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DNA ligase links the single-base to the ___ of the DNA.
backbone
Base excision repair is involved in correcting a ___ mismatch.
T·G
1/485
p.75
DNA Repair Mechanisms

DNA ligase links the single-base to the ___ of the DNA.

backbone

p.74
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Base excision repair is involved in correcting a ___ mismatch.

T·G

p.75
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Base excision repair is used to correct a ___ mismatch.

T·G

p.74
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The enzyme ___ associated with DNA polymerase β removes the deoxyribose phosphate.

Apurinic lyase (AP lyase)

p.77
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Spontaneous DNA damage can lead to ___ deletions.

deletions

p.73
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Base excision repair is involved in correcting a ___·G mismatch.

T

p.85
DNA Repair Mechanisms

In DNA repair, ___ fills the gap and ___ connects the new section of DNA to the backbone.

DNA polymerase (Pol δ), DNA ligase

p.85
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Mismatch excision repair is a process that occurs in ___ cells.

human

p.103
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

The structure formed during branch migration is known as a ___ structure.

Holliday

p.9
DNA Structure and Replication

In the DNA double helix, the bases project inward from the ___ - ___ backbones.

sugar, phosphate

p.102
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

In step 3, ___ (bacteria) or ___ (eukaryotes) proteins bind to the 3ʹ end of the single-stranded DNA.

RecA, Rad51

p.78
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The proofreading activity of DNA Polymerase helps correct errors during ___ replication.

DNA

p.12
Gene Structure and Organization

Many genes encode functional RNAs such as rRNAs, tRNAs, and ___.

miRNAs

p.121
Gene Expression Regulation

Multiple microarray experiments can identify clusters of ___ genes.

co-regulated

p.73
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Apurinic endonuclease I (APE1) cuts the DNA backbone at the ___ site.

abasic

p.70
Mutations and Genetic Instability

The deamination of 5 - Methylcytosine (C) to ___ (T) is a frequent cause of point mutations.

thymine

p.70
Mutations and Genetic Instability

If C is not restored after deamination, the normal C·G base pair will become a ___ - A mutation.

T

p.85
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Inheritable loss-of-function mutations in ___ or ___ cause predisposition to nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.

MSH2, MLH1

p.86
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The inactivation of components of the nucleotide excision-repair system leads to sensitivity to ___.

UV

p.82
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The ___ excision-repair pathway corrects errors introduced during replication.

mismatch

p.75
DNA Repair Mechanisms

In base excision repair, DNA Pol ___ inserts the single-base.

β

p.77
DNA Repair Mechanisms

One type of spontaneous DNA damage is ___ .

depurination

p.124
Gene Expression Regulation

Multiple microarray experiments can identify clusters of ___ genes.

co-regulated

p.124
Gene Expression Regulation

Combining information from multiple experiments can filter out these problems and will identify genes under ___ control.

common

p.87
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Nucleotide excision repair is a mechanism used in ___ cells.

human

p.103
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

In the process of branch migration, the target DNA - invading strand hybrid region is extended in the direction ___ from the break.

away

p.94
DNA Repair Mechanisms

In the synapse, ___ remove bases from the DNA ends.

nucleases

p.82
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Mismatch excision repair is a process that occurs in ___ cells.

human

p.84
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The DNA-protein complex binds an ___ that cuts the newly synthesized daughter strand.

endonuclease

p.98
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Damaged DNA is copied from an undamaged copy on the ___ chromosome in diploid organisms.

homologous

p.97
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Homologous recombination is used to repair ___ - strand breaks.

double

p.74
DNA Repair Mechanisms

DNA polymerase β is a specialized DNA polymerase used in ___ repair.

repair

p.88
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The XP-C protein complex recruits the transcription factor ___, which has ATP-powered helicase subunits.

TFIIH

p.104
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The cleavage of the phosphodiester bonds occurs when ___ from one parent strand to the other.

cross over

p.4
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Individual chromosomes can be observed in cells during ___ (mitosis).

cell division

p.62
DNA Structure and Replication

The average chromosome in eukaryotes contains ___ million nucleotide pairs.

150

p.71
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The repair system evolved to remove a mismatched T and replace it with a ___.

C

p.78
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The incorrect base is usually corrected by ___ activity of DNA Polymerase.

3’ à 5’ exonuclease

p.96
DNA Repair Mechanisms

A hybrid gene created by incorrect joining could code for the N - terminal portion of one amino acid sequence fused to the ___ portion of a different amino acid sequence.

C - terminal

p.98
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

In haploid and diploid organisms, the sister chromosome is used for DNA repair following ___ replication.

DNA

p.92
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

NHEJ accounts for most double-strand break repair outside of ___.

meiosis

p.88
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The unwinding process forms a bubble of about ___ bases.

25

p.87
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The XP - C (___) protein complex recognizes double-helix distortion.

xeroderma pigmentosum C

p.95
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

The process described involves ___ end-joining.

Nonhomologous

p.70
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Deamination leads to ___ mutations.

point

p.12
Gene Structure and Organization

Eukaryotic gene structure includes ___ regions, exons, and introns.

control

p.71
DNA Repair Mechanisms

A T·G mismatch is almost invariably caused by the deamination of C to ___ or 5-methyl C to ___.

U, T

p.9
DNA Structure and Replication

The major and minor grooves of DNA are lined by potential hydrogen bond ___ and ___.

donors, acceptors

p.93
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

A Ku-DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNAPK) complex binds to the ends of a double-strand break forming a ___.

synapse

p.93
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

The Ku70/80 complex protects broken DNA ends from ___ activity.

nuclease

p.98
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

The special type of cell division that generates germ cells is called ___.

meiosis

p.23
Gene Structure and Organization

There are about ___ tRNA genes in the human genome.

500

p.23
Gene Structure and Organization

U7 snRNA is involved in ___ mRNA 3′ processing.

Histone

p.15
Gene Structure and Organization

Each parental chromosome contains one ancestral ___ gene.

β-globin

p.106
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Recombinational repair is used for a ___ replication fork.

collapsed

p.121
Gene Expression Regulation

Combining information from multiple experiments can filter out these problems and will identify genes under ___ control.

common

p.87
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The XP - C protein complex specifically recognizes distortions caused by a ___ - ___ dimer.

T, T

p.86
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Mutations in at least seven different genes, called ___ through ___, cause sensitivity to UV.

XP - A, XP - G

p.10
Transcription and RNA Processing

TBP binds to DNA sequences that are rich in ___ and ___.

A, T

p.78
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Spontaneous DNA damage can occur due to ___ errors.

replication

p.62
DNA Structure and Replication

To replicate the entire chromosome, it would take ___ seconds.

3 million

p.93
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

The Ku70/80 heterodimer is a central actor in ___ as it recognizes broken DNA ends.

NHEJ

p.54
DNA Structure and Replication

Primase – Pol α complexes synthesize short primers that are ___ to each of the separated parent strands.

base-paired

p.97
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Homologous recombination plays an important role during ___.

meiosis

p.80
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Transversions involve changes such as T < - > ___ /A and A < - > ___ /T.

