p.2
Definition and Importance of Physiology
What is Physiology?
The study of the functions and mechanisms in a living system.
p.2
Cell Structure and Organization
What is the organization of the human body?
It is structured in levels: cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
p.2
Cell Structure and Organization
What is the structure of a cell?
Cells are the basic units of life, containing organelles and a plasma membrane.
p.2
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are cell organelles?
Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions.
p.2
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the structure of the plasma membrane?
A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
p.2
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
How are membrane proteins arranged?
They can be integral or peripheral, spanning or attached to the membrane.
p.2
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are the functions of membrane proteins?
They facilitate transport, act as receptors, and provide structural support.
p.23
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are mitochondria commonly known as?
The Powerhouse of a cell.
p.47
Cell Cycle and Division
What is meiosis?
Reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes).
p.39
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
Where are peripheral proteins located?
On the plasma membrane, either on the cytoplasm side or the extracellular fluid side.
p.55
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What happens to the body when there are constant disturbances?
They are immediately rectified to restore equilibrium.
p.59
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
How does the body regulate temperature?
Through negative feedback mechanisms that adjust heat production and loss.
p.59
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What role does the hypothalamus play in body temperature regulation?
It acts as the body's thermostat, detecting changes in temperature.
p.55
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What is homeostasis?
A dynamic condition that maintains equilibrium in the body.
p.43
Cell Cycle and Division
What are the two main types of cells in humans based on their function related to reproduction?
Somatic cells and Germ cells.
p.66
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What is edema?
An abnormal increase in interstitial fluid volume.
p.30
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What do cilia do?
Move fluids along a cell’s surface.
p.29
Cell Structure and Organization
How does the nucleus influence cellular activities?
It directs cellular activities.
p.32
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the structure of the plasma membrane?
It is made of two layers of lipids.
p.32
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
How are the lipid layers in the plasma membrane arranged?
They are arranged back to back against each other.
p.47
Cell Cycle and Division
What do the terms 'mei-' and '-osis' mean?
'Mei-' means lessening; '-osis' means condition of.
p.43
Cell Cycle and Division
What are germ cells?
Cells whose progeny become gametes and help in human reproduction.
p.61
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is a positive feedback mechanism?
A control system that accelerates an activity when it is increased.
p.16
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are cell organelles?
Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions.
p.87
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is active transport in membrane transport?
Vesicular transport where vesicles undergo endocytosis on one side of the cell and exocytosis on the other side.
p.63
Body Fluid Distribution and Composition
What factors can influence the percentage of water in the human body?
Age, gender, and obesity.
p.45
Cell Cycle and Division
What are the two major periods of the cell cycle?
Interphase and Mitotic (M) phase.
p.48
Cell Cycle and Division
Where does meiosis occur in the body?
In the gonads (ovaries and testes).
p.46
Cell Cycle and Division
Are the daughter cells produced by mitosis genetically identical to the original cell?
Yes, they are genetically identical.
p.13
Cell Structure and Organization
What are the two main functions of microfilaments?
1. Help in movement (cell division and locomotion) 2. Provide mechanical support.
p.70
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
Does passive transport require energy?
No, it does not require energy.
p.87
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What are the two main processes involved in active transport?
Endocytosis and exocytosis.
p.29
Cell Structure and Organization
What is the primary function of the nucleus?
Controls cellular structure.
p.76
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is passive transport?
Movement of water or solvent across a selectively permeable membrane.
p.14
Cell Structure and Organization
What is one function of intermediate filaments?
They help stabilize the position of organelles such as the nucleus.
p.81
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What are symporters in active transport?
They carry two substances across the membrane in the same direction.
p.75
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is simple diffusion?
A passive process where substances move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes without the help of membrane transport proteins.
p.54
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What is homeostasis in relation to human physiology?
It refers to the conditions on either side of the cell membrane being almost equal or at equilibrium.
p.79
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What happens to membrane carrier proteins during ATP hydrolysis in primary active transport?
