p.60
Blood Supply and Nerve Innervation
Which nerves innervate the Subscapularis muscle?
Upper and lower subscapular nerve.
p.38
Clavicle Structure and Function
Where is the clavicle weakest?
At the junction of its two curves.
p.7
Clavicle Structure and Function
What is the superior view of the clavicle?
The view from above the clavicle, showing its curvature and articulation points.
p.72
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
How do joints contribute to movement?
Joints allow for flexibility and range of motion between bones.
p.26
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What is the anteromedial surface of the humerus?
The surface located at the front and towards the middle of the humerus.
p.80
Common Injuries and Clinical Applications
What type of dislocation is most common in shoulder injuries?
Anterior dislocation, specifically antero-inferior.
p.81
Common Injuries and Clinical Applications
What symptoms are associated with frozen shoulder?
Pain and stiffness in the shoulder.
p.23
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What does the head of the humerus articulate with?
The glenoid cavity of the scapula.
p.21
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Which muscles can be palpated around the spine of the scapula?
Supraspinatus above the spine and infraspinatus below the spine.
p.80
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What movement typically leads to an anterior shoulder dislocation?
Abduction and external rotation of the arm.
p.19
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What is the supraglenoid tuberosity?
A slight elevation at the superior margin of the glenoid cavity, serving as a rough area for the origin of the biceps brachii muscle.
p.49
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What are ligaments in the context of the shoulder joint?
Thickenings of the capsule.
p.5
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What joint is formed by the sternal end of the clavicle?
The sternoclavicular joint.
What is the function of the transverse humeral ligament?
It forms a bridge over the intertubercular groove and holds the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle in place.
p.72
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What role do muscles play in movement?
Muscles contract to produce movement by pulling on bones.
Where does the Supraspinatus muscle insert?
Superior facet of the Greater tubercle of the humerus.
p.5
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What joint is formed by the acromial end of the clavicle?
The acromioclavicular joint.
p.5
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
With which structures does the sternal end of the clavicle articulate?
The clavicular notch of the manubrium sterni and the 1st costal cartilage.
Where does the Teres minor muscle insert?
Inferior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus.
p.16
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What is the deltoid tubercle?
A feature of the spine of the scapula.
p.23
Humerus Anatomy and Features
Where is the lesser tubercle located?
Anterior to the surgical neck of the humerus.
p.31
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the origin of the Pectoralis Minor?
3rd to 5th ribs near the costal cartilages.
Which muscles assist the infraspinatus in lateral rotation?
Teres minor and posterior fibers of the deltoid.
p.79
Common Injuries and Clinical Applications
What is a common clinical application related to the shoulder joint?
Shoulder joint dislocation.
p.36
Pectoral Girdle Anatomy
Where does the clavipectoral fascia extend from and to?
From the clavicle to the axillary fascia.
p.7
Clavicle Structure and Function
What are the key features visible in the superior view of the clavicle?
The sternal end, acromial end, and the curvature of the bone.
What is the role of the coracoacromial ligament?
It provides support and stability to the shoulder joint (though not explicitly mentioned in the text, it is implied).
p.8
Clavicle Structure and Function
What is the medial end of the clavicle?
The end that articulates with the sternum.
p.32
Pectoral Girdle Anatomy
What is the significance of the pectoralis minor in relation to the axillary artery?
It divides the axillary artery into three parts.
p.26
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What are the borders of the humerus?
Anterior border, lateral border, and medial border.
Which muscle assists the subscapularis in medial rotation?
Pectoralis major (sternocostal head).
p.70
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What type of movement occurs around the vertical axis of the shoulder?
Lateral (external) rotation.
p.36
Pectoral Girdle Anatomy
What is the clavipectoral fascia?
A fibrous sheet deep to the clavicular head of pectoralis major.
p.81
Common Injuries and Clinical Applications
What age group is most commonly affected by frozen shoulder?
People between the ages of 40 and 60.
p.26
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What is the anterolateral surface of the humerus?
The surface located at the front and towards the side of the humerus.
p.1
Pectoral Girdle Anatomy
What is the function of the Pectoral Girdle?
To connect the upper limb to the trunk.
p.23
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What is the greater tubercle of the humerus?
A structure located at the lateral margin of the humerus.
p.41
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What type of joint is a plane synovial joint?
