What does STEMI stand for?

A) Subendocardial Myocardial Infarction

B) Superficial Myocardial Infarction

C) ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

D) ST-Depression Myocardial Infarction

E) Silent Myocardial Infarction

What should be done if the subject cannot complete the selected repetitions during a 1 RM test?

A) Decrease the weight

B) Increase the weight by 2.5-20.0 kg

C) Record the final weight lifted successfully

D) Rest for 3-5 minutes

E) Select a new exercise

What is a characteristic ECG finding in Ventricular Fibrillation?

A) Normal P waves

B) Regular QRS complexes

C) No normal ECG complexes (bag of worms)

D) ST segment elevation

E) Prolonged PR interval

What is the first step in determining muscular strength using the 1 RM method?

A) Select an initial weight within the subject's perceived capacity

B) Warm up by completing a number of submaximal repetitions

C) Increase resistance progressively by 2.5-20.0 kg

D) Record the final weight lifted successfully

E) Rest for 3-5 minutes between trials

Maximal exercise testing is terminated using ___ as the stopping point or when the patient is limited by symptoms.

predicted maximal heart rate (PMHR)

What is a characteristic feature of a Transmural MI?

A) Partial thickness infarct

B) Full thickness infarct

C) No infarct

D) Subendocardial infarct

E) Subepicardial infarct

What characterizes a 1st degree heart block?

A) Complete blockage between the atria and ventricles

B) Intermittent complete block without PR interval prolongation

C) Partial blockage between the SA and AV node with consistently prolonged PR interval

D) Block becomes worse with each beat until the beat drops

E) No electrical signal gets through

What ECG changes are associated with a Non-STEMI (Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction)?

A) Persistent ST segment elevation

B) Persistent ST segment depression more than 1mm lasting longer than .08 seconds

C) Normal T waves

D) Prolonged PR interval

E) Shortened QT interval

What is a distinguishing feature of a 2nd degree Type 1 (Wenckebach/Mobitz I) heart block?

A) PR interval remains the same

B) PR interval gets longer with each beat until a beat is dropped

C) Complete block between atria and ventricles

D) No P waves are present

E) Consistently prolonged PR interval

Maximal exercise testing is used to measure ___ to diagnose CAD.

functional capacity

A Q wave that is .04 seconds wide or more than ___ the height of the QRS complex is indicative of a STEMI.

1/3

The immediate treatment for Ventricular Fibrillation includes defibrillation followed by ___, supplemental ___, and injection of medications.

cardiopulmonary resuscitation, O2

What happens to the Q wave in leads that don’t normally present with a Q wave during a STEMI?

A) It becomes inverted

B) It disappears

C) It becomes wider and deeper

D) It remains unchanged

E) It becomes narrower

What is Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF)?

A) The ability to lift heavy weights

B) The ability to perform large muscle, dynamic, moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise for prolonged periods

C) The ability to perform short bursts of high-intensity exercise

D) The ability to maintain balance and coordination

E) The ability to perform low-intensity exercise for short periods

What is a key characteristic of submaximal exercise testing?

A) It is always performed at maximal effort

B) It is terminated on achievement of a predetermined end point

C) It is only used for athletes

D) It is performed without any stopping criteria

E) It is used to diagnose respiratory diseases

Which ECG change persists weeks after a STEMI?

A) ST segment elevation

B) T wave inversion

C) Q wave

D) ST segment depression

E) T wave normalization

What differentiates maximal from submaximal exercise testing?

A) The type of exercise performed

B) The duration of the exercise

C) The termination point of the test

D) The equipment used

E) The intensity of the warm-up

During the acute phase of a STEMI, the ___ segment shows elevation.

ST

Weeks after a STEMI, the ___ wave normalizes, but the ___ wave persists.

T, Q

Variable ___ inversion can be seen in both myocardial ischemia and Non-STEMI.

T wave

What is a clinical consequence of Ventricular Fibrillation?

A) Increased cardiac output

B) No cardiac output leading to ischemia

C) Stable angina

D) Hypertension

E) Bradycardia

Which of the following is an indication for a clinical exercise test?

A) Evaluation of muscle fatigue

B) Assessment of flexibility

C) Evaluation of chest pain suggestive of coronary disease

D) Determination of VO2max

E) Screening for diabetes

Clinically, Ventricular Fibrillation results in no ___, leading to ischemia.

CO (Cardiac Output)

Which of the following is NOT a general indication for stopping an exercise test?

A) Achievement of a predetermined end point

B) Severe shortness of breath

C) Chest pain

D) Patient's request to stop

E) Reaching a certain distance

What is an advantage of using a treadmill for exercise testing?

A) Easier to take BP

B) Less space required

C) Greater diagnostic benefits

D) Patients develop muscle fatigue faster

E) Less expensive

An advantage of using a bike for exercise testing is that it is easier to take ___ and requires less ___.

BP, space

What is the primary stopping point for a maximal exercise test?

A) Achievement of a predetermined end point

B) When the patient feels tired

C) Predicted maximal heart rate (PMHR) or symptom limitation

D) After 30 minutes of exercise

E) When the patient reaches a certain distance

What ECG change is observed days after a STEMI?

A) Persistent ST segment elevation

B) Persistent T wave inversion

C) ST segment normalization

D) Q wave disappearance

E) Persistent ST segment depression

What is the difference between VO2max and VO2peak?

A) VO2max is the maximum oxygen uptake, while VO2peak is used to predict VO2max

B) VO2max is the oxygen uptake during rest, while VO2peak is during exercise

C) VO2max is the oxygen uptake during submaximal exercise, while VO2peak is during maximal exercise

D) VO2max is the oxygen uptake during anaerobic exercise, while VO2peak is during aerobic exercise

E) VO2max is the oxygen uptake during short bursts of exercise, while VO2peak is during prolonged exercise

Days after a STEMI, the ___ segment normalizes.