They undergo structural changes.
p.46
Cell Cycle and Division
What does mitosis produce?
Two genetically identical cells.
p.77
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is another source of energy for active transport?
Indirectly derived energy from ionic concentration differences.
p.8
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the role of the cell membrane?
It serves as the outer covering or protective layer of the cell.
p.16
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
How do cell organelles differ?
They have characteristic shapes and specific functions.
p.72
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
How does the thickness of the membrane impact diffusion?
Greater thickness results in poorer diffusion.
p.7
Cell Structure and Organization
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
It is the jelly-like substance that fills the cell and contains organelles.
p.28
Cell Structure and Organization
What are chromosomes made of?
Long DNA strands coiled around proteins.
p.3
Definition and Importance of Physiology
What is Human Physiology?
The study of the normal functioning of the body.
p.77
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is active transport?
Transport of substance against the electrochemical gradient (from lower to higher concentration).
p.79
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is the primary function of structural changes in carrier proteins during primary active transport?
To move or pump substances across the membrane.
p.58
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is an example of a negative feedback mechanism related to body temperature?
Body temperature regulation.
p.45
Cell Cycle and Division
What is the cell cycle?
An orderly sequence of events in which a somatic cell duplicates its contents and divides in two.
p.72
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What role does the surface area of the membrane play in diffusion?
Greater surface area leads to greater diffusion.
p.52
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What is homeostasis?
The process by which living organisms regulate their internal environment to maintain stable conditions.
p.21
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What role does the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum play in liver cells regarding drugs?
It helps in the inactivation of lipid-soluble drugs or potentially harmful substances.
p.78
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is secondary active transport?
Uses the energy from the electrochemical gradient created by primary active transport.
p.82
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is active transport in the context of membrane transport?
The transport of vesicles within the cytoplasm between cell organelles and outside the cell.
p.13
Cell Structure and Organization
What role do microfilaments play in cell shape?
They contribute to the basic strength and shape of cells.
p.50
Types of Membrane Transport: Passive and Active
What are the two main types of transport mechanisms?
Passive transport and active transport.
p.15
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the functions of microtubules?
Help determine cell shape and assist in the movement of cell organelles and projections like flagella.
p.59
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is a negative feedback mechanism?
A process that counteracts a change to maintain homeostasis.
p.3
Definition and Importance of Physiology
What does Physiology explain?
How the structures of the body work together to maintain life.
p.59
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What happens when body temperature rises above the normal range?
Sweating increases and blood vessels dilate to promote heat loss.
p.79
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What energy source is utilized in primary active transport?
Energy obtained by directly hydrolyzing ATP.
p.38
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are integral proteins?
Membrane proteins that are embedded in the cell membrane.
p.34
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
How do lipid molecules behave in the plasma membrane according to the fluid mosaic model?
They form like a sea that is constantly moving.
p.72
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is the effect of concentration gradient on diffusion across the cell membrane?
Higher concentration leads to greater diffusion.
p.58
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is a negative feedback mechanism?
A control mechanism that involves an action that directly opposes the variation from normal.
p.30
Cell Structure and Organization
What do cilia and flagella contain?
Either microfilaments or microtubules.
p.31
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the plasma membrane?
An outer covering of the cell surrounding the cytoplasm.
p.40
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
How do peripheral proteins interact with integral proteins?
They anchor integral proteins.
p.57
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is a feedback mechanism?
A cycle of events that monitors, evaluates, changes, re-monitors, and re-evaluates a body condition.
p.45
Cell Cycle and Division
What happens during Interphase?
The cell is not dividing.
p.40
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What role do peripheral proteins play in cellular movement?
They move materials and organelles within cells.
p.73
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is diffusion?
The process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
p.78
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is a symporter?
A transport protein that moves two or more molecules in the same direction across a membrane.
p.20
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum continuous with?
The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
p.14
Cell Structure and Organization
What are intermediate filaments?