A joint that allows sliding or gliding movements.
What is the primary action of the Infraspinatus muscle?
Lateral (external) rotation of the arm at the shoulder joint.
p.15
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What is the spinous process of the scapula?
A prominent plate of bone that crosses obliquely medial 4/5 at the upper part of the dorsal surface of the scapula.
p.30
Pectoral Girdle Anatomy
What are the boundaries of the deltopectoral triangle?
Medial – clavicle; Superior – deltoid; Inferior – pectoralis major.
p.17
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What is the scapular notch?
A deep, semicircular notch located on the lateral part of the superior border of the scapula, formed partly by the base of the coracoid process.
Name two muscles that assist in medial rotation of the shoulder.
Latissimus dorsi and Teres major.
p.53
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the origin of the Deltoid muscle?
Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula.
p.72
Movements of the Shoulder Joint
What is the primary function of movement in living organisms?
To interact with the environment and perform essential activities.
Where does the coracohumeral ligament extend from and to?
From the base of the coracoid process to the anatomical neck of the humerus.
What is the origin of the Supraspinatus muscle?
Supraspinous fossa of the scapula.
p.5
Clavicle Structure and Function
What is the shape of the clavicle?
It is flat at the acromial end.
p.79
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
Which region in the shoulder joint is least supported?
The inferior aspect of the shoulder joint.
What is the origin of the Teres minor muscle?
Posterior aspect of the lateral border of the scapula.
p.3
Clavicle Structure and Function
What type of bone is the clavicle classified as?
Modified long bone (no medullary cavity).
p.33
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the origin of the Subclavius muscle?
Junction of the 1st rib and its costal cartilage.
What is the function of the coracoacromial ligament?
It prevents superior humeral head displacement.
p.3
Clavicle Structure and Function
What is unique about the ossification of the clavicle?
It is the first bone to start ossification and the last to complete it.
p.73
Movements of the Shoulder Joint
What is the primary function of movement in biological organisms?
To enable organisms to interact with their environment and perform essential activities.
What is the primary action of the Teres minor muscle?
Lateral (external) rotation of the arm at the shoulder joint.
p.41
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What is meant by 'not a true joint'?
A connection that does not have the typical structure of a joint.
p.35
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the purpose of the activity labeled 'C'?
Identify the labelled muscle.
p.22
Clavicle Structure and Function
What are the two ends of the humerus called?
Proximal end and distal end.
p.23
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?
The area that separates the head from the greater and lesser tubercles, serving for attachment of the glenohumeral joint capsule.
What is the origin of the Infraspinatus muscle?
Infraspinous fossa of the scapula.
What is the coracoacromial ligament?
A strong triangular ligament that connects the coracoid process to the acromion.
p.21
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What is the significance of the spine of the scapula in surface anatomy?
It serves as a landmark for palpating the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles.
p.1
Pectoral Girdle Anatomy
How many components are there in the Pectoral Girdle?
Two components: Clavicles and Scapulas.
p.28
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What does the olecranon fossa receive during full extension of the elbow?
The olecranon of the ulna.
p.39
Common Injuries and Clinical Applications
What happens to the medial fragment during a clavicular fracture?
It is pulled medially by the sternocleidomastoid.
p.13
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What structure crosses the dorsal surface of the scapula?
The spine of the scapula.
p.67
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What happens after the first 30 degrees of shoulder abduction?
Synchronous movement of both glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints is initiated.
p.43
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
Multi-axial joint, synovial type.
p.47
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What does the synovial membrane line?
The internal surface of the capsule, except the articular surface.
p.79
Common Injuries and Clinical Applications
What condition involves inflammation of the supraspinatus tendon?
Supraspinatus tendinitis.
p.16
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What does the acromion do?
Overhangs the shoulder joint.
p.26
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What is the posterior surface of the humerus?
The surface located at the back of the humerus.
p.40
Common Injuries and Clinical Applications
What happens to the medial border of the scapula due to injury to the long thoracic nerve?
It moves posteriorly away from the thoracic wall when the upper limb is pressed against a wall.
p.10
Pectoral Girdle Anatomy
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
The scapula and clavicle.
p.64
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Which muscle is primarily responsible for flexion of the arm?
Deltoid (anterior fibres).
p.60
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What is the primary action of the Subscapularis muscle?
