What is the approximate rate of O2 consumption for 1 MET?

A) 2.5 ml/kg/min

B) 3.5 ml/kg/min

C) 4.5 ml/kg/min

D) 5.5 ml/kg/min

E) 6.5 ml/kg/min

What is a common complication of atherosclerosis?

A) Increased blood vessel compliance

B) Formation of atheromatous plaque

C) Total occlusion of an artery by a thrombus

D) Formation of lipid-laden macrophages

E) Increased blood flow

What are common symptoms of coronary artery disease in women?

A) Chest pain and shortness of breath

B) Nausea, indigestion, discomfort between shoulder blades, or excessive fatigue

C) Severe headache and dizziness

D) Swelling in the legs and feet

E) Frequent urination and thirst

What is an aortic aneurysm?

A) A condition affecting the heart valves

B) Pathological permanent dilation of the aortic wall involving any number of segments of the aorta

C) A condition affecting the lungs

D) A condition affecting the brain

E) A condition affecting the kidneys

What is the role of monitoring symptoms during exercise testing?

A) To increase the intensity of the exercise

B) To ensure the safety of the individual

C) To decrease the duration of the exercise

D) To improve the accuracy of the test results

E) To measure the individual's flexibility

What is a key motivation for a lifestyle change to reduce the risk of developing coronary artery disease?

A) To improve skin health

B) To enhance athletic performance

C) To reduce the risk of developing coronary artery disease

D) To increase social interactions

E) To gain weight

What is the first treatment option for an acute myocardial infarction (MI)?

A) Beta-blockers

B) Fibrinolysis within 3 hours of onset

C) Calcium channel blockers

D) Statins

E) Anticoagulants

Which type of angina is relieved by nitroglycerin?

A) Unstable angina

B) Prinzmetal angina

C) Stable angina

D) Silent angina

E) Microvascular angina

What is a major risk associated with an aortic aneurysm?

A) High blood pressure

B) Rupture

C) Increased heart rate

D) Weight gain

E) Improved blood flow

Which of the following is a method for prescribing exercise intensity?

A) Using heart rate reserve (HRR)

B) Measuring body temperature

C) Counting steps per minute

D) Monitoring sleep patterns

E) Checking hydration levels

Which is a best practice for monitoring during a symptom-limited maximal exercise test?

A) Ignoring patient feedback

B) Continuous ECG monitoring

C) Sporadic blood pressure checks

D) Allowing unsupervised exercise

E) Using outdated equipment

What is a potential complication of myocardial infarction (MI)?

A) Increased heart rate

B) Abnormal contraction patterns such as dyssynchrony, hypokinesis, akinesis, and dyskinesis

C) Improved blood flow

D) Enhanced muscle strength

E) Increased energy levels

How is the Karvonen formula used to estimate target heart rate?

A) (Max estimated HR - HRrest) x (desired workload%) + HRrest

B) (Max estimated HR + HRrest) x (desired workload%) - HRrest

C) (Max estimated HR - HRrest) / (desired workload%) + HRrest

D) (Max estimated HR + HRrest) / (desired workload%) - HRrest

E) (Max estimated HR - HRrest) x (desired workload%) - HRrest

What is a normal heart rate (HR) response to exercise testing?

A) Decrease in HR

B) No change in HR

C) Linear increase in HR

D) Irregular HR

E) Sudden drop in HR

What is Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)?

A) A condition affecting the veins

B) Atheromatous plaque obstruction of large or medium-sized arteries supplying blood to extremities

C) A condition affecting the heart valves

D) A condition affecting the lungs

E) A condition affecting the brain

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the minimum threshold of intensity for benefit?

A) Age

B) Health status

C) Genetics

D) Favorite color

E) Habitual physical activity

What is a recommendation for patients requiring personal physician supervision during exercise testing?

A) Patients with no medical history

B) Patients with stable angina

C) Patients with high-risk cardiovascular conditions

D) Patients who are professional athletes

E) Patients with minor injuries

What is the primary cause of angina?

A) Excessive physical activity

B) Imbalance in the supply and demand of myocardial oxygen

C) High blood pressure

D) Low blood sugar levels

E) Dehydration

How does the minimum effective intensity vary between highly trained individuals and those with lower fitness levels?

A) It is the same for everyone

B) It is higher for highly trained individuals

C) It is lower for highly trained individuals

D) It does not vary at all

E) It is only relevant for athletes

Which cognitive skill is essential for supervising clinical exercise tests?

