What is an example of an anatomical problem?
Cardiomegaly (enlarged heart).
How does human biology relate to physiology?
It examines how the body systems function and interact.
p.34
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What are the two main categories of matter?
Pure substances and mixtures.
What is the arrangement of atoms in solids?
Atoms are arranged in a fixed position with a definite shape and volume.
What does the appendicular region include?
Upper limbs and lower limbs.
p.11
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What are the basic components of the chemical level?
Proton, electron, and neutron.
p.36
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
p.35
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What determines the identity of an element?
The number of protons, which defines the atomic number.
p.35
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
Can elements be broken down into simpler substances?
No, elements cannot be changed or broken down into simpler substances.
p.30
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What is the result of a negative feedback mechanism?
The body is brought back into homeostasis.
p.1
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
How are anatomy and physiology related?
Anatomy provides the structure, while physiology explains how those structures function.
What are the components of the upper limbs?
Arm, forearm, wrist, hands, and fingers.
p.35
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What is an element?
A pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind, e.g., O2.
p.42
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Give examples of inorganic compounds.
Water, acids, bases, salts.
p.49
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
What roles do proteins play in the body?
They are largely responsible for cell structure, including enzymes, antibodies, and hormones.
p.30
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What initiates a negative feedback mechanism?
A stimulus that causes responses to slow down or terminate the stimulus.
p.35
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
How does atomic weight relate to isotopes?
It is very close to the mass number of the most common isotope of that element.
p.15
Levels of Organization in Biology
Name three organ systems in the human body.
Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Muscular System.
p.47
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?
They serve as the most important fuel or energy source.
p.5
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What can studying Anatomy and Physiology help identify?
Problems when the body gets sick.
p.7
Levels of Organization in Biology
What level of organization does human biology study?
It studies multiple levels, including cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
p.49
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What determines the variety of proteins?
The different sequences of amino acids.
p.30
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What does a positive feedback mechanism promote?
The original process to continue the pathway or to increase its activity.
p.13
Levels of Organization in Biology
What is the tissue level in biology?
Groups of similar cells working together to perform a particular function.
p.48
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What is the function of adipose tissue?
It provides thermal insulation and acts as a shock-absorbing cushion for vital organs.
p.23
Levels of Organization in Biology
What does the dorsal body cavity include?
Cranial cavity and Vertebral cavity.
p.47
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are disaccharides?
Carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides, like sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
p.21
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What are the names of the four abdominopelvic quadrants?
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ).
What are the two main branches of anatomy?
Gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy.
p.29
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What is a positive feedback system?
The effector produces a response that promotes the initial change.
Give an example of a physiological function.
The pumping of the heart.
p.50
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are enzymes?
Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.
What allows gas molecules to move freely?
The lack of a definite shape or volume.
p.37
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What are the types of chemical bonding?
Ionic bond, Covalent bond, Hydrogen bond, Van der Waals force.
p.27
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What is homeostasis?
The process by which a stable internal environment is maintained in an organism.
p.40
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions?
Chemical bond changes take place as atoms rearrange to form different substances.
p.28
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What is a receptor in the context of homeostasis?
A sensor that detects environmental changes and sends information to the control center.
p.3
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What does the principle of complementarity of structure and functions state?
Structure determines the functions of an organism.
p.29
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What is a feedback system?
A process that allows constant readjustment of physiological variables.
What factors are considered when studying structures?
What they are made of, where they are located, and associated structures.
p.36
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
Do different isotopes of an element have similar chemical properties?
Yes, they have similar chemical properties except for mass number.
p.45
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What are the three buffer mechanisms in the body?
Body fluid buffer, respiratory buffer, and renal buffer.
p.17
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What does 'prone' mean?
Lying down with the face down.
p.48
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What is one important function of lipids?
They serve as important energy reserves.
p.1
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What does physiology study?
The functions of the body's structures.
p.7
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What is homeostasis in the context of human biology?
The maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body.
p.3
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What does the term 'homeostasis' refer to?
The tendency toward internal balance within an organism.
p.35
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What are atoms?
The smallest particles of an element that still retain the characteristics of that element.
p.42
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Give examples of organic compounds.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins.
p.50
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
What is the role of activation energy in biochemical reactions?
It is the energy required to start up a reaction.
p.24
Levels of Organization in Biology
What does the thoracic cavity consist of?
Two pleural cavities (left and right) separated by the mediastinum.
p.40
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What occurs in exchange reactions?
Parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products.
p.41
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What is reduction?
The process where an electron is given to another substance.
p.24
Levels of Organization in Biology
What is the function of pleural fluid?