G, C

p.83
DNA Repair Mechanisms

In eukaryotes, the mechanism for distinguishing between the template and daughter strand is ___!

unclear

p.121
Gene Expression Regulation

From a single microarray experiment, observed differences in gene expression may be very ___ consequences of the treatment under study.

indirect

p.100
DNA Repair Mechanisms

A nick in one strand causes ___ fork collapse.

replication

p.99
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The lack of ___ between the two fragments of the parent strand on either side of the nick causes separation.

covalent bonds

p.10
Transcription and RNA Processing

Transcription of most eukaryotic genes requires the participation of ___.

TBP

p.103
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

The diagonal lines in the Holliday structure represent single ___ bonds.

phosphodiester

p.9
DNA Structure and Replication

In A-T base pairs, there are ___ hydrogen bonds, while in G-C base pairs, there are ___ hydrogen bonds.

2, 3

p.102
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

The RecA/Rad51-ssDNA filament searches for sequence similarity along the ___ DNA.

dsDNA

p.96
DNA Repair Mechanisms

A chromosomal rearrangement could bring the promoter of one gene close to the coding region of another gene, altering the level of ___ or the cell type in which that gene is expressed.

expression

p.42
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Dyes that stain some metaphase chromosome regions produce characteristic ___ patterns.

banding

p.80
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Spontaneous DNA damage primarily involves ___ processes.

oxidation

p.89
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Endonucleases XP - F and XP - G cut out the damaged strand at points ___ to ___ bases apart on each side of the lesion.

24, 32

p.89
DNA Repair Mechanisms

After the damaged DNA fragment is cut out, it is degraded to ___.

mononucleotides

p.99
DNA Repair Mechanisms

If a nick is not repaired before a replication fork passes, the replicated portions of the daughter chromosomes become ___ when the replication helicase reaches the nick.

separated

p.71
DNA Repair Mechanisms

High-fidelity DNA excision-repair systems recognize and repair ___.

damage

p.103
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

In a Holliday structure, all bases are base-paired to complementary bases in the ___ strands.

parent

p.123
Gene Expression Regulation

Cluster analysis of microarray expression data can identify ___ genes.

co-regulated

p.102
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

The RecA/Rad51 proteins catalyze strand invasion into another homologous, double-stranded DNA molecule and base-pairing with its complementary sequence, displacing the ___ strand.

other

p.123
Gene Expression Regulation

The gene cluster related to ___ and angiogenesis is another example of coordinately regulated groups.

signaling

p.80
Mutations and Genetic Instability

The oxidation of G results in ___ - oxoG.

8

p.83
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The MSH2 - MSH6 protein complex binds to a ___ segment of DNA.

mispair

p.32
Gene Expression Regulation

Nontranscribed genes are less susceptible to ___ digestion than active genes.

DNase I

p.90
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The remaining nick in the DNA is sealed by ___ during the repair process.

DNA ligase

p.23
Gene Structure and Organization

piRNAs suppress transposon transpositions in ___ cells.

germ

p.24
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Multicellular animal and plant genomes have a lower gene density, with noncoding ___ and other noncoding sequences.

introns

p.88
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The helicase subunits of TFIIH partially unwind the ___ helix.

double

p.88
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The proteins ___ and RPA bind to further unwind and stabilize the helix.

XP-G

p.124
Gene Expression Regulation

From a single microarray experiment, observed differences in gene expression may be very ___ consequences of the treatment under study.

indirect

p.70
Mutations and Genetic Instability

There are approximately ___ cytosine deamination events per day.

100

p.10
Transcription and RNA Processing

The C-terminal domain of TBP binds to the ___ groove of specific DNA sequences.

minor

p.99
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Recombinational repair is used for a ___ replication fork.

collapsed

p.12
Gene Structure and Organization

Genes can encode single proteins or different ___ .

isoforms

p.96
DNA Repair Mechanisms

NHEJ is considered ___ because base loss can lead to gene mutation.

error prone

p.123
Gene Expression Regulation

The gene cluster associated with ___ healing and tissue remodeling is one of the regulated groups.

wound

p.57
DNA Structure and Replication

The ___ - Rfc - Pol ε complexes extend the leading strands.

PCNA

p.98
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Homologous recombination mechanisms generate genetic diversity by exchanging large regions of chromosomes during ___.

meiosis

p.92
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

NHEJ is one of two systems using recombination to repair DNA double-strand breaks, the other being ___.

homologous recombination

p.42
Mutations and Genetic Instability

The Philadelphia chromosome is a shortened chromosome ___ and an abnormally long chromosome ___.

22, 9

p.32
Gene Expression Regulation

Nuclei from each cell type were isolated and exposed to increasing concentrations of DNase I to cleave ___ DNA.

uncondensed

p.114
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Cleavage at the four-way strand junction in the Holliday structure generates either ___ or ___ molecules.

parental, recombinant

p.15
Gene Expression Regulation

Unequal recombination between L1 elements leads to duplicated genes that may encode ___ different proteins.

slightly

p.72
DNA Repair Mechanisms

After cutting the thymine base off, only the ___ phosphate remains.

deoxyribose

p.19
Transcription and RNA Processing

A primary transcript with two poly(A) sites can be processed into mRNAs with alternative ___ exons.

3′

p.89
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Nucleotide excision repair is a process that occurs in ___ cells.

human

p.10
Transcription and RNA Processing

The interaction with a protein such as ___ can bend DNA.

TBP

p.9
DNA Structure and Replication

In ___, James D. Watson and Francis H. C. Crick proposed the DNA double-helical structure.

1953

p.123
Gene Expression Regulation

Genes that are similarly regulated often encode proteins involved in ___ related functions.

biologically

p.78
DNA Repair Mechanisms

An incorrect base added during DNA replication affects ___ pairing during the next round.

base

p.96
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Incorrect rejoining during NHEJ can cause ___ - scale chromosomal rearrangement mutations.

large

p.92
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) is a system that repairs ___ double-strand breaks.

DNA

p.92
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

NHEJ can be triggered by ___ radiation and anticancer drugs.

ionizing

p.69
Mutations and Genetic Instability

___ is a process that can lead to mutations by removing a purine base from DNA.

Depurination

p.69
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Copy errors during DNA replication can result in ___ mutations.

DNA

p.58
DNA Structure and Replication

At each replication fork, ___ complexes synthesize RNA primers for lagging-strand synthesis.

primase – Pol α

p.58
DNA Structure and Replication

Primase functions as an ___ during the synthesis of RNA primers.

RNA polymerase

p.58
DNA Structure and Replication

The mechanism of DNA replication is described as ___ because it occurs in two directions.

bidirectional

p.81
DNA Repair Mechanisms

UV radiation can cause ___ dimers in DNA.

pyrimidine

p.81
DNA Repair Mechanisms

UV irradiation causes the formation of C – C bonds between adjacent ___ in DNA.

thymines

p.8
DNA Structure and Replication

Adjacent nucleotides in a DNA strand are linked by ___ bonds.

phosphodiester

p.45
DNA Structure and Replication

The process of copying the DNA sequence of each chromosome is known as ___ replication.

