Question 1

Increased blood solute concentration affects ___ neurons.

Accepted Answer

hypothalamic

Question 2

The thick segment of the ascending limb is impermeable to both ___ and ___.

Accepted Answer

water, solutes

Question 3

Females have smooth muscle fibers at the neck of the bladder that assist with preventing ___ leakage.

Accepted Answer

urine

Question 4

Even slight changes in solute concentration will trigger ___ release.

Accepted Answer

ADH

Question 5

Dilation of renal arteries increases ___ production.

Accepted Answer

urine

Question 6

The regulation of blood volume has a direct effect on ___ volume.

Accepted Answer

urine

Question 7

The loop of Henle is a critical location for ___ reabsorption.

Accepted Answer

water

Question 8

The extracellular fluid compartment accounts for around ___% of all the water in the body.

Accepted Answer

30

Question 9

Both males and females have a well-defined external urethral ___ formed of skeletal muscle.

Accepted Answer

sphincter

Question 10

ADH promotes water conservation in the kidneys by increasing the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts to ___.

Accepted Answer

water

Question 11

This allows more water to be reabsorbed from the filtrate and the kidneys to produce a small volume of ___ urine.

Accepted Answer

concentrated

Question 12

The volume of the filtrate does not change as it passes through the ___ limbs.

Accepted Answer

ascending

Question 13

Homeostasis involves the regulation of ___ volume in the body.

Accepted Answer

blood

Question 14

ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of ___ proteins.

Accepted Answer

aquaporin

Question 15

The cells of the thick segment house multiple types of transport proteins including ___-powered pumps.

Accepted Answer

ATP

Question 16

Intracellular fluid has a relatively high concentration of ions such as K+, magnesium (Mg2+), and ___ compared to extracellular fluid.

Accepted Answer

phosphate (PO4^3−)

Question 17

The external urethral sphincter allows a person to voluntarily start or stop the flow of ___ through the urethra.

Accepted Answer

urine

Question 18

The female urethra is approximately ___ cm long.

Accepted Answer

4

Question 19

The permeability changes in the loop of Henle are crucial for its role in the ___ mechanism.

Accepted Answer

countercurrent

Question 20

The vasa recta maintains the high solute concentration in the ___ fluid.

Accepted Answer

interstitial

Question 21

The medullary concentration gradient develops from the actions of countercurrent mechanisms and the recycling of ___.

Accepted Answer

urea

Question 22

The concentration gradient from the cortex to the inner medulla increases from ___ mOsm/L to ___ mOsm/L.

Accepted Answer

300, 1200

Question 23

The advantage of producing 180 L of filtrate daily and reabsorbing ___ L (99%) is to maintain the medullary concentration gradient.

Accepted Answer

178

Question 24

The distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct can change their permeability to water due to ___ regulation.

Accepted Answer

hormone

Question 25

Parasympathetic action potentials cause the urinary bladder to ___.

Accepted Answer

contract

Question 26

Low blood pressure stimulates renin secretion from the ___.

Accepted Answer

kidney

Question 27

Renin stimulates the production of angiotensin I, which is converted to ___.

Accepted Answer

angiotensin II

Question 28

Immunotherapy for superficial tumors may involve the use of a medicine known as ___ Calmette-Guérin (BCG).

Accepted Answer

Bacillus

Question 29

Drugs that increase urine volume are called ___.

Accepted Answer

diuretics

Question 30

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) produced by ___ of organs such as the lungs.

Accepted Answer

capillaries

Question 31

The majority of kidney stones consist mainly of ___ oxalate.

Accepted Answer

calcium

Question 32

ADH increases water reabsorption by the ___.

Accepted Answer

kidney

Question 33

ADH secretion is regulated by changes in ___ pressure.

Accepted Answer

blood

Question 34

The most common cause of cystitis is infection by the bacterium ___ ___ .

Accepted Answer

E. coli

Question 35

Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood found inside all the blood vessels in the ___.

Accepted Answer

body

Question 36

Cl− and K+ exit the cells of the ascending limb via ___ diffusion.

Accepted Answer

facilitated

Question 37

The male urethra is approximately ___ cm long.

Accepted Answer

20

Question 38

The female urethra opens into the vestibule anterior to the ___ opening.

Accepted Answer

vaginal

Question 39

When baroreceptors detect a large increase in blood pressure, ADH secretion ___ .

Accepted Answer

decreases

Question 40

When body fluid concentration rises, increased water reabsorption results in a small volume of ___ urine.

Accepted Answer

concentrated

Question 41

A decrease in body fluid concentration leads to decreased water reabsorption and a large volume of ___ urine.

Accepted Answer

dilute

Question 42

A large volume of IV saline solution will cause blood volume to ___ and thus blood pressure to ___ .