To lubricate the space between the two layers of pleura.
p.48
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are the classifications of lipids?
Fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated), phospholipids, and steroids.
p.23
Levels of Organization in Biology
What structures are found in the ventral body cavity?
Thoracic cavity and Abdominalpelvic cavity.
p.47
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are polysaccharides?
Carbohydrates made up of long chains of monosaccharides, such as starch.
p.23
Levels of Organization in Biology
What is one essential function of body cavities?
To protect organs from accidental shocks.
What are the three major regions of the trunk?
Thoracic region, abdominal region, and pelvic region.
What does physiology study?
The functions of the body.
p.12
Levels of Organization in Biology
What are organelles?
Special structures within a cell, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and lysosomes.
p.14
Levels of Organization in Biology
What is a common characteristic of organs?
They usually have a recognizable shape.
p.14
Levels of Organization in Biology
How many types of tissues compose an organ?
Two or more types of tissues.
How does the kinetic energy of gases compare to solids?
Gases contain the highest amount of kinetic energy.
p.17
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What does 'supine' refer to?
Lying down with the face up.
p.41
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What happens in a redox reaction?
There is a loss of electrons from one reactant and a gain of electrons by another.
p.41
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What is oxidation?
The process where a product gains electrons.
p.8
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
What is anabolism?
Chemical reactions that build up simple molecules into complex substances.
p.27
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What are the two types of feedback mechanisms?
Positive feedback and negative feedback.
p.47
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars such as glucose, fructose, and galactose.
p.1
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What is the primary focus of anatomy?
The structure of the body and its parts.
p.5
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What is one reason for studying Anatomy and Physiology?
To discover the unity and patterns underlying biological diversity.
p.49
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What elements do proteins contain?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
p.49
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are the three types of peptides?
Dipeptide, tripeptide, and polypeptide.
p.12
Levels of Organization in Biology
Name three examples of organelles.
Nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes.
p.36
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What distinguishes isotopes of the same element?
The different number of neutrons in their nuclei.
p.37
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What is a compound?
A substance formed by two or more different elements, e.g., H2O.
p.24
Levels of Organization in Biology
What are the two layers of the pleura?
Parietal pleura and visceral pleura.
p.40
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
Are chemical reactions reversible?
Yes, chemical reactions are reversible.
p.21
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What are the two main ways to divide the abdominopelvic region?
Using quadrants or using regions.
p.28
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
Provide an example of an effector in the body.
Muscles, glands, and organs.
p.6
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What are the basic building blocks of medical terminology?
Prefix, root, and suffix.
p.33
Levels of Organization in Biology
Where are electrons located in relation to the nucleus?
Surround the nucleus and may form electron clouds.
What systems are included in human biology?
Skeletal, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, and reproductive systems.
What is the cervical region?
The anatomical region of the neck.
What are the components of the lower limbs?
Thigh, leg, ankle, foot, and toes.
p.29
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What characterizes a negative feedback system?
The response reverses a change in stimulus.
p.11
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
Can you name some elements mentioned in the text?
Hydrogen, Carbon, Chloride.
How does the kinetic energy of solids compare to liquids?
Solids have less kinetic energy than liquids.
p.35
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What is atomic weight?
An average of different atomic mass and proportion of its different isotopes.
p.50
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
How do enzymes promote chemical reactions?
By lowering the activation energy required.
p.30
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What is the effect of a positive feedback mechanism on homeostasis?
The body is moved away from homeostasis.
p.17
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What is superficial anatomy?
Locating structures on or near the body surface.
p.27
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What role do feedback systems play in homeostasis?
They monitor and regulate bodily functions to maintain equilibrium.
p.24
Levels of Organization in Biology
What does the upper portion of the mediastinum contain?
Blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and the thymus.
What does Gross Anatomy focus on?
The study of structure without using a microscope.
What is a fundamental characteristic of living things regarding growth?
Living things can reproduce and grow.
p.46
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What is the difference between ATP and Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)?
ATP has three phosphate groups, while ADP has two.
p.28
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What are examples of stimuli that can disrupt homeostasis?
Changes in temperature, sound, or pH.
What does Systemic Anatomy examine?
The study of organ systems, like the cardiovascular system.
p.46
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are proteins made of?
Proteins are made of amino acids.
p.6
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What does the root 'Cardio-' refer to?
Heart (e.g., Cardiogenic shock).
p.46
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
How does RNA differ from DNA?
RNA is usually single-stranded and contains uracil instead of thymine.
What is the nature of the forces generated by random disturbances in electron clouds?
Weak and brief attractive forces.
Define Systemic Physiology.