A) Ability to memorize patient names

B) Competence in interpreting ECG results

C) Skill in cooking healthy meals

D) Proficiency in foreign languages

E) Talent in artistic drawing

What is a distinguishing feature of STEMI on an ECG?

A) Persistent ST segment depression

B) ST elevation

C) Normal ECG

D) T wave inversion only

E) No Q wave development

What is one of the aerobic exercise recommendations listed in Table 5.1?

A) Exercise once a week

B) Exercise for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity per week

C) Exercise only when feeling energetic

D) Exercise for 30 minutes every other month

E) Exercise without any intensity guidelines

Which of the following is a contraindication to symptom-limited maximal exercise testing?

A) Recent myocardial infarction

B) Mild headache

C) Slight muscle soreness

D) Feeling of well-being

E) Normal blood pressure

What characterizes chronic stable angina?

A) Pain that occurs randomly without exertion

B) Pain that increases with rest

C) Pain that develops with exertional activity and decreases with rest or nitroglycerin

D) Pain that is constant and unrelenting

E) Pain that only occurs at night

What does the term MET stand for in exercise prescription?

A) Metabolic equivalents

B) Maximum exercise threshold

C) Metabolic energy transfer

D) Muscle endurance training

E) Metabolic exercise test

What is a normal systolic blood pressure (BP) response to exercise testing?

A) Decrease in systolic BP

B) No change in systolic BP

C) Progressive increase with a plateau at peak exercise

D) Sudden drop in systolic BP

E) Irregular fluctuations in systolic BP

What is the role of sclerosis in atherosclerosis?

A) It causes endothelial damage

B) It leads to the formation of fatty streaks

C) It is responsible for the reduction of blood vessel compliance

D) It causes the total occlusion of arteries

E) It leads to the formation of lipid-laden macrophages

How many METs are considered light activity?

A) < 3 METs

B) 3 - <6 METs

C) ≥6 METs

D) 1 - <4 METs

E) 4 - <7 METs

What is a normal diastolic blood pressure (BP) response to exercise testing?

A) Increase in diastolic BP

B) Decrease in diastolic BP

C) No change in diastolic BP

D) Irregular fluctuations in diastolic BP

E) Sudden drop in diastolic BP

What is a common clinical sign of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)?

A) Increased hair growth on legs

B) Dry, shiny skin and hair loss

C) High blood pressure

D) Frequent urination

E) Weight gain

What is a characteristic of unstable angina?

A) Chest discomfort that is stable and predictable

B) Chest discomfort that is accelerating in frequency or severity and may occur at rest

C) Chest discomfort that is relieved by rest

D) Chest discomfort that occurs only during exercise

E) Chest discomfort that is relieved by nitroglycerin

What happens during the formation of a thrombus in atherosclerosis?

A) The artery becomes more compliant

B) The lumen of the artery enlarges

C) The artery becomes partially obstructed

D) The endothelial layer becomes thicker

E) The blood flow increases

What is a common cause of sudden cardiac death in the context of atherosclerotic plaque?

A) Bradycardia

B) Atrial fibrillation

C) Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation

D) Sinus arrhythmia

E) Atrial flutter

What is the sequence of events in thrombus formation leading to embolus formation?

A) Embolus forms first, then thrombus breaks off

B) Thrombus forms, breaks off, and embolus blocks a small artery

C) Thrombus forms, embolus forms, and thrombus blocks a large artery

D) Embolus forms, then thrombus forms and blocks a small artery

E) Thrombus forms, breaks off, and embolus dissolves

What is the formula for estimating HRmax according to Tanaka?

A) HRmax = 220 - age

B) HRmax = 208 - (0.7 x age)

C) HRmax = 200 - (0.5 x age)

D) HRmax = 210 - (0.8 x age)

E) HRmax = 205 - (0.6 x age)

Which is an indication for terminating a symptom-limited maximal exercise test?

A) Slight increase in heart rate

B) Mild sweating

C) Onset of chest pain

D) Feeling of euphoria

E) Normal breathing

What is atherosis in the context of atherosclerosis?

A) Formation of a fibrous cap over plaques

B) Fatty streak consisting of lipid-laden macrophages in subendothelial cells

C) Total occlusion of an artery by a thrombus

D) Reduction of blood vessel compliance

E) Formation of a thrombus in a large artery

Moderate activity ranges from 3 to less than ___ METs.

6

Sudden Cardiac Death due to atherosclerotic plaque can lead to ___ and ___, resulting in cessation of cardiac output.