DNA

p.7
DNA Structure and Replication

Cytosine is a ___ base found in both DNA and RNA.

pyrimidine

p.6
DNA Structure and Replication

DNA consists of two complementary strands wound around each other to form a ___.

double helix

p.21
Gene Structure and Organization

Mutations in different exons ___ and ___ that are unique to one of the alternatively processed mRNAs affect only that mRNA's protein.

d, e

p.48
DNA Structure and Replication

The three requirements for DNA synthesis include a primer strand with a free ___ terminus.

3'

p.2
Cell Structure and Function

Embedded in the membrane structure are ___ and proteins.

cholesterol

p.79
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Incorrect base addition at the 3ʹ end causes melting of the newly formed end of the duplex and polymerase ___.

pausing

p.101
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Recombinational repair occurs at a ___ replication fork.

collapsed

p.79
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The growing strand 3ʹ end is transferred to the 3ʹ → 5ʹ ___ site (Exo) about 3 nm away.

exonuclease

p.48
DNA Structure and Replication

DNA polymerase adds a new dNTP at the ___ end of the primer strand.

3'

p.95
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

In step 3, the two double-stranded molecules are ___ together, with several base pairs missing.

ligated

p.86
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Nucleotide excision repair mechanisms fix DNA regions containing ___ that distort the normal shape of DNA.

chemically modified bases (chemical adducts)

p.100
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Recombinational repair is used for a ___ replication fork.

collapsed

p.9
DNA Structure and Replication

The percentages of A and T are equal, as well as G and C, according to ___'s revelation.

Erwin Chargaff

p.94
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The process of ___ is involved in nonhomologous end-joining.

removing bases

p.71
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Base excision repair is used to fix a ___ mismatch.

T·G

p.84
DNA Repair Mechanisms

___ unwinds the helix during mismatch excision repair.

DNA helicase

p.84
DNA Repair Mechanisms

An ___ removes several nucleotides from the cut end of the daughter strand, including the mismatched base.

exonuclease

p.54
DNA Structure and Replication

The mechanism of DNA replication is ___ in nature.

bidirectional

p.23
Gene Structure and Organization

The number of genes for ___ in the human genome is approximately 300.

rRNAs

p.90
DNA Repair Mechanisms

In the nucleotide excision repair process, the gap is filled by ___ as in DNA replication.

DNA polymerase

p.23
Gene Expression Regulation

miRNAs are known to regulate ___ expression.

gene

p.32
Gene Expression Regulation

Southern blot analysis of the DNase I-digested DNA used a probe of labeled cloned adult ___ DNA.

globin

p.114
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

A Holliday structure can be cleaved and religated in ___ possible ways.

two

p.108
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

5ʹ - Exonucleases digest both broken ends, leaving each with a single-stranded region of DNA with a ___ end.

3ʹ

p.28
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Chromatin is made up of structurally disordered chains ranging from ___ to ___ nm in diameter.

5, 24

p.105
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Ligation of the ___ and ___ ends base-paired to the same parent strands generates a structure similar to a replication fork.

5ʹ, 3ʹ

p.22
Gene Structure and Organization

Lower eukaryotes have a higher density of protein-coding genes without ___.

introns

p.2
Cell Structure and Function

The interior of cells is surrounded by the ___ membrane.

plasma

p.101
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The 5 ¢ exonuclease digests the strand with its ___ end at the broken end of the DNA.

5ʹ

p.21
Gene Structure and Organization

Mutations in different control regions ___ and ___ affect only the protein translated from one of the alternatively processed mRNAs.

f, g

p.112
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

The process generates two ___ structures in the paired molecules.

Holliday

p.45
DNA Structure and Replication

The need to copy our ___ is essential during cell division.

genome

p.79
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The polymerase catalytic activity (Pol) lies in the junction between the fingers and the ___.

palm

p.101
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The unreplicated portion of the parent chromosome is represented in ___ color.

light blue

p.113
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

The cleavage of the strands and ligation of the alternative ___ and ___ ends at each cleaved Holliday structure generates two recombinant chromosomes.

5ʹ, 3ʹ

p.115
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Meiotic recombination can generate genetic diversity by causing the exchange of large regions of chromosomes between the maternal and paternal pairs of ___ chromosomes.

homologous

p.51
DNA Structure and Replication

RPA (Replication Protein A) proteins bind to separated parent strands at an ___.

origin

p.26
DNA Structure and Replication

The positive charges on the histone octamer surface hold the ___ charged DNA.

negatively

p.40
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Nontranscribed genes are less susceptible to ___ digestion than active genes.

DNase I

p.49
DNA Structure and Replication

The lagging strand is synthesized in the ___ direction of the replication fork.

opposite

p.43
Chromosomal Organization and Function

The common ancestor of all primates had ___ autosomes plus the X and Y sex chromosomes.

23

p.107
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Repair of a double - strand break by homologous recombination is illustrated in ___ (Fig. 5 - 21).

Figure 5 - 21

p.47
DNA Structure and Replication

DNA polymerases require a ___ to initiate replication.

primer

p.99
DNA Repair Mechanisms

A break in the phosphodiester backbone of one DNA strand is referred to as a ___.

nick

p.104
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Recombinational repair is used for a ___ replication fork.

collapsed

p.4
Chromosomal Organization and Function

During ___, chromosomes become highly compacted for easier movement.

mitosis (M phase)

p.62
DNA Structure and Replication

It takes ___ seconds to replicate each nucleotide in eukaryotic chromosomes.

0.02

p.12
Gene Structure and Organization

Gene families arise from gene ___ during unequal meiosis recombination.

duplication

p.97
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Homologous recombination involves the exchange of DNA strands between two ___ DNA sequences.

homologous

p.69
Mutations and Genetic Instability

DNA damage can cause ___ mutation, a change in the normal DNA sequence.

DNA

p.80
Mutations and Genetic Instability

8 - oxoG can base pair with ___.

A

p.18
Transcription and RNA Processing

A primary transcript can be processed into mRNAs with the same 5′ and 3′ exons but different ___ to encode protein isoforms.

internal exons

p.32
Gene Expression Regulation

Chick 14-day embryo erythroblasts actively synthesize ___, whereas undifferentiated chicken lymphoblastic leukemia cells do not.

globin

p.24
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Prokaryotic and most lower eukaryotic genomes have a dense array of ___ and contain few nonfunctional sequences.

genes

p.117
Gene Structure and Organization

The C-value paradox states that genome size does not correlate with ___ complexity.

biological

p.22
Gene Structure and Organization

In unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes, protein-coding genes may be ___ or belong to a gene ___.

solitary, family

p.23
Gene Structure and Organization

Vault RNAs are components of Vault ribonucleoproteins that regulate ___.

autophagy

p.72
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Other glycosylases are specific for other base ___.

modifications

p.28
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Chromatin is packed together at different densities in ___ and ___ regions.

euchromatic, heterochromatic

p.29
Gene Expression Regulation

Post-translational modifications on histone tails include ___, ___, ___, and ___.

acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation

p.29
Gene Expression Regulation

The ___ code refers to specific combinations of post-transcriptional modifications that influence chromatin function.

histone

p.112
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

In homologous recombination, the new 3ʹ ends are ligated to the ___ - digested 5ʹ ends.

exonuclease

p.52
DNA Structure and Replication

Topoisomerase I associates with the parental DNA strand ahead of the ___ and removes torsional stress.

helicase

p.51
DNA Structure and Replication

Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA molecules contain multiple replication origins separated by ___ to ___ kilobases.

tens, hundreds

p.101
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The lagging nascent strand is base-paired to the unbroken parent strand, which is represented in ___ color.

dark blue

p.6
DNA Structure and Replication

The nucleotide bases that comprise DNA include purines A and G, and pyrimidines C, T, and ___.