The study of system function, like the cardiovascular system.
p.6
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What does the suffix '-ectomy' mean?
Removal (e.g., Thyroidectomy).
What does anatomy study?
The internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships.
p.34
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What is matter defined as?
Anything that takes up space and has mass.
What fields are included in the study of physiology?
Biochemistry and genetics.
What is the significance of studying anatomical structures?
To understand their individual and cooperative functions.
What is a plane in anatomical terms?
A three-dimensional axis.
Why are planes and sections important?
They are used to visualize internal organization and structure.
p.53
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
What is the role of ATP in cellular activities?
Transfer energy to power cellular activities.
p.25
Levels of Organization in Biology
What is the peritoneal cavity?
A chamber within the abdominopelvic cavity.
p.18
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What does 'anterior' or 'ventral' refer to in anatomical directions?
The front surface or the belly side.
p.27
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
How does negative feedback work in homeostasis?
It reverses a change to bring the system back to its set point.
What is a double covalent bond?
A bond where two pairs of electrons are shared.
p.26
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
Why is homeostasis essential?
It is essential for survival.
p.41
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What is another example of an oxidizing agent?
Fe3O4 (Iron(II,III) oxide).
p.25
Levels of Organization in Biology
Which portion is the pelvic cavity?
The inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity.
p.23
Levels of Organization in Biology
What do serous membranes do?
Line body cavities and cover organs.
p.9
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What is hydrostatic pressure?
The pressure a liquid exerts due to the weight of water above it.
p.7
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What is the primary focus of human biology?
The study of the human body and its functions.
p.1
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What is the significance of understanding anatomy and physiology?
It is essential for the practice of medicine and health sciences.
p.3
Levels of Organization in Biology
What is the hierarchy of structural relationship?
It refers to the organization of biological structures from simple to complex.
p.42
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
What are the primary components of inorganic compounds?
Positive and negative ions.
p.45
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What is a buffer solution?
An aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of weak acid and conjugate base or a weak base and conjugate acid.
p.34
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What are the two types of heterogeneous mixtures?
Suspensions and colloids.
p.53
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
What is the main energy source for most cellular processes?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
p.37
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What is a molecule?
A substance formed by two or more atoms of the same element sharing electrons, e.g., O2.
p.13
Levels of Organization in Biology
Name three types of tissues.
Blood, bone, epithelial tissue.
p.33
Levels of Organization in Biology
What are all matters composed of?
Atoms in varying combinations.
p.41
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What is a reducing agent?
The reactant that donates electrons and oxidizes itself.
p.46
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are the main organic compounds found in the human body?
Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
p.28
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What triggers a response in a homeostatic mechanism?
A stimulus, which is any disruption or change in a controlled condition or environment.
p.27
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What is an example of a negative feedback mechanism?
Regulation of body temperature.
What defines a nonpolar covalent bond?
Equal sharing of electrons between atoms.
p.52
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid.
p.13
Levels of Organization in Biology
What type of tissue provides support and structure to the body?
Bone and cartilage tissue.
p.51
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are the components of a nucleotide?
Pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen bases.
What is Developmental Anatomy?
The study of anatomical changes from conception to death, including embryology.
p.44
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What happens if there are changes in pH in the body?
It will disrupt cellular and tissue function.
p.26
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What are the three components of feedback systems?
Receptor, Control Centre, and Effector.
What are Van der Waals forces?
Weak forces acting between adjacent molecules.
Give an example of a structure studied in anatomy.
The structure of the heart.
p.34
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What characterizes a homogeneous mixture?
It has the same properties throughout.
What is a characteristic of liquids regarding volume and shape?
Liquids have a constant volume but do not have a definite shape.
p.17
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What is the Anatomical Position?
Standing erect, facing the observer, with head level, eyes forward, feet flat and directed forward, and hands at sides with palms facing forward.
In which techniques are planes and sections important?
Radiological techniques such as MRI, CT, and PET.
p.30
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What happens to the normal range in a positive feedback mechanism?
The normal range is lost.
p.53
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
What is ADP?
Adenosine Diphosphate, a molecule that is involved in energy transfer.
p.23
Levels of Organization in Biology
What are the two main categories of body cavities?
Dorsal body cavity and Ventral body cavity.
What is a covalent bond?
Atoms bond by sharing electrons.
p.26
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What is the purpose of homeostasis in the body?
To maintain a stable internal environment.
What is Surface Anatomy?
The study of exterior features, such as surface markings.
p.43
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
How does water participate in chemical reactions?
It serves as an ideal medium for chemical reactions.
p.52
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are the bases found in DNA?
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).
What is a hydrogen bond?
An attraction between a slight positive charge on hydrogen and a slight negative charge on another atom.
p.43
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
What role does water play in lubrication within the body?
It is a major part of saliva, mucus, and other lubricating fluids.
p.12
Levels of Organization in Biology
What groups work together at the cellular level?
Groups of atoms, molecules, and organelles.
p.14
Levels of Organization in Biology
What is the organ level in biological organization?
Groups of tissues working together.
p.45
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What is the primary function of a buffer?
To maintain a stable pH when small amounts of strong acid or base are added.
p.45
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
Why are moderate pH changes important in the human body?
To maintain constant pH conditions.
What is a section in anatomy?
A slice parallel to a plane.
p.48
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are lipids?
Hydrophobic organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
p.50
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
Why do most biochemical reactions not occur spontaneously?
They either do not take place spontaneously or occur slowly without enzymes.
p.47
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are some examples of carbohydrates?
Glucose, glycogen, and starch.
p.51
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are nucleic acids?
Huge molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
p.26
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What does dynamic equilibrium refer to in biological systems?
Internal conditions fluctuate within a limited range.
p.25
Levels of Organization in Biology
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
Reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder.
p.21
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What are the names of the nine regions in the abdominopelvic area?
Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac, Right Hypochondriac, Umbilical, Left Lumbar, Right Lumbar, Hypogastric, Left Inguinal, Right Inguinal.
p.25
Levels of Organization in Biology
What is the distinguishing feature of the abdominal cavity?
It is the superior portion within the pelvic bones.
p.26
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What controls extrinsic regulation in the body?
The nervous and endocrine systems.
What does Histology study?
The study of tissues and their structures.
p.6
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What does the suffix '-otomy' mean?
Incision (e.g., Craniotomy).
What is Pathological Physiology?
The study of physiology and its effects in certain diseases, such as heart failure.
p.34
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What characterizes a heterogeneous mixture?
It consists of two phases with different properties.
p.36
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What is the effect of isotopes on mass number?
Different isotopes have different mass numbers.
p.37
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What happens to electrons when atoms form chemical bonds?
Electrons can be gained, shared, or lost.
p.53
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
List some uses of ATP in the body.
Muscle contraction, synthesis of DNA and RNA, movement of structures within cells, transport of substances across cell membranes.
p.8
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
What is catabolism?
Chemical reactions that break down complex substances into simpler molecules.
p.47
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What is the general chemical formula for carbohydrates?
They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 (C6H12O6).
p.9
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
What role does water play in metabolic processes?
It provides an environment for metabolic processes to occur.
p.25
Levels of Organization in Biology
What is located in the retroperitoneal space?
Pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract.
p.23
Levels of Organization in Biology
What does the abdominalpelvic cavity consist of?
Abdominal cavity and Pelvic cavity.
p.27
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
Give an example of positive feedback.
The process of childbirth.
p.31
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are the four main types of macromolecules in living organisms?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
p.8
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
What do living organisms do with energy and materials?
They intake and utilize energy and materials.
p.52
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What is complementary base pairing in DNA?
A pairs with T, G pairs with C.
p.18
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What does 'proximal' refer to in anatomical directions?
Toward the point of attachment of the limb to the trunk.
p.8
Levels of Organization in Biology
At what levels can change in position and location occur?
At all levels of structural organization.
What is Organ Physiology?
The study of organ function, such as heart function.
p.6
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What does the suffix '-itis' mean?
Inflammation (e.g., Gastritis).
p.53
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are the building blocks of ATP?
Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.
p.48
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What role do lipids play in cell structure?
They are essential structural components of all cells, making up cell membranes.
p.48
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
How do lipids assist with vitamins?
They act as a medium for essential vitamins dissolved.
What is Cell Physiology?
The study of cellular function and processes within and between cells.
What is a single covalent bond?
A bond where one pair of electrons is shared.
p.23
Levels of Organization in Biology
What are the components of the thoracic cavity?
Superior mediastinum, Pleural cavity, Pericardial cavity.
p.9
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
What are intracellular fluids?
Substances dissolved inside the cells.
p.27
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What is positive feedback in the context of homeostasis?
It amplifies a change, moving the system away from its set point.
p.52
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What is the structure of DNA?
A long double helix chain of nucleotides.
p.27
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What is the significance of homeostatic mechanisms?
They are crucial for survival, allowing organisms to adapt to changes in their environment.
What forms an ionic compound?
The attraction between cations and anions.
p.21
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Name three organs located in the abdominopelvic region.