Accepted Answer

increase, increase

Question 43

The cells of the thick segment of the ascending limb actively ___ solutes into the interstitial fluid.

Accepted Answer

pump

Question 44

Tubular secretion is the movement of nonfiltered substances from the blood into the ___.

Accepted Answer

filtrate

Question 45

The contraction of abdominal muscles increases ___ pressure, enhancing the micturition reflex.

Accepted Answer

abdominal

Question 46

H +, K +, and penicillin are actively secreted by either active transport or ___ transport processes.

Accepted Answer

counter

Question 47

The reabsorption of water following Na+ and Cl- increases blood volume, which in turn increases blood ___.

Accepted Answer

pressure

Question 48

The walls of the ureter and urinary bladder are composed of layers of smooth muscle and ___ tissue.

Accepted Answer

connective

Question 49

The kidneys' ability to control urine volume and concentration depends on three factors: countercurrent mechanisms, a medullary concentration gradient, and ___ mechanisms.

Accepted Answer

hormonal

Question 50

The ability to voluntarily inhibit micturition typically develops at the age of ___ years.

Accepted Answer

2–3

Question 51

Increasing fluid intake to produce at least ___ liters of urine each day helps prevent kidney stones.

Accepted Answer

2

Question 52

Changes in blood volume can influence urine ___ and concentration.

Accepted Answer

volume

Question 53

The intracellular fluid compartment accounts for about ___% of the body's total weight.

Accepted Answer

40

Question 54

By the time the fluid reaches the distal convoluted tubule, the concentration of the filtrate is reduced to about ___ mOsm/L.

Accepted Answer

100

Question 55

The kidneys utilize a ___ mechanism for fluid exchange.

Accepted Answer

countercurrent

Question 56

In a countercurrent mechanism, fluid flows in ___ directions relative to each other.

Accepted Answer

opposite

Question 57

The loop of Henle is responsible for a high concentration of ___ in the interstitial fluid.

Accepted Answer

solutes

Question 58

As the volume of the urinary bladder decreases, transitional epithelial cells assume their former shape and form a greater number of ___ layers.

Accepted Answer

cell

Question 59

The concentration of solutes in the medulla increases from ___ mOsm/L to ___ mOsm/L.

Accepted Answer

300, 1200

Question 60

As the urinary bladder fills with urine, ___ increases, stimulating stretch receptors.

Accepted Answer

pressure

Question 61

Action potentials produced by stretch receptors are carried along ___ nerves to the sacral region.

Accepted Answer

pelvic

Question 62

Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete ___.

Accepted Answer

aldosterone

Question 63

The first sign of urinary bladder cancer is often ___ in the urine, known as macrohematuria.

Accepted Answer

blood

Question 64

The action of ANH increases urine volume while reducing ___ and ___ .

Accepted Answer

blood volume, blood pressure

Increased blood solute concentration affects ___ neurons.

The thick segment of the ascending limb is impermeable to both ___ and ___.

Females have smooth muscle fibers at the neck of the bladder that assist with preventing ___ leakage.

Even slight changes in solute concentration will trigger ___ release.

Dilation of renal arteries increases ___ production.

The regulation of blood volume has a direct effect on ___ volume.

The loop of Henle is a critical location for ___ reabsorption.

The extracellular fluid compartment accounts for around ___% of all the water in the body.

Both males and females have a well-defined external urethral ___ formed of skeletal muscle.

ADH promotes water conservation in the kidneys by increasing the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts to ___.

This allows more water to be reabsorbed from the filtrate and the kidneys to produce a small volume of ___ urine.

The volume of the filtrate does not change as it passes through the ___ limbs.

Homeostasis involves the regulation of ___ volume in the body.

ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of ___ proteins.

The cells of the thick segment house multiple types of transport proteins including ___-powered pumps.

Intracellular fluid has a relatively high concentration of ions such as K+, magnesium (Mg2+), and ___ compared to extracellular fluid.

The external urethral sphincter allows a person to voluntarily start or stop the flow of ___ through the urethra.

The female urethra is approximately ___ cm long.

The permeability changes in the loop of Henle are crucial for its role in the ___ mechanism.

The vasa recta maintains the high solute concentration in the ___ fluid.

The medullary concentration gradient develops from the actions of countercurrent mechanisms and the recycling of ___.

The concentration gradient from the cortex to the inner medulla increases from ___ mOsm/L to ___ mOsm/L.

The advantage of producing 180 L of filtrate daily and reabsorbing ___ L (99%) is to maintain the medullary concentration gradient.

The distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct can change their permeability to water due to ___ regulation.

Parasympathetic action potentials cause the urinary bladder to ___.

Low blood pressure stimulates renin secretion from the ___.

Renin stimulates the production of angiotensin I, which is converted to ___.

Immunotherapy for superficial tumors may involve the use of a medicine known as ___ Calmette-Guérin (BCG).