U

p.115
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

The Mre11 exonuclease complex digests the ___ ends, leaving ___ overhangs.

5’, 3’

p.6
DNA Structure and Replication

The double helix structure of DNA is stabilized by weak ___ bonds between pairs of A - T and C - G bases.

hydrogen

p.49
DNA Structure and Replication

Okazaki fragments are associated with the ___ strand during DNA replication.

lagging

p.6
DNA Structure and Replication

During DNA replication, the two strands ___ and serve as templates for synthesis of complementary strands.

unwind

p.53
DNA Structure and Replication

Topoisomerase I is present in ___ cells.

all

p.79
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The 3ʹ end flips back into the polymerase site and ___ resumes.

elongation

p.107
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Homologous recombination can also exchange large segments of two ___ - stranded DNA molecules.

double

p.44
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Myrmecia pilosula, also known as the ___, has 1 chromosome pair.

Jack Jumper Ant

p.55
DNA Structure and Replication

PCNA acts as a ‘sliding clamp’ to stabilize the ___.

polymerase

p.60
DNA Structure and Replication

Both DNA Polymerases e and d have ___ processivity.

high

p.43
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Human chromosome 2 is a result of the ___ of ancestral chromosomes 9 and 11.

fusion

p.84
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The binding of ___ and ___ triggers the binding of MLH1 and PMS2.

MSH2, MSH6

p.123
Gene Expression Regulation

One of the gene clusters is related to ___ biosynthesis.

cholesterol

p.42
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Chromosomal translocations can be analyzed using ___ painting.

chromosome

p.102
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

This process is involved in the recombinational repair of a collapsed ___ fork.

replication

p.35
Chromosomal Organization and Function

The Indian muntjac and the Reeves muntjac have a different number of ___ but roughly the same amount of ___.

chromosomes, DNA

p.42
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Leukemic cells in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia contain the ___ chromosome.

Philadelphia

p.15
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Gene duplication occurs through ___ crossing over during meiosis.

unequal

p.106
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Rebinding of replication fork proteins extends the leading strand past the point of the original strand ___ and re-initiates lagging-strand synthesis.

break

p.90
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Individuals with xeroderma pigmentosum have a predisposition to develop skin cancers such as ___ and squamous cell carcinomas.

melanomas

p.23
Gene Structure and Organization

Telomerase RNA serves as a template for the addition of ___.

telomeres

p.114
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Cutting the strands and religating the ends as indicated regenerates the ___ chromosomes.

original

p.41
Chromosomal Organization and Function

The organization of chromosomes in the interphase nucleus shows ___ overlap between chromosome locations.

little

p.8
DNA Structure and Replication

A single strand of DNA has a phosphate group at the ___ end and a hydroxyl group at the ___ end.

5′, 3′

p.21
Gene Structure and Organization

A mutation in control regions ___ and ___ affects proteins encoded by both alternatively processed mRNAs.

a, b

p.34
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Interphase consists of three phases: G1, S, and ___.

G2

p.29
Gene Expression Regulation

Histone modifications create or remove ___-associated protein-binding sites.

chromatin

p.115
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

___ directs a programmed double-strand break during meiotic recombination.

Spo11

p.53
DNA Structure and Replication

Both linear and circular DNAs are subject to torsional stress during ___ and ___.

replication, transcription

p.91
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Exonucleases cleave nucleic acids at the ___.

ends

p.68
Mutations and Genetic Instability

A protein coding region point mutation may not change the amino acid sequence, known as ___ mutation.

silent

p.119
Gene Expression Regulation

DNA microarrays can analyze global patterns of gene expression in particular ___ types.

cell

p.33
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Nontranscribed genes are less susceptible to ___ digestion than active genes.

DNase I

p.16
Transcription and RNA Processing

Mutations in a transcription-control region (___ or ___) may reduce or prevent transcription.

a, b

p.1
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

The process of converting RNA back into DNA is known as ___.

reverse transcription

p.65
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Defects in DNA repair are associated with ___.

cancers

p.38
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Human chromosome 2 is a result of the ___ of ancestral chromosomes 9 and 11.

fusion

p.13
Gene Structure and Organization

The total length of DNA in a single human cell measures about ___ meters.

2

p.1
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

The enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is called ___-dependent RNA polymerase.

RNA

p.40
Gene Expression Regulation

Condensed chromatin contributes to transcriptional ___.

repression

p.122
Gene Expression Regulation

In the microarray analysis, red indicates that gene expression is ___ in serum-treated cells compared to controls.

higher

p.17
Transcription and RNA Processing

A primary transcript containing alternative splice sites can be processed into mRNAs with the same 5′ and 3′ exons but different ___ exons.

internal

p.47
DNA Structure and Replication

DNA polymerases need a short, preexisting ___ or ___ primer strand to begin the second strand growth.

RNA, DNA

p.5
Cell Structure and Function

In the M phase, the cell performs chromosome segregation and cell division into two ___ cells.

daughter

p.25
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Chromosome painting is used to reveal chromosome ___ and evolutionary relationships.

defects

p.69
Mutations and Genetic Instability

___ is a type of endogenous mutation caused by spontaneous cleavage of bonds.

Deamination

p.42
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Characteristic chromosomal translocations are associated with certain genetic ___ and specific types of ___.

disorders, cancers

p.23
Gene Structure and Organization

The function of snRNAs is primarily ___ splicing.

mRNA

p.42
Mutations and Genetic Instability

The Philadelphia chromosome results from a translocation between normal chromosomes ___ and ___.

9, 22

p.41
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Interphase nuclear chromatin is organized into territories during the phases G1, S, and ___.

G2

p.15
Gene Structure and Organization

Subsequent independent mutations can yield ___ genes on one chromosome.

duplicated

p.22
Gene Structure and Organization

The different β-like globin genes arose by duplication of an ancestral gene, followed by repeated gene duplications and subsequent sequence ___ and ___.

drift, selection

p.46
DNA Structure and Replication

The relationship between G and C is described as ___ in DNA.

complementarity

p.76
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Depurination involves the hydrolysis of the ___ - glycosidic bond.

N

p.8
DNA Structure and Replication

The convention for writing a polynucleotide sequence is in the ___ direction.