Fibers that are intermediate in size and very strong, especially in cells undergoing mechanical stress.
p.81
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What are antiporters in active transport?
They carry two substances across the membrane in opposite directions.
p.39
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
Are peripheral proteins firmly embedded in the membrane?
No, they are not firmly embedded.
p.43
Cell Cycle and Division
What are somatic cells?
All cells in the body except germ cells.
p.80
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What do secondary active transport mechanisms use to function?
The energy stored in an ionic concentration gradient, such as for Na+.
p.77
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
How is energy utilized in active transport?
From direct ATP hydrolysis.
p.10
Cell Structure and Organization
What is cytoplasm?
The collective term for all cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
p.24
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the two membranes that make up mitochondria?
Outer membrane and inner membrane.
p.61
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism in childbirth?
The process of labor where contractions increase.
p.18
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Where is the Endoplasmic Reticulum located?
Throughout the cytoplasm, extending from the nuclear membrane.
p.21
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is one function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Helps in the synthesis of fatty acids and steroids such as estrogen and testosterone.
p.10
Cell Structure and Organization
What does the solid part of the cytoplasm consist of?
Cell organelles and cytoskeleton.
p.37
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What types of substances can ion channel proteins transport?
Ions, water, and larger proteins.
p.31
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What type of membrane does the plasma membrane form?
A semipermeable membrane.
p.78
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is vesicular transport?
Transport of materials in and out of the cell via vesicles.
p.59
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What occurs when body temperature falls below the normal range?
Shivering occurs and blood vessels constrict to conserve heat.
p.81
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is secondary active transport?
A type of transport that involves the movement of substances against their concentration gradient using energy derived from the transport of another substance.
p.18
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the structure of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
An extensive network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs.
p.75
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
Do membrane transport proteins assist in simple diffusion?
No, they do not assist in simple diffusion.
p.27
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What components make up the nucleolus?
Clumped-up proteins, DNA, and RNA.
p.35
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are membrane proteins?
Proteins present on the cell membrane.
p.58
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is an example of a negative feedback mechanism related to blood sugar?
Blood glucose regulation.
p.50
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What is homeostasis?
The process of maintaining a stable internal environment in the body.
p.31
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the composition of the plasma membrane?
Made of lipids and proteins.
p.40
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
How do peripheral proteins contribute to cell division?
They change cell shape during cell division.
p.41
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
How does the plasma membrane protect the cell?
By protecting the cell organelles and maintaining structural integrity.
p.57
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is the function of the control center in a feedback mechanism?
It evaluates the information received from the receptor.
p.69
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is passive transport?
Movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy.
p.51
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What are the types of feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?
Positive feedback and negative feedback.
p.26
Cell Structure and Organization
What is the function of nuclear pores?
To control the movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
p.76
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What type of membrane does passive transport occur across?
A selectively permeable membrane.
p.5
Cell Structure and Organization
What is a cell?
The basic, living, structural, and functional unit of the body.
p.32
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the function of the lipid bilayer in the plasma membrane?
To form an insulated region that prevents the free movement of substances.
p.25
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What important role do mitochondria play in the life cycle of a cell?
They play an important early role in apoptosis.
p.75
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
How do substances move during simple diffusion?
They move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes.
p.10
Cell Structure and Organization
What are the two main components of cytoplasm?
Cytosol (liquid part) and cell organelles and cytoskeleton (solid part).
p.8
Cell Structure and Organization
What is cytoplasm?
Every other component of a cell other than the nucleus and plasma membrane.
p.16
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What do organelles contain that aids their function?
Their own set of enzymes for specific reactions.
p.78
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
p.88
Cell Structure and Organization
What are plasma proteins?
Proteins found in blood plasma that play various roles, including transport, immune response, and blood clotting.
p.35
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are integral proteins?
Proteins that are embedded within the cell membrane.
p.6
Cell Structure and Organization
What types of cells are present in the human body?