Medial (internal) rotation of the arm at the shoulder joint.
p.73
Movements of the Shoulder Joint
What are the types of movements that can occur at joints?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.
p.45
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
Where does the shoulder capsule attach medially?
Margins of the glenoidal labrum.
p.35
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the purpose of the activity labeled 'A'?
Identify the labelled muscle.
What does the coracohumeral ligament prevent?
It prevents superior dislocation and inferior displacement of the humerus.
p.32
Pectoral Girdle Anatomy
How is the axillary artery divided?
Into 3 parts by the pectoralis minor.
p.28
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What are the two types of supracondylar ridges on the humerus?
Lateral and medial ridges.
p.39
Common Injuries and Clinical Applications
Where do clavicular fractures usually occur?
At 1/3 from the lateral end.
p.37
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What muscles are enclosed by the clavipectoral fascia?
Subclavius and Pectoralis minor.
p.4
Clavicle Structure and Function
What are the two ends of the clavicle?
Sternal end and acromial end.
p.38
Common Injuries and Clinical Applications
What type of injury can lead to a fractured clavicle?
A fall on an outstretched arm.
p.41
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What is a saddle-shaped synovial joint?
A joint that allows movement in two planes, resembling a saddle.
p.49
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What are the three parts of the glenohumeral ligament?
Superior, middle, and inferior.
p.52
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Name some extrinsic muscles of the shoulder.
Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid major/minor.
p.74
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What makes the shoulder joint very unstable?
The shallow glenoid cavity and lax inferior joint capsule.
p.38
Common Injuries and Clinical Applications
Where do most clavicular fractures occur?
Approximately in the middle of the clavicle.
p.35
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the purpose of the activity labeled 'B'?
Identify the labelled muscle.
p.21
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What parts of the scapula can be palpated on a patient?
Medial border, inferior angle, part of lateral border, spine, and acromion.
p.23
Humerus Anatomy and Features
Where is the surgical neck located on the humerus?
It is the narrow part distal to the head and tubercles.
p.2
Pectoral Girdle Anatomy
What does the pectoral girdle connect?
The upper limb to the axial skeleton.
p.13
Scapula Anatomy and Features
How is the dorsal surface of the scapula described?
Arched from above downward and crossed obliquely by the spine.
p.34
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the origin of the Serratus anterior muscle?
External surface of lateral parts of 1st to 8th ribs (can extend to 9th/10th ribs).
p.77
Blood Supply and Nerve Innervation
What are the main vessels supplying blood to the shoulder region?
Anterior and posterior circumflex humeral vessels.
p.68
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the role of the pectoralis major (sternocostal head) in shoulder movement?
It assists in shoulder adduction.
p.75
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What is the most important factor for the stability of the shoulder joint?
Muscles (muscular factor).
p.17
Scapula Anatomy and Features
Where is the infraglenoid tuberosity located?
Immediately below the glenoid cavity on the scapula.
p.28
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What is located at the distal end of the humerus?
Lateral and medial supracondylar ridges and the olecranon fossa.
p.73
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
How does muscle contraction facilitate movement?
Muscle contraction pulls on bones, creating movement at the joints.
p.71
Movements of the Shoulder Joint
What is circumduction?
A combined action of all movements around a joint.
p.9
Clavicle Structure and Function
What is the anterior border of the clavicle?
The anterior border of the clavicle is the edge that faces forward.
p.72
Movements of the Shoulder Joint
What are the two main types of movement?
Voluntary and involuntary movements.
p.36
Pectoral Girdle Anatomy
What are the functions of the clavipectoral fascia?
Protects vessels and nerves underneath and limits the spread of abscess from the upper limb to the neck.
p.72
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What is the significance of the shoulder joint in movement?
It provides a wide range of motion for the upper limb.
What is the primary action of the Supraspinatus muscle?
Abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint (0 - 15 degrees).
Where does the Infraspinatus muscle insert?
Middle facet of the Greater tubercle of the humerus.
p.16
Scapula Anatomy and Features
Describe the crest of the spine of the scapula.
Broad, with 2 lips and an intervening rough interval.
p.67
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What is scapulohumeral rhythm?
The coordinated movement of the humerus, scapula, and clavicle to achieve full abduction or elevation.
p.42
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What is the primary function of the glenohumeral joint?