V-tach, V-Fib

Prinzmetal angina is caused by ___ and can be relieved by nitroglycerin.

vasospasm

1 MET represents the approximate rate of O2 consumption of a seated person at rest and is approximately ___ ml/kg/min.

3.5

Sclerosis is responsible for the reduction of blood vessel compliance and the organization of a ___ ___ of thrombi over advanced plaques.

fibrous cap

Abnormal contraction patterns after MI include dyssynchrony, hypokinesis, akinesis, and ___.

dyskinesis

The minimum threshold of intensity for benefit varies depending on an individual's ___ level.

cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)

An indication for terminating a symptom-limited maximal exercise test is a drop in systolic BP of more than ___ mm Hg.

10

Women experiencing coronary artery disease may feel symptoms such as nausea, indigestion, discomfort between the shoulder blades, or excessive ___.

fatigue

Karvonen’s Formula for estimating HRmax is (Max estimated HR - ___) x (desired workload%) + ___.

HRrest, HRrest

Patients requiring personal physician supervision during exercise testing are often those with ___ conditions.

high-risk

Thrombus formation involves three steps: 1) Thrombus breaks off plaque, 2) ___ flows along artery, 3) Embolus blocks small artery.

Embolus

A major risk of an aortic aneurysm is ___.

rupture

Factors such as ___, health status, and genetics can affect the minimum threshold of intensity for exercise benefits.

age

During exercise testing, a normal diastolic BP response should show ___ change.

no

Nitroglycerin does not relieve symptoms of ___.

unstable angina

The overload principle of training states that exercise below a minimum ___ will not challenge the body sufficiently.

intensity

One best practice for monitoring during a symptom-limited maximal exercise test is continuous ___ monitoring.

ECG

Stable Angina is characterized by tightness, pressure, or indigestion that develops with exertional activity and ___ with rest or Nitro.

decreases

Implications for PT in patients with aortic aneurysm include checking for a pulsating tumor/mass in the ___ area.

abdominal

MET stands for ___ equivalents.

Metabolic

A normal heart rate response to exercise testing is a ___ increase, corresponding to +/- 2 beats.

linear

Diabetes patients may experience ___ as a symptom of coronary artery disease.

shortness of breath (SOB)

One method for prescribing exercise intensity is the use of ___ heart rate.

target

Angina is caused by an imbalance in the supply and demand of ___ ___.

myocardial O2

The first treatment option for acute myocardial infarction (MI) is ___ within 3 hours of onset.

fibrinolysis

Vigorous activity is defined as greater than or equal to ___ METs.

6

Atherosis involves the formation of a fatty streak that consists of ___-laden macrophages in the subendothelial cells.

lipid

Non-STEMI involves occlusion of a ___ or minor coronary artery and does not develop a Q wave on ECG.

partial

The Tanaka equation for estimating HRmax is ___ - (0.7 x age).

208

One contraindication to symptom-limited maximal exercise testing is ___ angina.

unstable

A plaque, also known as an atheroma, is a mass of ___ material, cells, and lipids.

fibrofatty

Clinical signs of PAD include dry, shiny skin, hair loss, thick toenails, muscle atrophy, decreased pulses, and impaired ___.

sensation

One aerobic exercise recommendation is to engage in at least ___ minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week.

150

Competently supervising clinical exercise tests requires strong ___ skills.

cognitive

The formation of a thrombus can lead to the total occlusion of an artery by a ___.

thrombus

An aortic aneurysm is a pathological permanent dilation of the ___ wall involving any number of segments of the aorta.

aortic

Monitoring symptoms during exercise testing is crucial for identifying ___ responses.

abnormal

Providing ___ for a lifestyle change can help reduce the risk of developing coronary artery disease.

motivation

A fatty streak forms due to endothelial damage, leading to the accumulation of ___ and ___.

cells, lipids

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is characterized by atheromatous plaque obstruction of large or medium-sized arteries supplying blood to the ___.

extremities

Light activity is defined as less than ___ METs.

3

During exercise testing, a normal systolic BP response is a progressive increase with a ___ at peak exercise.

plateau

Unstable angina is characterized by chest discomfort that is accelerating in ___ or severity and may occur while at rest.

frequency

Another method for prescribing exercise intensity is the ___ of perceived exertion (RPE).

rating

Unstable angina, STEMI, and Non-STEMI are all part of ___ ___.

Acute Coronary Syndrome

STEMI involves a major occlusion of a ___ artery and develops a pathological Q wave on ECG within 24-48 hours.

coronary