5′→3′

p.34
Chromosomal Organization and Function

In an interphase nucleus, chromosome 7 is labeled with ___ and chromosome 8 with ___.

cyan, purple

p.8
DNA Structure and Replication

In the 'stick' diagram, phosphodiester bonds are represented as ___ lines.

slanting

p.112
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Holliday structure branch migration can occur in either ___ (not shown).

direction

p.52
DNA Structure and Replication

Helicases use ___ hydrolysis energy to move in opposite directions.

ATP

p.59
DNA Structure and Replication

The lagging-strand Okazaki fragments are stitched to the 5ʹ ends of the leading strands by ___.

DNA ligase

p.91
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Both endonucleases and exonucleases act on both ___ and ___.

DNA, RNA

p.113
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

The recombinant chromosomes contain the DNA of one parent DNA molecule on one side of the initial break point (___ and ___ strands) and the other parent DNA molecule on the other side (___ and ___).

light, dark green, light, dark blue

p.67
Mutations and Genetic Instability

In point mutations, a transition can occur when ___ is changed to ___ or ___ is changed to ___.

T, C, A, G

p.6
DNA Structure and Replication

Genetic information is encoded in the ___ order of bases.

linear

p.48
DNA Structure and Replication

DNA polymerase forms a phosphodiester bond between the 3' oxygen of the primer strand and the ___ of a correctly base-paired dNTP.

α phosphate

p.37
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Chromosome painting and DNA sequencing help reveal the evolution of ___.

chromosomes

p.122
Gene Expression Regulation

There are a total of ___ genes monitored in the gene expression study.

8600

p.116
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

The process of losing sequence differences between two parents during repair is known as ___ conversion.

gene

p.63
DNA Repair Mechanisms

___ recombination is one of the three excision repair systems.

Homologous

p.44
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Robert Hammersmith has more than ___ chromosomes.

16,000

p.116
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

In gene conversion, one DNA sequence is converted to the sequence of a second, ___ DNA sequence.

homologous

p.55
DNA Structure and Replication

The mechanism of DNA replication described is ___ in nature.

bidirectional

p.11
DNA Structure and Replication

DNA denaturation can be induced experimentally by raising ___.

temperature

p.25
Gene Structure and Organization

Similar genetic information can be organized on chromosomes in ___ ways.

different

p.39
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Nuclei from each cell type were isolated and exposed to increasing concentrations of ___ to cleave uncondensed DNA.

DNase I

p.57
DNA Structure and Replication

The mechanism of DNA replication is described as ___ directional.

bidirectional

p.69
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Genotoxic chemical byproducts of metabolism can lead to ___ mutations.

DNA

p.69
Mutations and Genetic Instability

___ are external factors that can cause mutations.

Exogenous

p.90
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Approximately ___ proteins are involved in the nucleotide excision repair process.

30

p.23
Gene Expression Regulation

7SK RNA plays a role in ___ control.

transcription

p.27
Chromosomal Organization and Function

The arrangement of nucleosomes in extracted chromatin is often described as a ___ - on - a - ___ formation.

beads, string

p.46
DNA Structure and Replication

Base complementarity in DNA is essential for ___ during replication.

accuracy

p.76
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Depurination results in the formation of an ___ site.

apurinic

p.45
DNA Structure and Replication

Every cell division requires the ___ copying of the DNA sequence.

exact

p.110
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

DNA polymerase extends the ___ end of the invading DNA strand.

3ʹ

p.2
Cell Structure and Function

The hydrophobic tails of phospholipids are ___ - hating.

water

p.51
DNA Structure and Replication

A six-subunit protein ___ recognition complex (ORC) binds to each replication origin.

origin

p.65
DNA Repair Mechanisms

DNA sequence changes can occur due to ___ errors and the effects of various physical and chemical agents.

copying

p.51
DNA Structure and Replication

The ORC associates with other proteins required to load two hexameric helicases oriented in ___ directions.

opposite

p.26
DNA Structure and Replication

The histone octamer in a nucleosome contains two copies each of histones ___, ___, ___, and ___.

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

p.63
DNA Repair Mechanisms

DNA sequence changes can occur due to ___ errors and the effects of various physical and chemical agents.

copying

p.49
DNA Structure and Replication

The leading strand is synthesized in the ___ direction of the replication fork.

same

p.59
DNA Structure and Replication

The mechanism of DNA replication described is ___ in nature.

bidirectional

p.36
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Chromosomal translocations can be analyzed using ___ painting.

chromosome

p.40
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Inactive MSB globin gene DNA is in ___ chromatin that prevents DNase access.

condensed

p.3
Cell Structure and Function

The nucleolus is the site of ___ RNA production and assembly of ribosome components.

ribosomal

p.43
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Human chromosome 1 evolved without significant ___ from the ancestral chromosomes.

rearrangements

p.122
Gene Expression Regulation

In the microarray experiment, each row represents a different ___ taken at various time points.

microarray experiment

p.5
Cell Structure and Function

In the G1 phase, cell constituents are made, and the cell increases in ___.

size

p.43
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Human chromosomes 14 and 15 evolved from the breakage of ancestral chromosome ___.

5

p.122
Gene Expression Regulation

Green in the microarray results signifies that gene expression is ___ in serum-treated cells compared to controls.

lower

p.61
DNA Structure and Replication

During SV40 DNA replication, the leading strand is synthesized ___ compared to the lagging strand.

continuously

p.13
Gene Structure and Organization

Highly compacted DNA can be accessed for ___, replication, and repair of damage.

transcription

p.17
Transcription and RNA Processing

A mutation in different control regions (f and g) affects only the protein translated from that ___ mRNA.

alternatively processed

p.83
DNA Repair Mechanisms

In prokaryotes, the daughter strand is uniquely ___ to distinguish it from the template strand.

methylated

p.18
Transcription and RNA Processing

The presence of ___ splice sites in a primary transcript allows for the generation of different mRNA variants.

alternative

p.69
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Ultraviolet and Ionizing Radiation are examples of ___ that can cause mutations.

radiation

p.41
Chromosomal Organization and Function

During interphase, human chromosomes are organized into ___ territories in the nucleus.

non-overlapping

p.90
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Exposure to ___ rays in sunlight can lead to skin cancers in individuals with xeroderma pigmentosum.

UV

p.46
DNA Structure and Replication

In DNA, the base complementarity states that ___ pairs with ___.

G, C

p.22
Gene Structure and Organization

The β-globin gene cluster on human chromosome 11 includes five gene clusters (green) and two nontranscribed ___.

pseudogenes

p.81
DNA Repair Mechanisms

T - T dimers usually get corrected, but dimers involving ___ often lead to deamination.

Cytosine

p.105
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Recombinational repair of a ___ replication fork is depicted in Figure 5 - 20.

collapsed

p.27
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Electron micrographs of chromatin reveal ___ - nm nucleosome 'beads' and linker DNA.