Different types of cells.
p.88
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are two functions of the cell membrane?
1. Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. 2. Provides structural support and protection.
p.73
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is passive transport?
The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy.
p.86
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
p.88
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
Define osmosis.
The movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
p.26
Cell Structure and Organization
What type of membrane does the nucleus have?
Double-layered nuclear membrane.
p.33
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are the main types of lipids found in the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids.
p.76
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What happens to the concentration of water during passive transport?
It equalizes across the membrane.
p.47
Cell Cycle and Division
How does meiosis affect the number of chromosomes?
It reduces the number of chromosomes by half.
p.38
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is the function of carrier proteins?
They help to move or carry substances across the cell membrane.
p.7
Cell Structure and Organization
What are the three main parts of a cell?
Plasma membrane (cell membrane), cytoplasm, and nucleus.
p.61
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism in blood clotting?
The rapid accumulation of platelets at the injury site.
p.13
Cell Structure and Organization
What are microfilaments?
The smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton.
p.70
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is passive transport?
Transport of substances along the concentration gradient (from higher to lower concentration).
p.37
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What do integral proteins create across the cell membrane?
A pathway for the movement of ions, water, and larger proteins.
p.6
Cell Structure and Organization
What is the approximate number of cells in the human body?
100,000,000,000,000 (100 trillion).
p.49
Cell Cycle and Division
What is the primary purpose of meiosis?
To produce gametes, the cells needed to form the next generation.
p.15
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are microtubules?
Long, unbranched hollow tubes made of protein tubulin.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of ribosomes?
Sites of protein synthesis.
p.44
Cell Cycle and Division
What is cell division?
The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
p.74
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is simple diffusion?
A type of passive transport where substances move across the plasma membrane without energy input.
p.57
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What role does the receptor play in a feedback loop?
It monitors the status of a body condition.
p.86
Types of Membrane Transport: Passive and Active
What is phagocytosis?
A type of active transport known as cell eating, where cells engulf large particles.
p.50
Types of Membrane Transport: Passive and Active
How does passive transport work?
It allows substances to move across membranes without the use of energy.
p.64
Body Fluid Distribution and Composition
Where is the majority of fresh water found?
In glaciers, ice caps, and underground aquifers.
p.78
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is an antiporter?
A transport protein that moves two or more molecules in opposite directions across a membrane.
p.17
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
It synthesizes proteins and lipids.
p.36
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What role do receptor proteins play?
They bind to specific molecules and initiate cellular responses.
p.67
Body Fluid Distribution and Composition
What substances are rich in Intracellular Fluid (ICF)?
Potassium, proteins, and phosphate.
p.14
Cell Structure and Organization
How do intermediate filaments contribute to cell structure?
They help cells attach to one another.
p.23
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What do mitochondria generate that is essential for human functioning?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
p.34
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the significance of the proteins in the plasma membrane?
They are dispersed among the lipids, creating a mosaic pattern.
p.28
Cell Structure and Organization
What does the nucleus contain?
The cell's hereditary units called genes.
p.84
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is active transport in the context of membrane transport?
The merging of vesicles with the plasma membrane to release materials out of the cell.
p.8
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the two main components of cytoplasm?
Cytosol (liquid part) and cell organelles (solid part).
p.63
Body Fluid Distribution and Composition
How does obesity affect water distribution in the body?
It influences the total body water content.
p.16
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Why do the numbers and types of organelles vary?
Depending on the cell's function.
p.68
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is the resting membrane potential?
The difference in charge on either side of the membrane.
p.57
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What are the three basic components of a feedback loop?
Receptor, control center, and effector.
p.50
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What role do transport mechanisms play in physiology?
They regulate the movement of substances across cell membranes.
p.41
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is one of the primary functions of the plasma membrane?
Acts as a barrier separating the internal environment from the external environment.
p.37
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What characteristic do ion channel proteins possess?
They are highly selective.
p.62
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
How does blood clotting exemplify positive feedback?
