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What is the vascular response in the immune system?
It involves chemotaxis and diapedesis.
What do surviving immature T cells undergo after negative selection?
Positive selection.
1/80
p.5
Mechanisms of Immune Response

What is the vascular response in the immune system?

It involves chemotaxis and diapedesis.

p.2
T Cell Development and Markers

What do surviving immature T cells undergo after negative selection?

Positive selection.

p.7
Complement System and Its Functions

How do MAC inhibitors function?

They bind to the C5b-7 complex to prevent the formation of the MAC.

p.1
Historical Figures in Immunology

Who proposed the Clonal Selection Theory?

Frank MacFarland Burnet.

p.4
Phagocytosis and Immune Cell Function

What is the proper sequence of phagocytosis?

Adherence - Engulfment - Formation of phagosome - Granule contact - Formation of phagolysosome - Digestion - Excretion.

p.3
B Cell Development and Markers

The immune response in Zhongli's case was primarily mediated by which cells?

C. Plasma cells and memory cells.

p.3
T Cell Development and Markers

Which cell surface molecule is classified as an MHC class II antigen?

D. HLA - DR.

p.4
Cytokines and Immune Response

What is Type 1 Interferon IFN-Beta?

A type of interferon involved in the immune response.

p.4
Innate vs Adaptive Immune System

Which component is NOT part of the first line of defense against infection?

Phagocytic leukocytes.

p.5
Complement System and Its Functions

Which of the following is NOT an immunological function of complement?

Induction of an antiviral state.

p.5
Complement System and Its Functions

What is the purpose of C3a, C4a, and C5a in the complement cascade?

To cause increased vascular permeability, contraction of smooth muscle, and release of histamine from basophils.

p.3
T Cell Development and Markers

T regulatory cells express which phenotypes?

C. CD3, CD4, CD25.

p.3
Immunological Principles and Concepts

Which type of immunity is induced through the injection of antibodies synthesized by another individual or animal?

C. Artificial passive.

p.7
Complement System and Its Functions

What is the role of C1 inhibitor (C1INH)?

It combines with C1r and C1s to block C1 activities.

p.1
Historical Figures in Immunology

Who created a detailed account on the identification of the Athenian plague?

Thucydides.

p.6
Complement System and Its Functions

What is the Classical C3 Convertase?

C4b2a.

p.6
Complement System and Its Functions

Which pathway is activated by pneumococcal antigens?

The classical pathway.

p.4
Mechanisms of Immune Response

What is true about Toll-Like Receptors (TLR)?

It is a protein originally found in Drosophila.

p.2
T Cell Development and Markers

What is true about mature T cells?

They exhibit either CD4 or CD8 markers.

p.3
T Cell Development and Markers

What molecule on the surface of most T cells recognizes antigen?

D. TCR, consisting of two chains, alpha and beta.

p.2
B Cell Development and Markers

What triggers the development process in B cells?

The interaction of the CD45R surface receptor with stromal bone marrow cells.

p.2
T Cell Development and Markers

What is the role of CD3?

Associated with T-cell antigen receptor; role in TCR signal transduction.

p.2
T Cell Development and Markers

What is the function of CD8?

Co-receptor for MHC class I.

p.1
Historical Figures in Immunology

Who first introduced variolation in England?

Lady Montagu.

p.6
Complement System and Its Functions

What is the role of Properdin in the complement system?

It stabilizes the C3 convertase.

p.1
T Cell Development and Markers

Which area within lymph nodes observes blast formation of B cells?

Secondary follicles in the Paracortex.

p.3
Innate vs Adaptive Immune System

Toll-like receptors are found on which cells?

D. Dendritic cells.

p.2
Cytokines and Immune Response

What does Th1 produce?

Interferon gamma and interleukin 13.

p.3
Phagocytosis and Immune Cell Function

What is the name of the process by which phagocytic cells are attracted to a substance?

B. Chemotaxis.

p.5
Complement System and Its Functions

How can complement activity be destroyed in vitro?

By heating serum at 56°C for 30 minutes.

p.5
Complement System and Its Functions

What is true regarding the classical pathway of complement activation?

Activation by antibody requires one IgM or two IgG molecules.

p.2
B Cell Development and Markers

What are the end products of B cell activation?

Immunoglobulins.

p.2
B Cell Development and Markers

What is the first heavy chain synthesized in B cells?

Mu chains (IgM).

p.1
Historical Figures in Immunology

Who is known for the germ theory of alcoholic fermentation?

Theodore Swann.

p.1
Innate vs Adaptive Immune System

Which lymphoid organ is the site for antigen-independent lymphopoiesis?

Bone Marrow.

p.2
T Cell Development and Markers

What is the receptor for sheep red blood cells?

CD2.

p.5
Complement System and Its Functions

Which complement is the heaviest and what stabilizes it?

C1, stabilized by Calcium.

p.4
Mechanisms of Immune Response

What is the role of MHC II molecules in T helper cell interaction?

MHC II molecule on B cell binds to CD3 on the T cell.

p.6
Cytokines and Immune Response

What is the significance of C-reactive protein in serum electrophoresis?

It is a gamma-migrating protein.

p.4
Phagocytosis and Immune Cell Function

Which of the following is NOT an example of a mechanical barrier?