10

p.30
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Histone tail modifications such as acetylation and ___ affect chromatin structure.

methylation

p.8
DNA Structure and Replication

In the 'stick' diagram representation of DNA, sugars are indicated as ___ lines.

vertical

p.79
DNA Repair Mechanisms

DNA polymerases have a three-dimensional structure resembling a ___ - opened right hand.

half

p.52
DNA Structure and Replication

Two hexameric helicases bind at the replication origin in ___ orientations.

opposite

p.20
Gene Expression Regulation

The first exon used in mRNA 1 is ___, while mRNA 2 uses exon 1B.

1A

p.26
DNA Structure and Replication

A nucleosome consists of approximately ___ bp of DNA wound around an octamer protein core.

147

p.53
DNA Structure and Replication

Topoisomerase I cleaves one strand of DNA to allow ___, producing the relaxed-circle conformation.

unwinding

p.3
Cell Structure and Function

The nucleus is bounded by ___ and ___ membranes containing nuclear pore complexes.

inner, outer

p.14
Gene Structure and Organization

Exon duplication occurs by ___ crossing over during meiosis.

unequal

p.107
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Homologous recombination can repair a ___ - strand break in a chromosome.

double

p.113
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Repair of a double-strand break by ___ recombination is illustrated in the process.

homologous

p.3
Cell Structure and Function

The endoplasmic reticulum may be studded with ___ synthesizing membrane and secreted proteins.

ribosomes

p.33
Gene Expression Regulation

The condensed chromatin structure inhibits access of the ___ and other transcription-control sequences.

promoter

p.63
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Defects in DNA repair are associated with ___.

cancers

p.44
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Sterkiella histriomuscorum is a type of ___ with 1 chromosome pair.

protist

p.55
DNA Structure and Replication

Rfc stands for ___ factor C.

Replication

p.36
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Leukemic cells in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia contain the ___ chromosome.

Philadelphia

p.47
DNA Structure and Replication

Chain growth in DNA synthesis results from the formation of a ___ bond.

phosphodiester

p.50
DNA Structure and Replication

The leading strand is synthesized continuously from a single ___ primer.

RNA

p.50
DNA Structure and Replication

The lagging strand is synthesized ___ from multiple RNA primers.

discontinuously

p.5
Cell Structure and Function

The G0 phase indicates that cells are temporarily or permanently out of the ___ cycle.

cell

p.39
Gene Expression Regulation

Southern blot analysis of the DNase I-digested DNA used a probe of labeled cloned adult ___ DNA.

globin

p.83
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The status of the ___ end of the daughter strand may play a role in eukaryotic strand distinction.

3’

p.32
Gene Expression Regulation

Nuclear DNA was treated with the restriction enzyme ___, which cleaves the DNA around the globin sequence.

Bam HI

p.23
Gene Structure and Organization

Xist is involved in ___-chromosome inactivation.

X

p.117
Gene Structure and Organization

The C-value paradox involves a comparison of the number of ___ within the genomes of different eukaryotes.

nucleotides

p.22
Gene Structure and Organization

Duplicated genes are more common in ___ eukaryotes.

higher

p.81
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Pyrimidine dimers can halt cell replication, leading to ___ of the cell.

cell death

p.76
DNA Repair Mechanisms

There are ___ depurination events per day.

18,000

p.34
Chromosomal Organization and Function

During interphase, human chromosomes are organized into ___ territories in the nucleus.

non-overlapping

p.7
DNA Structure and Replication

The two purines found in nucleic acids are ___ and ___.

adenine, guanine

p.79
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Proofreading by DNA polymerase repairs ___ and copying errors.

damage

p.2
Cell Structure and Function

The hydrophilic heads of phospholipids are ___ - loving.

water

p.53
DNA Structure and Replication

Topoisomerase I relieves ___ stress on DNA.

torsional

p.91
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Both endonucleases and exonucleases are types of ___ that cleave nucleic acids.

nucleases

p.91
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Endonucleases cleave nucleic acids at the ___ of the nucleic acids.

middle

p.49
DNA Structure and Replication

The ___ strand is synthesized in short segments known as Okazaki fragments.

lagging

p.67
Mutations and Genetic Instability

A type of mutation where a single nucleotide change results in a transition is known as a ___ mutation.

Point

p.16
Transcription and RNA Processing

A simple transcription unit is a ___ region extending from the 5′ cap site to the 3′ poly(A) site.

monocistronic

p.68
Mutations and Genetic Instability

A gene regulatory region point mutation can change ___ expression.

gene

p.3
Cell Structure and Function

The outer membrane of the nucleus is connected to the ___ ___ .

endoplasmic reticulum

p.33
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Inactive MSB globin gene DNA is in ___ chromatin that prevents DNase access.

condensed

p.16
Transcription and RNA Processing

A mutation within an exon (___) may result in an abnormal protein with diminished activity.

c

p.1
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Francis Crick stated that once information has passed into ___, it cannot get out again.

protein

p.16
Transcription and RNA Processing

A mutation within an intron (___) that introduces a new splice site results in an abnormally spliced mRNA.

d

p.33
Gene Expression Regulation

Condensed chromatin contributes to transcriptional ___.

repression

p.50
DNA Structure and Replication

During DNA replication, daughter strands are formed at the ___ replication fork.

DNA

p.61
DNA Structure and Replication

In the SV40 replication fork, the process of DNA synthesis occurs at the ___.

replication fork

p.5
DNA Structure and Replication

The S phase of the cell cycle is responsible for ___ replication.

DNA

p.25
Gene Structure and Organization

Modifications to histone ___ regulate chromatin structure and gene transcription.

tails

p.25
Chromosomal Organization and Function

In the interphase nucleus, chromosomes are localized in non-overlapping ___ .

territories

p.17
Transcription and RNA Processing

In a different cell type, mRNA 2 is produced when ___ is activated.

g

p.39
Transcription and RNA Processing

Nontranscribed genes are less susceptible to DNase I digestion than ___ genes.

active

p.69
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Carcinogens are a type of ___ that can lead to mutations.

exogenous factor

p.90
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The first proteins involved in nucleotide excision repair were identified through studies of defects in DNA repair in individuals with ___ pigmentosum.

xeroderma

p.72
DNA Repair Mechanisms

DNA glycosylase specific for G·T mismatches flips the ___ base out of the helix.

thymine

p.56
DNA Structure and Replication

During DNA replication, ___ continue to unwind the parent strands.

helicases

p.56
DNA Structure and Replication

___ proteins bind to the newly exposed single-stranded regions during DNA replication.

RPA

p.31
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Combinations of modifications in the histone code influence chromatin function by creating or removing ___ - associated protein - binding sites.

chromatin

p.76
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The bases primarily affected by depurination are ___ and ___.

adenine, guanine

p.7
DNA Structure and Replication

Thymine is found only in ___, while uracil is found only in ___.

DNA, RNA

p.30
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Ubiquitinylation is one of the modifications that can influence ___ function.

chromatin

p.68
Mutations and Genetic Instability

A protein coding region point mutation can introduce a ___ codon (nonsense).

stop

p.112
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Repair of a double-strand break is achieved by ___ recombination.

homologous

p.109
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

In eukaryotes, the protein ___ is responsible for catalyzing the invasion of one 3ʹ end into the homologous region.