When a blood vessel is injured, platelets adhere to the site and release chemicals that attract more platelets, accelerating the clotting process.
p.52
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What are the different mechanisms of fluid movement across the cell membrane?
Includes diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
p.73
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
p.64
Body Fluid Distribution and Composition
What is the significance of water distribution on Earth?
It affects climate, ecosystems, and human activities.
p.78
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is transcytosis?
The process of transporting molecules across the interior of a cell.
p.69
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is diffusion?
The process of spreading substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
p.65
Body Fluid Distribution and Composition
What are the components of extracellular fluid?
Interstitial fluid and plasma.
p.65
Body Fluid Distribution and Composition
How does water move between compartments in the body?
Through osmosis and filtration.
p.36
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What do cell identity markers do?
They help cells recognize each other and communicate.
p.66
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
When is edema usually detectable in tissues?
When interstitial fluid volume has risen to 30% above normal.
p.8
Cell Structure and Organization
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
It contains most of a cell’s DNA or genetic material.
p.80
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
How do primary active transport pumps contribute to secondary active transport?
They hydrolyze ATP to maintain the ionic concentration gradient.
p.53
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What is the definition of homeostasis?
The maintenance of stable conditions in the body’s internal environment.
p.40
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is one function of peripheral proteins in the plasma membrane?
Support the plasma membrane.
p.6
Cell Structure and Organization
How many cells are there in the average adult human body?
More than 100 trillion cells.
p.35
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are the two types of membrane proteins?
Integral proteins and peripheral proteins.
p.12
Cell Structure and Organization
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
To provide a structural framework for the cell.
p.62
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is a positive feedback mechanism?
A process that amplifies or increases the output of a system.
p.52
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What are the different means of maintaining homeostasis?
Includes feedback mechanisms, thermoregulation, and osmoregulation.
p.49
Cell Cycle and Division
What are the two main stages of meiosis?
Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
p.49
Cell Cycle and Division
How does meiosis affect the number of chromosomes in the nucleus?
It reduces the number of chromosomes by half (to 23).
p.71
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
Give an example of substances that undergo diffusion.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide.
p.82
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What energy source is utilized in active transport?
Energy from ATP hydrolysis.
p.11
Cell Structure and Organization
What is the function of cytosol?
Provides a location for many chemical reactions that help in the day-to-day functioning of the cell.
p.62
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What role do platelets play in blood clotting?
They aggregate at the injury site and release substances that promote further platelet activation.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Where can ribosomes also be found besides the ER?
Unattached in the cytoplasm.
p.65
Body Fluid Distribution and Composition
What is the main function of intracellular fluid?
To provide a medium for biochemical reactions within cells.
p.78
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is exocytosis?
The process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell.
p.78
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is endocytosis?
The process by which cells internalize substances from their external environment.
p.36
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are linker proteins?
Proteins that connect the membrane to the cytoskeleton and other cellular components.
p.85
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is active transport in the context of membrane transport?
The process where vesicles detach from the plasma membrane to bring materials into a cell.
p.54
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
How is homeostasis achieved in the body?
Through the interplay between different regulatory mechanisms at both the cellular and system levels.
p.27
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the nucleolus?
A dark spherical structure within the nucleus.
p.72
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
How does temperature affect diffusion?
Higher temperature results in greater diffusion.
p.48
Cell Cycle and Division
What type of cell division is meiosis?
Reproductive cell division.
p.46
Cell Cycle and Division
What is the role of mitosis in tissue growth?
It replaces dead or injured cells and adds new cells.
p.27
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the nucleolus?
To produce ribosomes and arrange proteins.
p.21
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
How does the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum assist liver cells?
It helps in the release of glucose into the bloodstream.
p.15
Cell Structure and Organization
What is the cytosol?
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm.
p.50
Body Fluid Distribution and Composition
What are body fluids?
Fluids that are present within the body, including blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid.
p.78
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is primary active transport?