To provide a wide range of motion for the shoulder.
p.33
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Where does the Subclavius muscle insert?
Inferior surface of the middle third of the clavicle.
p.19
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What is the neck of the scapula?
A slightly constricted portion that surrounds the head of the scapula, almost at the same level as the opening of the nutrient canal of the humerus.
p.26
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What does the superior view of the cross-section of the middle right humerus show?
The structural features and orientation of the humerus.
p.3
Clavicle Structure and Function
What is the primary characteristic of subcutaneous bone?
It is located just beneath the skin.
What are the intrinsic muscles of the rotator cuff?
A group of 4 muscles: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, and Subscapularis.
p.76
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What is the coracoacromial arch?
A bony structure formed by the coracoid process of the scapula and the acromion.
p.30
Pectoral Girdle Anatomy
What is the deltopectoral triangle?
A triangle in the upper chest region.
p.64
Movements of the Shoulder Joint
What is flexion in the context of arm movement?
Moving the arm across the front of the chest wall.
p.60
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Where does the Subscapularis muscle insert?
Lesser tubercle of the humerus.
p.46
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What are the two openings in the capsule of the shoulder joint?
1. Opening for the tendon of the long head of the biceps. 2. Opening anteriorly and inferiorly to the coracoid process for communication with the subscapular bursa.
p.67
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What joints are involved in scapulohumeral rhythm?
Glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints.
p.4
Clavicle Structure and Function
What is the shape of the clavicle's shaft?
Curved and flattened laterally in the outer third, cylindrical in the medial two-thirds.
p.38
Common Injuries and Clinical Applications
What generates forces through the upper limb during a fall?
The impact from the fall transmitted to the trunk.
p.31
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Where does the Pectoralis Minor insert?
Medial border and superior surface of the coracoid process of the scapula.
p.40
Common Injuries and Clinical Applications
When are long thoracic nerves particularly vulnerable to injury?
When the upper limbs are elevated, such as in a knife fight.
p.2
Scapula Anatomy and Features
How is the scapula positioned in relation to the ribs?
It floats on the back of the ribs.
p.42
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What is the role of the glenoid cavity in the glenohumeral joint?
It serves as the socket for the humeral head.
p.49
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the function of the glenohumeral ligament?
Provides support from above.
p.6
Clavicle Structure and Function
What are the parts of the clavicle that serve as attachment sites for the coracoclavicular ligament?
Conoid tubercle and trapezoid ridge.
p.44
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What does the synovial membrane line?
The non-articulating surfaces of the joints and the inner surface of the fibrous capsule.
p.2
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the role of the sternum in the pectoral girdle?
It serves as an attachment point for the clavicle.
p.43
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
How is the glenoid cavity described?
Shallow but deepened by the glenoidal labrum.
p.11
Scapula Anatomy and Features
How is the superior/medial angle of the scapula described?
It is thin, smooth, and rounded, formed by the junction of the superior and vertebral borders.
p.62
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Which muscle is located inferior to the teres major?
None specified in the text.
p.52
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What are extrinsic muscles of the shoulder?
Muscles that originate from the torso and attach to the bones of the shoulder (clavicle, scapula, or humerus).
p.26
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What is the radial groove in the humerus?
A groove that accommodates the radial nerve.
p.34
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Where does the Serratus anterior muscle insert?
Anterior surface of the medial border of the scapula.
p.46
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the function of the opening situated anteriorly and inferiorly to the coracoid process?
It allows communication between the subscapular bursa and the synovial cavity of the joint.
p.24
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What does the intertubercular sulcus separate?
The tubercles of the humerus.
p.48
Bursae Anatomy and Function
What is the function of bursae in the body?
To reduce friction between tendon and capsule and bone.
p.34
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What are the actions of the Serratus anterior muscle?
Protracts scapula, holds scapula against thoracic wall, and rotates scapula.
p.77
Blood Supply and Nerve Innervation
What is the function of the subscapular vessels?
To supply blood to the subscapular region.
p.10
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What are the three borders of the scapula?
Lateral, medial, and superior.
p.76
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What is the primary function of the coracoacromial arch?
To provide protection to the shoulder joint and support the rotator cuff.
Where does the Teres major muscle insert?
Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
p.65
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Which muscle is the main muscle responsible for arm extension?
Deltoid (posterior fibres).
p.44
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the function of ligaments in a synovial joint?
They bind the articulating structures.
p.48
Bursae Anatomy and Function
Where is the subacromial bursa located?
Below the acromial process, between the deltoid and supraspinatus.
p.18
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What does the term 'Coracoid' refer to?
It means 'hook' like the beak of a crow.
p.12
Scapula Anatomy and Features
Where does the superior border of the scapula extend from?
From the medial angle to the base of the coracoid process.
p.56
Common Injuries and Clinical Applications
What common injury is associated with the rotator cuff?
Rotator cuff tears or tendinitis.
p.42
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What bones make up the glenohumeral joint?
The humerus and the scapula.
p.33
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the primary action of the Subclavius muscle?
Anchors and depresses the clavicle.
p.14
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What divides the scapula into two unequal parts?
The spine of the scapula.
p.63
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What contributes to the shoulder joint's extensive range of motion?
Laxity of the capsule and the large size of the humeral heads compared to the small glenoid cavity.
p.46
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the subtendinous bursa of the subscapularis?
A bursa that communicates with the synovial cavity of the shoulder joint.
p.18
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What is the Coracoid Process?
A thick curved process attached by a broad base to the upper part of the neck of the scapula.
p.44
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What type of cartilage lines the articulating surfaces of a synovial joint?
Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
p.53
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What action does the clavicular (anterior) part of the Deltoid perform?
Flexion and medial rotation of the arm.
p.17
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What is the shape and orientation of the glenoid fossa?
It has a concave shape and faces the lateral side.
What are the primary muscles that make up the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Subscapularis.
p.53
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the action of the acromial (middle) part of the Deltoid?
Abduction of the arm (15 - 90 degrees).
What are the actions of the Teres major muscle?
Adduction, extension, and medial rotation of the arm at the shoulder joint.
p.25
Blood Supply and Nerve Innervation
What passes through the radial groove of the humerus?
Radial nerve and profunda brachii artery.
p.11
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What are the characteristics of the inferior angle of the scapula?
It is thick and rough, formed by the union of the vertebral and axillary borders.
p.12
Scapula Anatomy and Features
Where does the axillary border of the scapula begin?
At the lower margin of the glenoid cavity.
p.29
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Which nerves innervate the Pectoralis Major?
Lateral pectoral nerve and medial pectoral nerve.
p.75
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What are the capsular ligaments of the shoulder joint?
Glenohumeral ligament, Coracohumeral ligament, and Transverse humeral ligament.
p.48
Bursae Anatomy and Function
Where is the subscapular bursa located?
Between the subscapularis tendon and the scapula.
What does the acronym 'SITS' stand for in relation to the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, and Subscapularis.
p.25
Scapula Anatomy and Features
Where is the deltoid tuberosity located?
On the shaft of the humerus.
p.75
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What forms the Coracoacromial arch?
Coracoid process, coracoacromial ligament, and acromial process.
p.76
Common Injuries and Clinical Applications
How does the coracoacromial arch relate to shoulder injuries?
It can contribute to impingement syndrome if there is inflammation or swelling in the shoulder.
p.63
Movements of the Shoulder Joint
What is circumduction in relation to shoulder joint movements?
A combination of movements around multiple axes.
p.27
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What does the coronoid fossa receive during full flexion of the elbow?
Coronoid process of ulna.
p.62
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Which muscles are located inferior to the supraspinatus?
Teres minor and Infraspinatus.
p.29
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What specific action does the sternocostal head of the Pectoralis Major perform?
Extension of the humerus from flexion.
p.44
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the function of the joint (synovial) cavity?
It contains synovial fluid.
p.49
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
Where does the glenohumeral ligament run from and to?
From the supraglenoid tubercle to the anatomical neck of the humerus.
p.52
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What are intrinsic muscles of the shoulder?
Muscles that originate from the scapula and/or clavicle and attach to the humerus.
p.31
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the action of the Pectoralis Minor?
Stabilizes the scapula by drawing it anteroinferiorly against the thoracic wall.
p.64
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Name two muscles that assist in arm flexion.
Coracobrachialis and Biceps brachii.
p.73
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What role do ligaments play in joint movement?