Lysozyme.

p.2
T Cell Development and Markers

What happens to immature T cells that express the CD3-alpha-beta TCR?

They undergo negative selection.

p.2
Cytokines and Immune Response

What are the end products of T cell activation?

Cytokines.

p.5
Complement System and Its Functions

Which complement fragment is the most potent anaphylatoxin?

C5a.

p.2
Mechanisms of Immune Response

Which cellular mediator is important for immune complex tissue injury?

Neutrophil.

p.6
Complement System and Its Functions

Which complement proteins cleave complement 4 and complement 2 in the MBL pathway?

B. Mannan-associated serine protease - 1.

p.4
Cytokines and Immune Response

Which statement about Cytokines is incorrect?

Interferon Gamma is the initial responder against any viral infections.

p.4
Mechanisms of Immune Response

Which statement about Pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) is incorrect?

Secreted PRRs are found in the blood and skin secretions.

p.2
B Cell Development and Markers

What surface molecule is recognized by B cell precursors?

CD45R.

p.6
Complement System and Its Functions

Which complement protein starts the pore formation on the microbial membrane?

D. C9.

p.4
Immunological Principles and Concepts

What is the fundamental difference between primary and secondary lymphatic organs?

Maturation of lymphocytes occurs in primary organs, and activation occurs in secondary organs.

p.1
Innate vs Adaptive Immune System

Which of the following is NOT part of the innate immune system?

IL-10.

p.4
Mechanisms of Immune Response

What substance is recognized by TLR-5?

Flagellin.

p.4
Cytokines and Immune Response

What is the correct order of inflammatory stages?

Chemotaxis/diapedesis → Phagocytosis → Vascular response.

p.2
Cytokines and Immune Response

What does Th2 produce?

Interleukin 4, 5, 10, and 13.

p.5
Complement System and Its Functions

Which statement is true regarding the alternative complement pathway?

It can be activated by bacterial capsule polysaccharides.

p.2
T Cell Development and Markers

What is the function of CD2?

Involved in T-cell activation.

p.6
Complement System and Its Functions

Which type of condition is associated with the deficiency of complement protein 9?

B. Neisseria infections.

p.1
Historical Figures in Immunology

Who is the founder of aseptic techniques?

Joseph Lister.

p.1
T Cell Development and Markers

Which of the following is the receptor for MHC class I molecules?

CD8.

p.5
Complement System and Its Functions

Which of the following is NOT a role of C5a?

C5a coats itself to a target cell to facilitate an enhanced phagocytic response.

p.5
Complement System and Its Functions

Which proteins are common to both classical and alternative pathways?

C3, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9.

p.7
Cytokines and Immune Response

What does an anaphylatoxin inactivator do?

It removes a single amino acid from C4a, C3a, and C5a, rendering them useless as anaphylatoxins.

p.1
T Cell Development and Markers

Which of the following is the receptor for MHC class II molecules?

CD4.

p.3
Immunological Principles and Concepts

Identify a specific component of the adaptive immune system formed in response to antigenic stimulation.

A. Immunoglobulin.

p.4
Mechanisms of Immune Response

Which receptors recognize ribonucleic acids in the cytoplasm of diseased host cells?

Retinoic acid-inducible gene-1 like receptors.

p.5
Complement System and Its Functions

What is the function of Complement Receptor Type 1 (CR1)?

CR1 binds to C3b and C4b.

p.2
B Cell Development and Markers

What is needed to differentiate common lymphoid precursors into pro-B cells?

EZA, EBF, PAX5, and IL-1.

p.6
Complement System and Its Functions

What stabilizes the C1 complex in the Classical Complement pathway?

Magnesium.

p.6
Cytokines and Immune Response

What does IL-6 do in the immune response?

Stimulates B lymphocytes to proliferate and differentiate into Plasma Cells.

p.1
Innate vs Adaptive Immune System

Which of the following is NOT part of the adaptive immune system?

Neutrophils.

p.3
Mechanisms of Immune Response

How are cytotoxic T cells (TC cells) and natural killer (NK) cells similar?

B. Both are effective mediators against virally infected host cells.

p.3
Cytokines and Immune Response

Which mediators may increase within 72 hours after an initial infection?

B. Macrophages, T cells, antibody, haptoglobin, fibrinogen.

p.5
Complement System and Its Functions

Which proteins are unique to the classical pathway?

C1q, C1r, C1s, C4, C2.

p.5
Complement System and Its Functions

Which complement protein attracts leukocytes and macrophages to the site of activation?

Complement protein 5a.

p.2
T Cell Development and Markers

What is the primary function of T regulatory cells?

Suppressing immune responses to self-antigens.

p.3
Immunological Principles and Concepts

How does the secondary humoral immune response differ from the primary response?

C. The antibody levels produced are higher in the secondary immune response.

p.2
T Cell Development and Markers

What is the function of CD4?

Co-receptor for MHC class II; receptor for HIV.

p.3
Cytokines and Immune Response

Macrophages produce which proteins during antigen processing?

A. IL - 1 and IL - 6.

p.2
B Cell Development and Markers

How are immature B cells distinguished from pro- and pre-B cells?

By the appearance of a complete immunoglobulin A molecule.

p.2
T Cell Development and Markers

What is the role of CD5?

Positive or negative modulation of T and B cell receptor signaling.

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder