p.3
Mosquito-Borne Infections
What diagnostic method should be used to confirm malaria?
Thick and thin blood smears.
p.11
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is the function of Enfuvirtide?
It binds gp41, inhibiting viral entry (fusion).
p.3
Infectious Diseases and Diarrhea Etiology
What type of rash is associated with enteric fever?
Faint, salmon-colored, blanching, maculopapular rash (rose spots).
p.1
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
What is the clinical diagnosis for Familial Hypercholesterolemia?
Substantial hypercholesterolemia with LDL-C >190 mg/dL and a family history of hypercholesterolemia.
p.6
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is the primary use of Ceftriaxone?
Third generation cephalosporin with Pseudomonas coverage.
p.3
Mosquito-Borne Infections
Where is the highest endemicity of malaria found?
MIMAROPA region, Palawan.
p.11
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What class of drugs does Abacavir (ABC) belong to?
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI).
p.1
Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders
What are the symptoms of Pompe Disease?
Cardiomyopathy, hypotonia, and exercise intolerance.
p.8
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is the significance of the 'R' in anti-mycobacterial agents?
It refers to Rifampicin, which inhibits RNA polymerase and can cause rapid development of resistance.
p.12
Anti-Protozoal and Anti-Helminthic Drugs
What infections is Metronidazole used to treat?
Trichomoniasis and Giardiasis.
What is Griseofulvin used for?
Treatment of dermatophyte infections.
p.6
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is Cefazolin used for?
Surgical prophylaxis, with the greatest gram-positive coverage.
p.4
Tetanus and Rabies Pathology
What is the most characteristic pathologic finding in rabies?
Negri bodies, which are eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in brain neurons.
p.8
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What are the side effects of Isoniazid?
Neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, sideroblastic anemia, and drug-induced lupus.
p.6
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
Which cephalosporins provide Pseudomonal coverage?
Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Cefoperazone.
p.10
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is the mechanism of action for Acyclovir?
Requires activation by viral thymidine kinase, activated only when infection is present.
p.2
Infectious Diseases and Diarrhea Etiology
Which organisms are responsible for filariasis?
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi.
p.14
Infectious Diseases and Diarrhea Etiology
Name an example of an obligate aerobe.
Nocardia, Bacillus cereus, Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Bordetella, Legionella, Brucella, or Mycobacterium.
p.14
Infectious Diseases and Diarrhea Etiology
Which bacteria are classified as facultative anaerobes?
Staphylococcus, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium, Listeria, Actinomyces, Mycoplasma.
p.14
Infectious Diseases and Diarrhea Etiology
What is the significance of Thayer-Martin agar?
It selectively favors the growth of Neisseria by inhibiting gram-positive organisms and certain gram-negative organisms.
p.5
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is a side effect associated with Ampicillin?
Pseudomembranous colitis.
p.5
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is the characteristic of Ticarcillin/Piperacillin?
They are antipseudomonal penicillins.
p.6
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What microbes are covered by first generation cephalosporins?
Klebsiella spp., E. coli, and Proteus spp.
p.5
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
Which organisms are susceptible to Amoxicillin?
Enterococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella spp., Shigella.
p.7
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is the side effect associated with Chloramphenicol?
Aplastic Anemia (dose independent).
p.3
Mosquito-Borne Infections
What is the relapse characteristic of Plasmodium ovale?
Yes, it can relapse due to reactivation of hypnozoites.
p.5
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What are the two main classifications of antibiotics based on action?
Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic.
p.2
Infectious Diseases and Diarrhea Etiology
What type of diarrhea is associated with Clostridium difficile?
Profuse, watery diarrhea.
p.5
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
Which antibiotics are classified as bacteriostatic?
Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol.
p.7
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is the absolute contraindication for Gentamicin?
Neuromuscular blockade in patients with myasthenia gravis.
p.4
Tetanus and Rabies Pathology
What type of bacteria causes tetanus?
Anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rods (Clostridium tetani).
p.1
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
What is the cause of mental retardation in Tay-Sachs Disease?
Accumulation of GM2 ganglioside.
p.1
Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders
What is the primary deficiency in Von Gierke Disease?
Glucose 6-phosphatase deficiency.
p.12
Anti-Protozoal and Anti-Helminthic Drugs
What is the primary action of Chloroquine?
Blocks detoxification of heme into hemozoin.
p.8
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is a side effect of Ethambutol?
Visual dysfunction (retrobulbar neuritis, color blindness, red-green reversible).
p.11
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What are common side effects of NNRTIs?
Rash, hepatotoxicity, vivid dreams, and CNS symptoms.
p.11
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is a common side effect of all protease inhibitors?
They all end with -navir.
p.12
Anti-Protozoal and Anti-Helminthic Drugs
What diseases are treated with Suramin and Melarsoprol?
African sleeping sickness.
p.4
Leptospirosis and Its Complications
What are common causes of death in severe leptospirosis?
Pulmonary hemorrhage, gastrointestinal tract bleeding (melena, hemoptysis), hematuria, and skin bleeding (petechiae, ecchymosis).
p.10
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is a potential side effect of Acyclovir?
Obstructive crystalline nephropathy and acute kidney injury if not adequately hydrated.
p.10
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is Ganciclovir used to treat?
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections.
p.5
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
Which antibiotics are classified as bactericidal?
Vancomycin, Fluoroquinolones, Penicillins, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Metronidazole.
p.10
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is the primary use of Amantadine?
Prevents viral uncoating, primarily for Influenza A coverage.
p.6
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What type of reaction is associated with Cefaclor?
Disulfiram-like reaction.
p.14
Infectious Diseases and Diarrhea Etiology
What agar is used for the growth of Haemophilus influenzae?
Chocolate agar with Factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin).
p.11
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is the mechanism of action for NNRTIs?
They do not require phosphorylation and inhibit HIV genome integration into host cells.
p.11
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What do integrase inhibitors do?
They inhibit HIV integrase, preventing the integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome.
p.11
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What does Maraviroc inhibit?
It binds CCR-5 on T cells/monocytes, inhibiting interaction with gp120 (docking).
p.11
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is a specific side effect of Enfuvirtide?
Skin reaction at injection sites.
p.9
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What reaction can occur with Metronidazole when taken with alcohol?
Disulfiram-like reaction.
p.2
Infectious Diseases and Diarrhea Etiology
What are the important etiologic organisms for diarrhea caused by preformed toxins?
Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus.
p.7
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is unique about Azithromycin's administration?
It has the highest volume of distribution and can be given as a single dose for certain indications.
p.10
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is unique about Foscarnet compared to other antivirals?
It does NOT require viral thymidine kinase activation.
p.1
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
What are eruptive xanthomas?
Small, yellowish-white papules that may appear in clusters on the body.
p.10
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What infections does Lamivudine treat?
Hepatitis B infection and HIV.
p.8
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is the mechanism of action of Isoniazid?
Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.
p.1
Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders
What is the result of G6PD deficiency?
Hemolytic anemia due to poor RBC defense against oxidizing agents.
p.12
Anti-Protozoal and Anti-Helminthic Drugs
What side effects are associated with Quinine?
Hypoglycemia, cinchonism.
p.12
Anti-Protozoal and Anti-Helminthic Drugs
What is Diloxanide furoate used for?
Eradicate cysts of E. histolytica in asymptomatic cyst carriers.
p.9
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What type of discoloration does Phenazine dye cause?
Red-black skin discoloration.
p.4
Leptospirosis and Its Complications
What is the most severe form of leptospirosis?
Weil's Syndrome, characterized by jaundice, renal dysfunction, and hemorrhagic diathesis.
p.14
Infectious Diseases and Diarrhea Etiology
Which two pathogenic species of Mycoplasmataceae lack cell walls?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Ureaplasma urealyticum.
p.6
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is a common side effect of Cefazolin?
Hypersensitivity reaction.
p.4
Infectious Diseases and Diarrhea Etiology
What is the mainstay treatment for schistosomiasis?
Mass treatment with praziquantel.
p.10
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What are some side effects of Amantadine?
Cerebellar dysfunction and livedo reticularis.
p.6
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is unique about Ceftaroline compared to earlier generations?
It covers MRSA and has broad gram-positive and gram-negative coverage.
p.13
Anti-Protozoal and Anti-Helminthic Drugs
What is the mechanism of action for Mebendazole?
Inhibits helminthic microtubules.
p.14
Infectious Diseases and Diarrhea Etiology
Which medium is used for the culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Löwenstein-Jensen or Middlebrook medium.
p.12
Anti-Protozoal and Anti-Helminthic Drugs
What is Quinine used for?
Second-line treatment for malaria.
p.12
Anti-Protozoal and Anti-Helminthic Drugs
What is TMP-SMX (Cotrimoxazole) used for?
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia.
p.9
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What side effect is associated with Dapsone in G6PD deficient individuals?
Methemoglobinemia and hemolysis.
p.7
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What are the side effects of Tetracycline?
Tooth Enamel Discoloration and Photosensitivity.
p.7
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What serious side effect is associated with Clindamycin?
Pseudomembranous colitis.
p.1
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
What condition can present with recurrent episodes of severe abdominal pain due to acute pancreatitis?
Familial chylomicronemia syndrome.
p.7
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is a common side effect of Gentamicin?
Nephrotoxicity and Ototoxicity.
p.8
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What are common side effects of Sulfamethoxazole?
Hypersensitivity reactions such as SJS and TEN, kernicterus, and hemolysis in patients with G6PD deficiency.
p.10
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What type of drug is Oseltamivir?
A neuraminidase inhibitor used for treatment and prevention of influenza A.
p.7
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is the therapeutic use of Neomycin?
Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy (second line).
p.7
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is a key characteristic of Aminoglycosides?
They cannot kill anaerobes.
p.14
Infectious Diseases and Diarrhea Etiology
What is the characteristic appearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonies?
Shiny 'gun-metal' appearance and a characteristic fruity odor.
p.13
Anti-Protozoal and Anti-Helminthic Drugs
What is Albendazole used to treat?
Echinococcosis and intestinal parasitic nematodes.
p.6
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is the mnemonic for third generation cephalosporins?
FEnge PO ng PERA to FIX my TTTTTV!
p.12
Anti-Protozoal and Anti-Helminthic Drugs
What is Mefloquine advised for?
Pregnant women traveling to areas with drug-resistant malaria.
What are common side effects of Amphotericin B?
Fever/chills, hypotension, nephrotoxicity.
p.3
Mosquito-Borne Infections
What is the morphology of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes?
Banana-shaped with tufted ends.
p.4
Infectious Diseases and Diarrhea Etiology
What is the intermediate host for Schistosoma japonicum?
Oncomelania quadrasi (snail).
p.14
Infectious Diseases and Diarrhea Etiology
What type of culture medium is used for Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
Cystine-tellurite agar (produces black colonies).
p.8
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is the primary use of Levofloxacin?
Used for pulmonary infections.
p.8
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is the unique feature of Moxifloxacin?
It has a broad spectrum of activity and anaerobic coverage.
p.11
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is the use of Zidovudine (ZDV) during pregnancy?
To decrease the risk of fetal transmission of HIV.
p.8
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is the side effect associated with Rifampicin?
Red-orange urine and hepatotoxicity.
p.6
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is a mnemonic to remember first generation cephalosporins?
FADer helps me FAZ my Pharmacology boards.
p.8
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is the primary side effect of Streptomycin?
Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.
p.12
Anti-Protozoal and Anti-Helminthic Drugs
What does Nitazoxanide treat?
Cryptosporidium parvum infection.
p.9
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is the mechanism of action of Dapsone?
Inhibits folate synthesis.
p.7
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is a notable side effect of Erythromycin?
Diarrhea and cholestatic jaundice.
p.7
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is the primary use of Linezolid?
For vancomycin and methicillin-resistant organisms.
p.8
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is the mechanism of action of Sulfamethoxazole?
Blocks Dihydropteroate Synthase, leading to sequential blockade in folate synthesis.
p.8
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is a notable side effect of Ciprofloxacin?
Tendonitis or tendon rupture, especially in people over 60 years old and those taking prednisone.
p.5
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What type of penicillins are Dicloxacillin, Nafcillin, and Oxacillin?
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins.
p.10
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What is Ribavirin used to treat?
Hepatitis C and RSV infections.
p.6
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What does the acronym HEN stand for in relation to second generation cephalosporins?
Haemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp.
p.12
Anti-Protozoal and Anti-Helminthic Drugs
What is Artesunate the drug of choice for?
All patients with severe malaria.
What is the mechanism of action of Amphotericin B?
Forms artificial pores in fungal cell membranes.
p.1
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
What is Abetalipoproteinemia characterized by?
Accumulation of fat in intestinal enterocytes and hepatocytes, with deficiency in fat-soluble vitamins.
p.4
Infectious Diseases and Diarrhea Etiology
What areas in the Philippines are most prevalent for schistosomiasis?
Sorsogon, Samar, Leyte, Oriental Mindoro, Bohol, and all of Mindanao, except Misamis Oriental.
p.14
Infectious Diseases and Diarrhea Etiology
What type of medium is used for Vibrio cholerae?
Thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS).
p.8
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What does Ethambutol block?
Blocks arabinosyltransferase to decrease carbohydrate polymerization of the mycobacterium cell wall.
Why can't Mycobacteria be stained with Gram stain?
Too much lipid in the cell wall prevents dye penetration.
p.9
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is a side effect of Meropenem?
CNS toxicity at high plasma levels.
What is Nystatin used for?
Prophylaxis and treatment of candidiasis and cryptococcosis.
p.6
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is the mnemonic for remembering second generation cephalosporins?
In a FAMily gathering, you see your FOXy cousin wearing a FUR coat and drinking TEa.
p.13
Anti-Protozoal and Anti-Helminthic Drugs
What is Niclosamide used as?
A backup drug to Praziquantel.
p.12
Anti-Protozoal and Anti-Helminthic Drugs
When is Doxycycline used?
Prophylaxis in areas with chloroquine- or mefloquine-resistant P. falciparum.
p.9
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What does Rifampicin inhibit?
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
What is Ketoconazole used for?
Topical treatment of dermatophytosis and candidiasis.
p.11
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
What are some side effects associated with protease inhibitors?
Hyperglycemia, GI intolerance, lipodystrophy, and increased creatine kinase.
p.9
Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms
What is Nitrofurantoin used to treat?
Urinary tract infections.