Ligaments stabilize joints and limit excessive movement.
p.10
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What are the three angles of the scapula?
Lateral, inferior, and superior.
p.73
Movements of the Shoulder Joint
What is the significance of range of motion in movement?
Range of motion determines how far a joint can move, affecting overall mobility.
p.10
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What are the three processes of the scapula?
Spinous process, acromion, and coracoid process.
p.43
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What articulating part of the shoulder joint acts as the socket?
Glenoid cavity of scapula.
What is the role of each rotator cuff muscle at the shoulder joint?
Each muscle produces its own action to move the arm at the shoulder joint.
p.43
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What is the function of the glenoidal labrum?
It is a fibrocartilage rim that deepens the glenoid cavity.
p.12
Scapula Anatomy and Features
How does the axillary border of the scapula incline?
Obliquely downward and backward to the inferior angle.
p.15
Scapula Anatomy and Features
How is the spinous process of the scapula flattened?
Flattened from above downward.
p.26
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What bone is referred to as the humerus?
The bone of the upper limb.
p.41
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What is a ball and socket synovial joint?
A joint that allows for rotational movement in multiple directions.
p.45
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
Where does the shoulder capsule attach laterally?
Anatomical neck of the humerus.
p.74
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
How does the type of joint affect shoulder stability?
It involves muscles attaching the humerus to the pectoral girdle.
p.18
Scapula Anatomy and Features
Describe the shape and position of the Acromion.
It is a large, triangular/oblong process projecting to the lateral side, curving forward and upward, overhanging the glenoid cavity.
p.75
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the function of the Coracoacromial arch?
Serves as a secondary socket for the joint.
p.11
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What is the glenoid cavity?
An articular surface on the lateral angle of the scapula covered with cartilage.
p.61
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the role of the subscapularis muscle?
It is located anteriorly and plays a role in shoulder movement.
p.6
Clavicle Structure and Function
What is the impression found on the clavicle for the costoclavicular ligament?
Impression for costoclavicular ligament.
p.65
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
How does the latissimus dorsi contribute to arm movement?
It assists in arm extension.
p.39
Common Injuries and Clinical Applications
Which muscles contribute to the overriding of bone fragments in a clavicular fracture?
Contraction of pectoralis major and other adductors.
p.24
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What is the function of the intertubercular sulcus?
It provides a protected passage for the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii.
p.74
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What factors contribute to the stability of the shoulder joint?
Type of joint, coracoacromial arch, ligaments, and rotator cuff muscles.
p.26
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What part of the humerus is referred to as the shaft?
The long, cylindrical portion of the humerus.
p.63
Movements of the Shoulder Joint
What movements occur around the vertical axis of the shoulder joint?
Medial rotation and lateral rotation.
p.65
Movements of the Shoulder Joint
What is extension in the context of arm movement?
Moving the arm backwards (and laterally) from the flexed position.
p.45
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What happens to the capsule medially?
It is reflected downward for 1 cm or more onto the shaft of the humerus.
p.61
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Which muscles are found posteriorly in relation to the shoulder?
Infraspinatus, teres minor.
p.18
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What is the significance of the medial border of the Acromion?
It has a small, oval surface for articulation with the acromial end of the clavicle.
p.65
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What role does the teres major play in arm movement?
It assists in arm extension.
p.12
Scapula Anatomy and Features
Which border of the scapula is the thickest?
The axillary border (lateral border).
p.66
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the function of the synovial membrane in the shoulder joint?
It secretes synovial fluid for lubrication.
p.30
Blood Supply and Nerve Innervation
Where does the cephalic vein join after passing through the deltopectoral triangle?
It joins the axillary vein in the axilla.
p.28
Humerus Anatomy and Features
What is the orientation of the posterior view of the lower end of the right humerus?
It shows the medial and lateral supracondylar ridges and the olecranon fossa.
p.52
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Name some intrinsic muscles of the shoulder.
Deltoid, teres major, rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor).
p.14
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What is the characteristic of the infraspinatous fossa?
It has a shallow concavity seen at the upper part toward the vertebral margin.
p.77
Blood Supply and Nerve Innervation
What is the role of the subscapular artery?
To provide blood supply to the subscapular area.
p.17
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the function of the glenoid fossa?
It serves as a depression for the humeral head articulation with the scapula.
What is the main function of the rotator cuff muscles?
To stabilize the shoulder joint and allow for a range of shoulder movements.
p.53
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What action does the spinal (posterior) part of the Deltoid perform?
Extension and lateral rotation of the arm.
p.29
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What structures contribute to the origin of the sternocostal head of the Pectoralis Major?
Anterior surface of the sternum, superior 6 costal cartilages, and aponeurosis of external oblique.
Which rotator cuff muscle is primarily responsible for external rotation of the shoulder?
Infraspinatus and Teres Minor.
p.61
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the function of the infraspinatus muscle?
It is involved in shoulder external rotation.
p.62
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the quadrangular space associated with?
Axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery.
p.66
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the role of the capsular ligament in the shoulder joint?
It provides stability to the joint.
p.15
Scapula Anatomy and Features
Where is the apex of the spine of the scapula directed?
Toward the vertebral border.
p.49
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the tendon associated with the glenohumeral ligament?
Tendon of the long head of biceps brachii.
p.42
Movements of the Shoulder Joint
What movements can the glenohumeral joint perform?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation.
How do the intrinsic muscles of the rotator cuff contribute to shoulder stability?
Their resting tone pulls the humeral head into the glenoid fossa.
p.61
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Which muscle is mentioned twice in the relations of the shoulder?
Short head of biceps brachii.
p.53
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
How is the Deltoid muscle divided?
Into clavicular (anterior), acromial (middle), and spinal (posterior) parts.
p.29
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What are the primary actions of the Pectoralis Major?
Adduction of humerus, medial rotation of humerus, drawing scapula anteroinferiorly.
What is the origin of the Teres major muscle?
Posterior aspect of the inferior angle of the scapula.
p.77
Blood Supply and Nerve Innervation
Which artery is associated with the circumflex humeral vessels?
Circumflex humeral artery.
p.61
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What muscles are located anteriorly in relation to the shoulder?
Short head of biceps brachii, subscapularis, coracobrachialis.
What stabilizes the glenohumeral joint?
The rotator cuff muscles and ligaments.
What is the primary function of the intrinsic muscles of the rotator cuff?
To stabilize the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.
p.44
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the role of the fibrous capsule in a synovial joint?
It binds the articulating structures and attaches to the periosteum.
p.48
Bursae Anatomy and Function
What is the role of the subacromial bursa?
To reduce friction of the supraspinatus between the acromion and humeral head.
p.29
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the origin of the clavicular head of the Pectoralis Major?
Anterior surface of the medial ½ of the clavicle.
p.10
Scapula Anatomy and Features
Where is the scapula located?
On the posterolateral part of the chest wall.
p.65
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Which muscles assist in arm extension?
Teres major, Latissimus dorsi, Long head of triceps brachii.
p.6
Clavicle Structure and Function
What views can be taken of the clavicle?
Superior view and inferior view.
p.62
Blood Supply and Nerve Innervation
What artery is found anteriorly in relation to the circumflex humeral artery?
Anterior circumflex humeral artery.
p.75
Articulations of the Pectoral Girdle
How many fibrous bands make up the Glenohumeral ligament?
Three: superior, middle, and inferior.
p.18
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What does the Acromion form?
The summit of the shoulder.
p.37
Blood Supply and Nerve Innervation
What structures are involved with the clavipectoral fascia?
Cephalic vein, Thoracoacromial artery, Lateral pectoral nerve, and Lymphatics.
p.12
Scapula Anatomy and Features
What is the longest border of the scapula?
The vertebral border, extending from the medial to the inferior angle.
p.76
Scapula Anatomy and Features
Which two structures form the coracoacromial arch?
The coracoid process and the acromion.
p.74
Shoulder Joint Mechanics
What role does the coracoacromial arch play in shoulder stability?
It provides structural support to the joint.
p.14
Scapula Anatomy and Features
Describe the shape of the supraspinatous fossa.
It is concave, smooth, and broader at the vertebral end than at the humeral end.
p.66
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Which muscles assist in shoulder abduction from 90 to 180 degrees?
Trapezius and Serratus anterior.
p.29
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Where does the Pectoralis Major insert?
Lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.
What structures pass through the Quadrangular space?
The axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery.
p.65
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
What is the function of the long head of the triceps brachii in arm movement?
It assists in arm extension.
