Blood in the anterior chamber (AC) of the eye.
Bilateral and spherical.
To widen or open an opening.
The 'white of the eye'.
80%.
Into the posterior chamber.
It controls the size of the pupil.
At the anterior chamber angle.
The facial skeleton.
Ophthalmic artery.
A circular hole formed by the iris.
The anterior surface (sclera) of the eyeball.
A pit in the center of the macula that provides the sharpest vision.
It increases.
A branch of the ophthalmic artery is blocked.
When the ciliary muscle contracts, it relaxes the tension on the lens, allowing it to become more rounded for near vision.
From the anterior chamber.
Nourishment for the adjacent retina.
Soft tissue structures that cover the base of the orbits.
Through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal.
It liquifies and shrinks, causing 'floaters'.
The mucous layer (produced by goblet cells).
A condition often resulting from trauma affecting the iris.
The cornea consists of five layers: epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium.
To treat acute or chronic angle closure glaucoma.
Through the tear fluid and the aqueous humor, as it has no blood vessels.
An opacification of the lens.
It serves as a refractive surface.
A ring-shaped vascular structure that drains aqueous humor.
To provide nourishment to the outer layers of the retina.
Yes, it is a common occurrence with age.
It helps in the drainage of aqueous humor from the eye.
It can be caused by genetic factors, injury, or certain medical conditions.
Regulates light entering the eye.
The nerve fiber layer (NFL) of the retina, specifically the axons of ganglion cells.
Through the lamina cribrosa after piercing the dural and arachnoid sheaths.
9.2 times higher, according to the Rotterdam Eye Study.
It acts as a conduit for vessels and nerves.
Ciliary arteries.
Tender.
Pus or white cell accumulation in the anterior chamber.
To constrict or close an opening.
To house the structures responsible for vision.
Sharpest vision, often referred to as '20/20' vision.
In a bony cavity known as the bony orbit.
The bony orbit.
Between the anterior and posterior chambers.
Sudden painless loss of a section of visual field.
It controls the amount of light that enters the eye.
Nuclear Cataract.
0.4.
Cortical Cataract.
1 to 3 weeks.
The corneal stroma, which contains collagen.
No, it needs further testing.
Posterior Subcapsular Cataract.
A thin, transparent membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the eyelids.
A thin vascularized mucous membrane.
To maintain fluid homeostasis by draining aqueous humor into systemic circulation.
When a portion of the vitreous pulls away from the retina.
To provide a conduit for tear flow from the external eye to the nasal cavity.
To protect the eye and keep it moist.
At the optic disc.
To produce tears.
A history of trauma or recurrent episodes.
The eyelids.
A condition where a person has two different colored eyes or variations in color within one eye.
A clear gel-like substance between the lens and the retina.
Mostly water along with collagen.
No treatment or evaluation is needed unless there is a trauma history or it is recurrent.
A small (5mm), central, pigmented part of the retina.
In the ciliary body of the eye.
In the upper outer region of the orbit of the right eye.
To drain tears from the eye into the nasal cavity.
Beneath the optic nerve.
In the back of the eye/globe.
Two.
Obstruction of the glands of Moll and Zeis.
By blinking.
Small, shadowy shapes that float in the field of vision.
They aid in tear flow by blinking.
Permanent vision loss in the affected eye.
Convex structure.
It constricts to reduce light entry.
Between the cornea and lens.
They supply the sclera, conjunctiva, and iris.
Wind, smoke, low humidity, prolonged reading/computer use.
Common.
It supplies the forehead and scalp.
It is characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure.
High blood pressure.
Lens.
Sphincter muscle and dilator muscle.
A clear fluid found in the anterior chamber of the eye.
To maintain intraocular pressure and provide nutrients to the eye.
The lens becomes flatter, allowing for better focus on distant objects.
By supplying oxygen and nutrients to the retina and absorbing excess light.
An 'end artery' with no collateral circulation.
Non-tender.
Clear, dome-like structure.
Stye.
The brain.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
African American, Afro-Caribbean, and West African.
They facilitate movement.
It is crucial for maintaining proper vision by focusing light.
Dilator muscle.
Sudden painless loss of vision in one eye.
To protect the eyes and keep them moist.
Foreign body sensation.
Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye.
The space between the lower and upper eyelids.
Punctal plugs.
Loss of central vision.
To transmit visual information from the retina to the brain.
Cornea.
Lacrimal gland.
It may go unnoticed.
The lens.
Ophthalmic artery.
Ophthalmic artery.
47 - 50 mm.
A clear fluid found in the anterior chamber of the eye.
The area behind the iris and in front of the vitreous.
A blockage of the central retinal artery, leading to vision loss.
It blocks light entering through the sclera.
Supplies nutrients and oxygen to the RPE and outer nuclear retinal layer (rods, cones).
It retains light entering through the pupil.
Via electrical impulses.
It inhibits internal light scatter.
They supply the ciliary body and give recurrent branches to the choroid anterior to the equator.
They provide lubrication to the eyelids.
Refresh, Systane, or Blink.
Goblet cells that produce mucus.
A buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in the artery walls.
A gel-like substance that fills the eye and helps maintain its shape.
To maintain the shape of the eye and provide support to the retina.
To elevate the upper eyelid.
Ethmoidal Arteries.
Through comprehensive eye exams including measuring intraocular pressure.
Homocystinuria.
Aqueous humor.
The process by which the lens changes shape to focus on objects at different distances.