ST

In what phase is low-level submaximal testing typically performed?

A) During the acute phase of myocardial injury

B) During the recuperative phase after myocardial injury or coronary bypass surgery

C) During the pre-operative phase

D) During the diagnostic phase for respiratory diseases

E) During the initial phase of athletic training

Which mode of exercise testing is noted for being easy to administer to large numbers of individuals?

A) Bike

B) Treadmill

C) Field Tests

D) Step Test

E) Three-leads

In the injury phase of a STEMI, the ___ wave shows inversion.

T

What is the primary use of maximal exercise testing?

A) To measure functional capacity and diagnose CAD

B) To assess flexibility

C) To evaluate muscle strength

D) To determine body composition

E) To measure lung volume

Which of the following can cause heart blocks?

A) High blood pressure

B) Scarring or trauma, infection leading to endocarditis, and medications like Digoxin

C) High cholesterol

D) Lack of exercise

E) Excessive salt intake

Infection leading to ___ can cause heart blocks.

endocarditis

2nd degree Type 1 heart block is also known as ___ or ___ I.

Wenckebach, Mobitz

A clinical exercise test can assess functional ___.

capacity

What is the immediate treatment for Ventricular Fibrillation?

A) Beta-blockers

B) Immediate pharmacologic injection or cardioversion or defibrillation

C) Lifestyle changes

D) Anticoagulants

E) Diuretics

What is a disadvantage of using a bike for exercise testing?

A) Easier to take BP

B) Less space required

C) Greater diagnostic benefits

D) Patients often develop muscle fatigue faster

E) More expensive and space-consuming

A Non-STEMI (Subendocardial myocardial infarction) is characterized by persistent ST segment ___ greater than ___ mm, lasting longer than ___ seconds.

depression, 1, 0.08

What is a typical ECG presentation of transient myocardial ischemia?

A) ST segment elevation

B) ST segment depression greater than 1mm lasting more than .08 seconds

C) Prolonged QT interval

D) Normal ECG

E) Shortened PR interval

What is a heart block?

A) A complete blockage of the coronary arteries

B) A partial or complete blockage between conductive points in the cardiac tissue

C) A blockage in the pulmonary arteries

D) A blockage in the aorta

E) A blockage in the veins

A special subset of submaximal testing, known as ___, is performed on patients during the recuperative phase after myocardial injury or coronary bypass surgery.

low-level testing

STEMI is also known as ___ MI.

Transmural

A transient myocardial ischemia can return to normal levels with a decrease in ___.

workload

When determining 1 RM, the initial weight selected should be within ___% to ___% of the subject's perceived capacity.

50, 70

Submaximal exercise testing is terminated on achievement of ___ unless symptoms otherwise limit the test.

predetermined end point

Myocardial Ischemia can present on an ECG as ST segment ___ greater than ___ mm, lasting greater than ___ seconds.

DEPRESSION, 1, 0.08

In 1st degree heart block, the PR interval is consistently prolonged to greater than ___ seconds.

0.20

Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF) is related to the ability to perform large muscle, dynamic, moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise for ___ periods of time.

prolonged

Ventricular Fibrillation is characterized by the ventricles ___ and no normal ___ complexes.

TWITCH, ECG

Field tests are easy to administer to large numbers of individuals and require little ___.

equipment

Heart blocks are a partial or complete blockage between ___ points in the cardiac tissue.

conductive

One indication for a clinical exercise test is the evaluation of chest pain suggestive of ___.

coronary disease

Scarring of different portions of the heart can lead to different types of ___.

heart blocks

A clinical exercise test can be used for the evaluation of ___ with activity.

hypertension

2nd degree Type 2 heart block is characterized by an intermittent drop of the ___ without PR interval prolongation.

QRS complex

1st degree heart block is characterized by a partial blockage between the ___ and ___ node.

SA, AV

The final weight lifted successfully is recorded as the absolute ___ or multiple RM.

1-RM

A treadmill has greater ___ benefits but BP is harder to take and it's more ___ and space-consuming.

diagnostic, expensive

In 2nd degree Type 1 heart block, the PR interval gets longer until a beat ___.

drops

VO2peak is used to predict ___ during maximal exercise effort.

VO2max

A disadvantage of using a bike for exercise testing is that patients often develop ___ faster because these muscle groups aren’t as ___.

muscle fatigue, trained

VO2max represents the maximum ___ uptake.

oxygen

Step tests require little to no ___, steps are easily transportable, and the test is ___.

equipment, short

3rd degree heart block is a complete block between the ___ and ___, with independently irregular beats.

atria, ventricles

The first step in determining muscular strength using 1 RM is to warm up by completing a number of ___ repetitions of the specific exercise.

submaximal

Resistance is progressively increased by ___ kg (5.5-44.0 lb) until the subject cannot complete the selected repetitions.

2.5-20.0

The distinction between maximal and submaximal exercise testing comes from the ___ point of the test.

termination

During the acute phase of a STEMI, which ECG change is typically observed?

A) ST segment depression

B) ST segment elevation

C) Normal ST segment

D) T wave normalization

E) Q wave disappearance

What is the main characteristic of a 3rd degree heart block?

A) Partial blockage between SA and AV node

B) Intermittent complete block with PR interval prolongation

C) Complete block between atria and ventricles with independent P waves and QRS complexes

D) PR interval gets longer with each beat

E) Normal PR interval with occasional dropped beats

One reason to terminate a maximal exercise test is the presence of leg ___ or ___.

fatigue, cramping

___ is a medication that can cause heart blocks.

Digoxin