Liver, Gallbladder, Stomach.
p.52
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are the bases found in RNA?
Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).
p.6
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What does the suffix '-megaly' mean?
Enlargement (e.g., Cardiomegaly).
p.28
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What is the role of an effector in homeostasis?
Produces a response/effect that responds to the commands of the control center.
p.28
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What does the control center do in a homeostatic mechanism?
Evaluates input from receptors and generates output commands to effectors if needed.
p.41
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What is an oxidizing agent?
The reactant that accepts electrons and reduces itself.
p.18
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What does 'inferior' mean in anatomical directions?
Towards the superior of the body; deep from the surface; lower level toward the feet.
p.26
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What is autoregulation?
A response in a cell, tissue, or organ to environmental changes.
p.51
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are the nitrogen bases in DNA?
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine.
p.52
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What role does DNA play in human cells?
It forms the inherited genetic material.
p.9
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
What determines the rate of metabolic reactions?
The degree of heat present.
p.18
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
How are 'left' and 'right' used in anatomical terms?
To describe positions relative to the body, referring to the patient's left and right.
p.43
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Where is water necessary in the body?
In the thoracic and abdominal cavities, and joints.
p.52
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What is the function of RNA?
It relays instructions from genes to transcribe amino acids.
p.40
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
How do cells maintain functionality?
By controlling chemical reactions to provide energy and manage metabolism.
p.8
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
What does metabolism encompass?
Both catabolism and anabolism.
p.9
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
How does water help in regulating temperature?
It helps to maintain homeostasis and temperature regulation.
p.9
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
What is extracellular fluid?
Fluid outside the cells, including tissue fluid and plasma.
p.33
Levels of Organization in Biology
What determines the mass of an atom?
The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
p.9
Basic Chemistry and Chemical Bonds
What is atmospheric pressure?
The force on the outside of the body due to the weight of air.
p.46
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What is the structure of DNA?
DNA is a double helix made up of nucleotides.
p.18
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What does 'distal' mean in anatomy?
Away from the point of attachment of the limb to the trunk.
p.52
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What is a gene?
A segment of a DNA molecule.
p.6
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What does the suffix '-ostomy' mean?
Get an opening or hole (e.g., Colostomy).
p.8
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
How do living things respond to changes in the environment?
Through homeostasis and regulation.
p.46
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What is the role of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) in the body?
ATP serves as the main energy currency in cells.
p.18
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What does 'superior' refer to in anatomical terms?
At or relatively close to the body surface; upper level from the feet.
Define Regional Anatomy.
The study of body areas, such as the head.
p.46
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are the primary functions of carbohydrates in the human body?
Carbohydrates provide energy and serve as structural components.
p.28
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What is the function of nerve endings in the context of homeostasis?
They act as receptors that sense environmental changes and stimuli.
What is Clinical Anatomy?
The study related to medical specialties, such as surgical anatomy.
p.23
Levels of Organization in Biology
What are the two layers of serous membranes?
Parietal layer and Visceral layer.
What does Microscopic Anatomy involve?
The study of structure with magnification using a microscope.
p.52
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What is the structure of RNA?
A single strand of nucleotides.
p.6
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What does the prefix 'A-' or 'An-' mean?
No or without (e.g., Anaemia, Afebrile - no fever).
What happens in an ionic bond?
Atoms gain or lose electrons and become charged ions.
p.43
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Why is water considered an excellent solvent?
Because it can dissolve other materials (solute) effectively.
What characterizes a polar covalent bond?
Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms.
p.9
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
What is the role of oxygen in organisms?
It is used to release energy from food substances.
p.43
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
What property of water helps moderate environmental temperature changes?
It absorbs and releases heat very slowly.
p.31
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
What is the function of enzymes in biological systems?
To act as catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.
What is Cytology?
The study of cells and their structures.
p.6
Medical Terminology and Anatomical Directions
What does the prefix 'Bi-' signify?
Two (e.g., Biventricular failure).
p.46
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What is the function of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA?
Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.
p.9
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
Why is pressure important in breathing?
It helps to facilitate the process of inhalation and exhalation.
p.31
Cellular Functions and Metabolism
What is the main energy currency of the cell?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
p.8
Levels of Organization in Biology
What is differentiation in the context of cells?
Each cell is differentiated into different structures and functions from its precursor cell.
p.43
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
How does water help maintain body temperature homeostasis?
By absorbing and releasing heat slowly.
p.43
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
How does water serve as a cooling mechanism?
By absorbing heat and changing from liquid to gas.
p.21
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What is the function of the spleen in the abdominopelvic region?
It plays a role in filtering blood and immune response.