Rad51

p.59
DNA Structure and Replication

RNA is removed by ___ and converted to DNA by Pol δ.

ribonuclease

p.1
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

According to Francis Crick, information cannot be transferred from ___ to either protein or nucleic acid.

protein

p.63
DNA Repair Mechanisms

One of the three excision repair systems is ___ excision repair.

Base

p.60
DNA Structure and Replication

DNA Polymerase ___ is responsible for leading strand synthesis.

e

p.14
Gene Structure and Organization

Homologous noncoding sequences called ___ lie 5′ and 3′ of the gene.

L1 long interspersed elements

p.48
DNA Structure and Replication

New DNA strands are synthesized in the ___ direction.

5' → 3'

p.37
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Chromosome paint probes for chromosome 16 of a tree shrew hybridized to ___ metaphase chromosomes.

tree shrew

p.38
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Human chromosomes 14 and 15 evolved from the breakage of ancestral chromosome ___.

5

p.116
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Gene conversion leads to a loss of ___ in DNA sequences.

heterozygosity

p.13
Gene Structure and Organization

The compaction ratio of human DNA is greater than ___ to 1.

10^5

p.60
DNA Structure and Replication

DNA Polymerase a extends Okazaki fragments by approximately ___ nucleotides.

10

p.17
Transcription and RNA Processing

A primary transcript with two ___ sites can be processed into mRNAs with alternative 3′ exons.

poly(A)

p.17
Transcription and RNA Processing

Alternative cell-type-specific promoters yield mRNA 1 in one cell type in which ___ is activated.

f

p.17
Transcription and RNA Processing

A mutation in control regions (a and b) affects the proteins encoded by both alternatively processed mRNAs due to changes in ___ shared by the alternative mRNAs.

exons

p.22
Gene Structure and Organization

Gene families encode different related proteins originating from ___.

duplication

p.108
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Repair of a double-strand break occurs by ___ recombination.

homologous

p.22
Gene Structure and Organization

All encoded hemoglobin proteins carry oxygen in the blood but exhibit different properties for specific ___ functions.

physiological

p.31
Chromosomal Organization and Function

The histone code refers to specific ___ modifications in different chromatin regions.

post-transcriptional

p.21
Gene Structure and Organization

A mutation in regions within exons shared by the alternative mRNAs, labeled as ___, affects the proteins encoded by both mRNAs.

c

p.20
Gene Expression Regulation

Alternative cell-type-specific promoters yield ___ in one cell type where promoter f is activated.

mRNA 1

p.101
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The strand left at the break is single-stranded at its ___ end.

3ʹ

p.20
Gene Expression Regulation

In a different cell type where promoter g is activated, ___ is produced using exon 1B.

mRNA 2

p.49
DNA Structure and Replication

In DNA synthesis, the ___ strand is synthesized continuously.

leading

p.7
DNA Structure and Replication

Purines are characterized by a ___ of fused rings.

pair

p.119
Gene Expression Regulation

DNA microarrays consist of thousands of individual, gene-specific DNA sequences attached to a ___ or 'gene chip'.

glass slide

p.48
DNA Structure and Replication

A template strand must be ___ to the primer for DNA synthesis.

base-paired

p.65
DNA Repair Mechanisms

One of the excision repair systems is ___ excision repair.

Base

p.109
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

The process of repairing a double-strand break by homologous recombination involves the invasion of one 3ʹ end into the ___ region of the homologous chromosome.

homologous

p.119
Gene Expression Regulation

DNA microarrays are used to study gene expression at particular stages of ___ or in response to specific physiological changes.

development

p.44
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Richard Reiner has ___ chromosome pair(s).

1

p.63
DNA Repair Mechanisms

___ end joining is one of the excision repair systems.

Nonhomologous

p.60
DNA Structure and Replication

DNA Polymerase ___ is involved in lagging strand synthesis.

d

p.40
Gene Expression Regulation

The condensed chromatin structure inhibits access of the ___ and other transcription-control sequences.

promoter

p.48
DNA Structure and Replication

DNA is synthesized from deoxyribonucleoside ___ precursors.

triphosphates (dNTP)

p.37
Chromosomal Organization and Function

The same tree shrew chromosome 16 paint probes hybridized to human metaphase chromosome ___.

10

p.11
DNA Structure and Replication

The G·C content of DNA affects the ___ temperature.

melting

p.44
Mutations and Genetic Instability

The Atlas Blue Butterfly has ___ chromosome pairs.

225

p.118
Gene Structure and Organization

Humans have ___ protein-coding genes.

trillions

p.118
Gene Structure and Organization

Rice and corn each have over ___ protein-coding genes.

50,000

p.11
DNA Structure and Replication

The greater the G+C percentage, the higher the T m; breaking the three G-C hydrogen bonds requires more ___ than breaking the two A-T hydrogen bonds.

energy

p.24
Chromosomal Organization and Function

In multicellular organisms, genomes include long tandem arrays of repeated ___ sequences.

short

p.81
DNA Repair Mechanisms

The formation of pyrimidine dimers generates a kink in the ___.

helix

p.46
DNA Structure and Replication

According to base complementarity, ___ pairs with ___.

A, T

p.72
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Base excision repair is involved in correcting a ___ mismatch.

T·G

p.45
DNA Structure and Replication

During cell division, each daughter cell must contain ___ the same genetic information as the parent cell.

exactly

p.56
DNA Structure and Replication

The mechanism of DNA replication is described as ___.

bidirectional

p.29
Gene Expression Regulation

Modifications of histone tails control chromatin ___ and ___.

condensation, function

p.31
Chromosomal Organization and Function

The histone code affects chromatin function by influencing ___ in various chromatin regions.

protein-binding sites

p.68
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Spontaneous point mutations change a ___ base/base pair.

single

p.110
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

During homologous recombination, the parent strand is ___ as the single-stranded loop of DNA enlarges.

displaced

p.34
Chromosomal Organization and Function

In situ hybridization reveals the locations of nearly all the chromosomes in an interphase nucleus, although some may not be observed in this ___ optical slice.

confocal

p.110
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

The process described is a repair mechanism for a ___ - strand break.

double

p.52
DNA Structure and Replication

The single-stranded templates generated by helicases are bound by ___ proteins.

RPA

p.91
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Endonuclease refers to an enzyme that cleaves the polynucleotide chain separating nucleotides other than the ___ ones.

two end

p.38
Chromosomal Organization and Function

The common ancestor of all primates had ___ autosomes plus the X and Y sex chromosomes.

23

p.14
Gene Structure and Organization

Each parental chromosome contains one ancestral gene with ___ exons and ___ introns.

three, two

p.38
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Human chromosome 1 evolved without significant ___ from ancestral chromosomes.

rearrangements

p.55
DNA Structure and Replication

The complexes that replace the primase – Pol α complexes are ___, Rfc, and Pol ε.