Direct use of ATP to transport molecules across a membrane.
p.72
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is the effect of the mass of the diffusing substance on diffusion?
Higher mass results in poorer diffusion.
p.26
Cell Structure and Organization
What are the main components of the nucleus?
Nuclear membrane, nucleoli, and nucleoplasm.
p.35
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are peripheral proteins?
Proteins that are attached to the surface of the cell membrane.
p.51
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism.
p.40
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is a function of peripheral proteins in cell adhesion?
They help attach one cell to another.
p.74
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What are examples of substances that undergo simple diffusion?
Gases (O2, CO2, N2), fatty acids, steroids, fat-soluble vitamins, water, and urea.
p.51
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What are some factors regulating homeostasis?
Temperature, pH, hydration, and nutrient levels.
p.44
Cell Cycle and Division
What is the purpose of mitosis?
To produce two genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair.
p.83
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is vesicular mediated transport?
A type of active transport that involves the movement of substances in vesicles.
p.50
Types of Membrane Transport: Passive and Active
What is an example of active transport?
The sodium-potassium pump, which moves sodium out and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients.
p.82
Types of Membrane Transport: Passive and Active
What is vesicular mediated transport?
Transport involving vesicles for moving materials within and outside the cell.
p.60
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is the primary goal of blood glucose regulation?
To maintain stable blood glucose levels within a normal range.
p.74
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What role does water play in simple diffusion?
Water can move across the membrane through simple diffusion.
p.83
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
A process where cells internalize substances bound to specific receptors on the cell surface.
p.83
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is phagocytosis?
A type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large particles or cells.
p.13
Cell Structure and Organization
How do microfilaments provide mechanical support?
By anchoring the cytoskeleton to integral proteins in the plasma membrane and supporting cell extensions like microvilli.
p.52
Body Fluid Distribution and Composition
How is fluid distributed in the human body?
Fluid is distributed between intracellular and extracellular compartments.
p.48
Cell Cycle and Division
What do the roots 'mei' and 'osis' in meiosis signify?
'Mei' means lessening; 'osis' means condition of.
p.71
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is osmosis?
Movement of water molecules from a region of higher concentration (dilute solution) to a region of lower concentration (concentrated solution).
p.57
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What does the effector do in a feedback loop?
It carries out the change based on the control center's evaluation.
p.41
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What role do receptors on the plasma membrane play?
They participate in intercellular signaling.
p.86
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is vesicular-mediated transport?
Transport that involves vesicles to move substances into or out of the cell, including endocytosis.
p.83
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is transcytosis?
The process of transporting substances across the cell via vesicles that move through the cell.
p.56
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
Why is waste removal important for homeostasis?
It eliminates toxins and maintains internal balance.
p.9
Cell Structure and Organization
What is the role of the cytoskeleton?
Provides structural support and shape to the cell.
p.60
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is a negative feedback mechanism?
A process that counteracts a change in a controlled condition to maintain homeostasis.
p.71
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is diffusion in the context of membrane transport?
Movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a lower concentration.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Where are ribosomes typically found attached?
Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
p.60
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
How does negative feedback regulate blood glucose levels?
When blood glucose levels rise, insulin is released to lower them; when they drop, glucagon is released to raise them.
p.12
Cell Structure and Organization
What are the three types of cytoskeletal filaments?
Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules.
p.36
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are integral proteins?
Membrane proteins that are permanently attached to the membrane.
p.65
Body Fluid Distribution and Composition
What are the two main compartments of body water distribution?
Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.
p.86
Types of Membrane Transport: Passive and Active
What is pinocytosis?
A type of active transport known as cell drinking, where cells take in small amounts of liquid.
p.86
Types of Membrane Transport: Passive and Active
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
A process where cells internalize molecules based on receptor binding.
p.65
Body Fluid Distribution and Composition
What is the primary role of extracellular fluid?
To transport nutrients, gases, and waste products to and from cells.
p.51
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What are the different types of transport mechanisms across the cell membrane?
