinoma of the lung.
p.11
Chemotherapy Drugs and Their Effects
What adverse effects are associated with cisplatin?
Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuropathy; amifostine is the antidote.
p.12
Chemotherapy Drugs and Their Effects
What are the side effects of Hydroxyurea?
Myelosuppression and GI upset.
p.2
Tumor Markers and Immunohistochemistry
What type of cancer is calcitonin a marker for?
Medullary thyroid cancer.
p.12
Chemotherapy Drugs and Their Effects
What are the side effects of Etoposide and Teniposide?
Alopecia, GI irritation, and myelosuppression.
p.11
Risk Factors for Cancer
What causes Cushing's Syndrome in paraneoplastic syndromes?
Ectopic ACTH production, commonly from small cell lung cancer, carcinoid, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and neural tumors.
p.11
Risk Factors for Cancer
What malignancies are associated with polycythemia?
Renal and hepatocellular cancer, cerebellar hemangiomas.
p.2
Tumor Markers and Immunohistochemistry
What cancers are associated with CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)?
Colon, pancreatic, breast, lung, and ovarian cancer.
p.11
Risk Factors for Cancer
What is Trousseau's Syndrome associated with?
Pancreatic cancer (migratory thrombophlebitis).
p.11
Chemotherapy Drugs and Their Effects
What are the common adverse effects of alkylating agents?
Alopecia, bone marrow toxicity, and gonadal failure.
p.11
Chemotherapy Drugs and Their Effects
What reaction can procarbazine cause?
Disulfiram-like reaction.
p.11
Chemotherapy Drugs and Their Effects
What is the main adverse effect of doxorubicin?
Cardiotoxicity; dexrazoxane is the antidote.