PCNAc

p.67
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Insertions or deletions in DNA can lead to a ___ mutation.

frameshift

p.14
Gene Structure and Organization

Homologous recombination between L1 elements generates two nonidentical recombinant chromosomes: one with ___ exons and one missing ___ exon.

four, exon 3

p.61
DNA Structure and Replication

The SV40 DNA replication fork is also known as the ___ model.

Replisome

p.47
DNA Structure and Replication

DNA synthesis always proceeds in the ___ direction.

5ʹ→3ʹ

p.50
DNA Structure and Replication

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides in the ___ direction.

5ʹ→3ʹ

p.61
DNA Structure and Replication

The SV40 replication fork involves multiple proteins that work together to form the ___ complex.

replisome

p.36
Mutations and Genetic Instability

The Philadelphia chromosome results from a translocation between normal chromosomes ___ and ___.

9, 22

p.61
DNA Structure and Replication

The lagging strand in SV40 replication is synthesized in short segments known as ___.

Okazaki fragments

p.11
DNA Structure and Replication

Reversible denaturation and renaturation of DNA is the basis for nucleic acid ___, which is key to powerful molecular techniques including PCR.

hybridization

p.41
Chromosomal Organization and Function

In an interphase nucleus, chromosome 7 is labeled with ___ and chromosome 8 with ___.

cyan, purple

p.114
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Cutting the strands and religating the ends as indicated generates ___ chromosomes.

recombinant

p.30
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Modifications of histone tails by ___ control chromatin condensation and function.

acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitinylation

p.2
Cell Structure and Function

Cell membranes are composed of bilayers of ___ oriented with hydrophilic heads toward the surface.

phospholipids

p.30
Chromosomal Organization and Function

The process of ___ can lead to changes in chromatin condensation.

phosphorylation

p.34
Chromosomal Organization and Function

The organization of chromatin during interphase results in ___ overlap between chromosome locations.

little

p.59
DNA Structure and Replication

PCNA - Rfc – Pol ___ complexes displace the primase – Pol α complexes.

δ

p.109
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

In bacteria, the protein ___ catalyzes the invasion of one 3ʹ end into the homologous region.

RecA

p.111
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

In the process of homologous recombination, the loop extends to a sequence that is complementary to the other ___ - exonuclease – digested end of DNA.

5ʹ

p.1
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the transfer of information from ___ to ___ to ___.

DNA, RNA, Protein

p.111
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

During DNA repair, the complementary sequences ___ - pair.

base

p.91
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Exonuclease refers to an enzyme that cleaves the polynucleotide chain from the ___ of the chain.

end

p.65
DNA Repair Mechanisms

___ end joining is one of the three excision repair systems.

Nonhomologous

p.67
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Transversions involve changes such as T to ___ or A to ___, and also C to ___ or G to ___.

G/A, C/T, A/G, C/T

p.111
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Repair of a double-strand break occurs through ___ recombination.

homologous

p.36
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Dyes that stain some metaphase chromosome regions produce characteristic ___ patterns.

banding

p.5
Cell Structure and Function

During growth, eukaryotic cells progress through the four phases of the ___ cycle.

cell

p.36
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Characteristic chromosomal translocations are associated with certain genetic ___ and specific types of ___.

disorders, cancers

p.118
Gene Structure and Organization

Yeast has ___ protein-coding genes.

1,000

p.37
Chromosomal Organization and Function

The order of hybridization of multiple human chromosome 10 probes to tree shrew chromosome 16 demonstrates ___.

conserved synteny

p.11
DNA Structure and Replication

DNA strands unwind and separate during replication and transcription by breaking the ___ bonds between base-paired bases.

hydrogen

p.60
DNA Structure and Replication

DNA Polymerase a has ___ 3’ à 5’ exonuclease activity.

no

p.11
DNA Structure and Replication

The temperature at which half the double-stranded DNA bases have melted is known as ___ (T m).

temperature of melting

p.50
DNA Structure and Replication

The elongated Okazaki fragments are ligated into a ___ strand.

continuous

p.111
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

DNA polymerase extends the ___ end, using the displaced single-stranded loop of parent DNA as a template.

3ʹ

p.26
DNA Structure and Replication

Nucleosomes from all eukaryotes contain DNA wrapped around the histone core for about ___ turns.

one and two-thirds

p.116
Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination

Base-pair mismatches between the two parent strands during meiotic recombination are usually repaired by ___ mechanisms.

repair

p.65
DNA Repair Mechanisms

___ recombination is one of the three excision repair systems.

Homologous

p.118
Gene Structure and Organization

The G-value Paradox indicates that the number of protein-coding genes does not correlate with ___ complexity.

biological

p.13
Gene Structure and Organization

The diameter of the nuclei containing human DNA is less than ___ μm.

10

p.38
Chromosomal Organization and Function

A reciprocal translocation between ancestral chromosomes 14 and 21 generated human chromosomes ___ and ___.

12, 22

p.118
Gene Structure and Organization

C.elegans has ___ protein-coding genes.

1,000

p.43
Chromosomal Organization and Function

A reciprocal translocation between ancestral chromosomes 14 and 21 generated human chromosomes ___ and ___.

12, 22

p.13
Gene Structure and Organization

DNA is organized into increasing levels of condensation from nucleosomes to higher order ___ folding.

chromatin

p.118
Gene Structure and Organization

The single-celled organism Trichomonas has ___ protein-coding genes.

60,000

p.39
DNA Repair Mechanisms

Nuclear DNA was treated with the restriction enzyme ___, which cleaves the DNA around the globin sequence.

Bam HI

p.67
Mutations and Genetic Instability

Mutations can occur in coding regions, resulting in ___, ___, or ___ mutations.

synonymous, missense, nonsense

p.60
DNA Structure and Replication

DNA Polymerase a synthesizes ___ primers.

RNA

p.25
Chromosomal Organization and Function

Chromatin consists of nucleosomes made of DNA wrapped around ___ octamers.

histone

p.13
Gene Structure and Organization

Each chromosome consists of a single DNA molecule as long as ___ Mb in humans.

280

p.122
Gene Expression Regulation

Cluster analysis of microarray data can identify ___ genes.

co-regulated

p.50
DNA Structure and Replication

Elongation of lagging-strand primers initially produces ___ fragments.

Okazaki

p.39
Gene Expression Regulation

Chick 14-day embryo erythroblasts actively synthesize ___, whereas undifferentiated chicken lymphoblastic leukemia (MSB) cells do not.

globin

p.55
DNA Structure and Replication

The leading strands are generated at each replication fork by extending the short primers with ___ complexes.

PCNAc, Rfc, Pol ε

p.36
Mutations and Genetic Instability

The Philadelphia chromosome is a shortened chromosome ___ and an abnormally long chromosome ___.

22, 9

p.5
Cell Structure and Function

During the G2 phase, the cell prepares for ___.

mitosis

p.47
DNA Structure and Replication

The primer strand must have a free ___ hydroxyl to base-pair with the template strand.

3ʹ

p.50
DNA Structure and Replication

Growing Okazaki fragments displace the previous ___.

primer

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