Passive transport, active transport, and facilitated diffusion.
p.69
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is secondary active transport?
Active transport that uses the energy from the movement of one substance to move another substance.
p.37
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What effect do integral proteins have on the cell membrane?
They make the membrane semi-permeable.
p.88
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is active transport?
The movement of substances across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).
p.56
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What role does the pH system play in homeostasis?
It helps maintain the acid-base balance in the body.
p.44
Cell Cycle and Division
What is the purpose of meiosis?
To produce gametes (sperm and eggs) with half the number of chromosomes.
p.83
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is exocytosis?
The process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell.
p.44
Cell Cycle and Division
What is the significance of the cell cycle?
It regulates cell division and ensures proper DNA replication and distribution.
p.56
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
How does water and electrolyte balance contribute to homeostasis?
It regulates fluid levels and concentrations of ions in the body.
p.56
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What is the role of enzymes and hormones in maintaining homeostasis?
They facilitate biochemical reactions and regulate physiological processes.
p.51
Types of Membrane Transport: Passive and Active
What is active transport?
The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
p.56
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What are the different regulatory mechanisms in the body that help in homeostasis?
pH system, feedback system, water and electrolyte balance, nutrition, enzymes and hormones, waste removal.
p.36
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the function of ion channel proteins?
To allow specific ions to pass through the membrane.
p.62
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is the end result of the positive feedback mechanism in blood clotting?
Formation of a stable blood clot to seal the wound.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What do unattached ribosomes produce in the cytoplasm?
Proteins and lipids needed in the cytosol, such as Hemoglobin.
p.73
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is facilitated diffusion?
The process by which larger or polar molecules pass through the membrane via protein channels.
p.2
Cell Cycle and Division
What is the cell cycle?
The series of phases that a cell goes through leading to its division and replication.
p.51
Types of Membrane Transport: Passive and Active
What is facilitated diffusion?
The process of transporting substances across a membrane with the help of proteins.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What types of proteins do ribosomes produce when attached to the ER?
Plasma membrane proteins and secretory proteins.
p.74
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
Which gases are involved in simple diffusion?
Oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen (N2).
p.88
Types of Membrane Transport: Passive and Active
What are the types of membrane transport?
1. Passive transport (e.g., diffusion, osmosis) 2. Active transport.
p.69
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is active transport?
Movement of substances across a cell membrane that requires energy.
p.36
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What do carrier proteins do?
They transport substances across the membrane by changing shape.
p.83
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is endocytosis?
The process by which cells internalize substances by engulfing them in vesicles.
p.69
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
p.82
Types of Membrane Transport: Passive and Active
What are the types of active transport?
Exocytosis, Endocytosis, and Transcytosis.
p.41
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
How does the plasma membrane help in cell identification?
It helps identify the cell to other cells, such as immune cells.
p.73
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is simple diffusion?
The movement of small or nonpolar molecules directly through the lipid bilayer of a membrane.
p.51
Body Fluid Distribution and Composition
What is the role of body fluids in homeostasis?
They transport nutrients, waste, and help regulate temperature.
p.9
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Synthesizes proteins and lipids.
p.69
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is primary active transport?
Active transport that directly uses energy from ATP to move substances.
p.69
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is vesicular transport?
The process of moving large quantities of materials in and out of cells via vesicles.
p.56
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is the function of feedback systems in homeostasis?
They regulate internal conditions by responding to changes and restoring balance.
p.71
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What type of solution do water molecules move to during osmosis?
To a concentrated solution.
p.44
Cell Cycle and Division
What phases are included in the cell cycle?
Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
p.36
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the function of enzymes in the membrane?
To catalyze biochemical reactions at the membrane surface.
p.83
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is pinocytosis?
A form of endocytosis where the cell engulfs liquid and small particles.
p.51
Types of Membrane Transport: Passive and Active
What is passive transport?
The movement of substances across the cell membrane without energy input.