Drugs that increase urine volume are called ___.

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) produced by ___ of organs such as the lungs.

The majority of kidney stones consist mainly of ___ oxalate.

ADH increases water reabsorption by the ___.

ADH secretion is regulated by changes in ___ pressure.

The most common cause of cystitis is infection by the bacterium ___ ___ .

Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood found inside all the blood vessels in the ___.

Cl− and K+ exit the cells of the ascending limb via ___ diffusion.

The male urethra is approximately ___ cm long.

The female urethra opens into the vestibule anterior to the ___ opening.

When baroreceptors detect a large increase in blood pressure, ADH secretion ___ .

When body fluid concentration rises, increased water reabsorption results in a small volume of ___ urine.

A decrease in body fluid concentration leads to decreased water reabsorption and a large volume of ___ urine.

A large volume of IV saline solution will cause blood volume to ___ and thus blood pressure to ___ .

The cells of the thick segment of the ascending limb actively ___ solutes into the interstitial fluid.

Tubular secretion is the movement of nonfiltered substances from the blood into the ___.

The contraction of abdominal muscles increases ___ pressure, enhancing the micturition reflex.

H +, K +, and penicillin are actively secreted by either active transport or ___ transport processes.

The reabsorption of water following Na+ and Cl- increases blood volume, which in turn increases blood ___.

The walls of the ureter and urinary bladder are composed of layers of smooth muscle and ___ tissue.

The kidneys' ability to control urine volume and concentration depends on three factors: countercurrent mechanisms, a medullary concentration gradient, and ___ mechanisms.

The ability to voluntarily inhibit micturition typically develops at the age of ___ years.

Increasing fluid intake to produce at least ___ liters of urine each day helps prevent kidney stones.

Changes in blood volume can influence urine ___ and concentration.

The intracellular fluid compartment accounts for about ___% of the body's total weight.

By the time the fluid reaches the distal convoluted tubule, the concentration of the filtrate is reduced to about ___ mOsm/L.

The kidneys utilize a ___ mechanism for fluid exchange.

In a countercurrent mechanism, fluid flows in ___ directions relative to each other.

The loop of Henle is responsible for a high concentration of ___ in the interstitial fluid.

As the volume of the urinary bladder decreases, transitional epithelial cells assume their former shape and form a greater number of ___ layers.

The concentration of solutes in the medulla increases from ___ mOsm/L to ___ mOsm/L.

As the urinary bladder fills with urine, ___ increases, stimulating stretch receptors.

Action potentials produced by stretch receptors are carried along ___ nerves to the sacral region.

Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete ___.

The first sign of urinary bladder cancer is often ___ in the urine, known as macrohematuria.

The action of ANH increases urine volume while reducing ___ and ___ .

In earlier stages of bladder cancer, treatment is more ___ than in later stages.

The body’s weight composed of water decreases as the amount of ___ tissue increases.

Contractions of smooth muscle in the urinary bladder force urine to flow through the ___.

The posterior pituitary secretes ___ in response to decreased blood pressure.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted by neurons in the ___ pituitary.

Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure and detect a significant decrease in ___ pressure.

The production of thick, concentrated urine is advantageous to a desert animal because it helps to conserve ___.

The thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is involved in the process of ___ reabsorption.

The triangular portion of the urinary bladder between the openings of the ureters and urethra is called the ___.

Transitional epithelium allows cells to ___ past one another as the volume of the bladder changes.

The distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct are permeable to water when under ___ regulation.

The micturition reflex is activated by ___ of the urinary bladder wall.

The 5-year survival rate for urinary bladder cancer, if detected early, is ___%.

The most common treatment for early-stage bladder cancer involves introducing a fluid containing live ___-causing bacteria into the bladder.

ANH acts on the kidney to decrease ___ reabsorption.

An increase in blood volume causes blood pressure to ___, while a decrease causes it to go down.

The thick segment of the ascending limb is impermeable to both _ and _.

The concentration gradient from the cortex to the inner medulla increases from _ mOsm/L to _ mOsm/L.

The most common cause of cystitis is infection by the bacterium _ _ .

A large volume of IV saline solution will cause blood volume to _ and thus blood pressure to _ .

The concentration of solutes in the medulla increases from _ mOsm/L to _ mOsm/L.

The action of ANH increases urine volume while reducing _ and _ .

The ureters extend from the renal pelvis to the _ _ .

The control centers respond to changes in blood volume by causing _ and _ secretion to decrease.

Cotransport is responsible for moving _ and _ with Na+ across the membrane of the ascending limb.

The kidneys change the concentration of the body fluids by adjusting water _ and _.

Angiotensin II increases blood pressure and enhances the sensation of _ and _ appetite.

Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of _ and _ in the distal convoluted tubules.