A layer of blood vessels and connective tissue between the sclera and the retina.
Inflammation of the lacrimal sac.
The 1st branch of the ophthalmic artery.
It is responsible for all central vision, most color vision, and detailed vision.
To drain tears from the eye into the nasal cavity.
A vascular bed between the sclera and the retina.
Age over 60.
Age, myopia, trauma, and post-surgery.
Equal superior and inferior branches, then into nasal and temporal branches.
3 - 4 mm.
Biconvex.
The iris muscles.
To protect intraocular tissues.
To protect the eye and keep it moist.
Thin skin.
AT gel drop or ointment (e.g., Refresh PM).
No, it is irreversible and progressive.
It can restrict blood flow, potentially leading to vision problems.
Orbicularis oculi muscle.
Muscular Branches.
Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) and diabetic macular edema.
Myxoma.
It is considered a risk factor.
Canal of Schlemm.
The ciliary muscle.
UV light.
A small, specialized area on the retina responsible for central vision.
Epithelial cells that produce mucus and tears.
To refract light and help focus it onto the retina.
Tear duct or lacrimal duct.
To maintain intraocular pressure and provide nutrients to the eye.
By providing a barrier against pathogens and helping to maintain moisture.
Visual information from the retina to the vision centers of the brain.
A ring of smooth muscle fibers.
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG).
Parasympathetic innervation.
It maintains intraocular pressure (IOP).
They anastomose with Short Posterior Ciliary Arteries.
10 to 20 branches.
The large space behind the lens filled with vitreous humor.
Smoking cessation.
Rods and cones.
They are responsible for vision in low light.
Eyelashes.
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma.
At the back of the eye, from the retina.
Conjunctiva.
It has a specific ocular contour that aids in vision.
It is highly innervated, providing protective functions.
Puncta, Canaliculi, Lacrimal sac, Nasolacrimal duct.
The space between the posterior cornea and iris.
It is highly pigmented.
Behind the iris.
It provides a firm attachment for extraocular muscles (EOMs) and the ciliary muscle.
To protect the anterior surface of the eyes.
The opaque outer tunic of the eye.
Through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal.
Pink eye.
It provides two thirds of light refraction.
It is transparent with no innervation or blood supply.
It dilates to allow more light in.
The Ophthalmic Artery.
Through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces.
A dilated fundus exam.
Lashes.
The Ophthalmic Artery.
Higher light vision, color perception, and high acuity.
Ptosis.
Medications, laser therapy, or surgery to lower intraocular pressure.
Palpebrae.
Optic nerve.
Accommodation, via its relationship with the ciliary muscle.
The eye and its surrounding structures.
The choroid lies between the sclera and the retina, providing essential support.
It compresses the trabecular meshwork and collapses Schlemm's Canal, increasing outflow resistance.
Lacrimal glands, puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct.
Larger in children; smaller in the elderly.
Cones and rods.
Typically, it does not affect vision.
The uveal middle tunic.
It is not served by blood vessels.
Redness, itching, and discharge from the eye.
To supply blood to the head and neck.
Strength and elasticity.
Burning, dryness, tearing.
2 to 8 mm.
A blood surrogate for avascular structures.
The space between the cornea and the iris filled with aqueous humor.
Good hygiene practices, such as hand washing and avoiding sharing personal items.
To maintain intraocular pressure and provide nutrients to the eye.
Loss of peripheral vision.
Giant-cell arteritis.
Choroid.
Localized inflammation of the posterior eyelid due to obstruction of the meibomian gland.
Central vision.
With oral antibiotics (amoxicillin, cephalexin, azithromycin) and hot compresses.
Lower and upper lids.
No, it is relatively rare.
In the ciliary body of the eye.
It provides structure and shape.
The retina.
The anterior chamber, posterior chamber, and vitreous chamber.
To treat a narrow occludable angle.
Stroke of the eye.
The drainage angle remains open.
Radial muscle fibers.
Mucous membrane.
Antibiotic eye drops.
Using a humidifier.
Restasis, Xiidra, or Cequa.
Discomfort is often out of proportion to clinical signs.
The optic nerve.
Intravenous drug abuse.
Pupil.
Pain, swelling, and epiphora (excessive tearing).
A transparent, colorless fluid.
Cranial Nerve II (CNII).
Continuously formed from plasma by the ciliary body.
It can lead to conditions like glaucoma.
Sudden, painless vision loss in one eye.
Avascular.
Embolism, thrombosis, or systemic conditions like hypertension.
It can lead to conditions like glaucoma.
A thin, transparent membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the eyelids.
Artificial Tears (AT), preferably preservative-free.
It is a transparent and colorless medium.
Unlike aqueous humor, vitreous humor is not actively regenerated or replenished.
Central Retinal Artery.
To maintain intraocular pressure and provide nutrients to the eye.
No, it typically resolves on its own.
Central vision.
Essential Fatty Acids (EFA) like fish oil or flax.
Atherosclerosis.
The point where the optic nerve exits the eye, also known as the blind spot.
Sclera.
To mechanically stabilize the eye and help hold its spherical shape.
The optic chiasm.
It provides the sharpest vision due to a high concentration of photoreceptor cells.
They flow through the lacrimal duct into the nasal cavity.
Glaucoma.
Clear, crystalline proteins.
A stagnant substance in the eye.
5/6th of the globe.
Trauma, surgery, and steroid use.
The clumping of collagen fibers in the vitreous humor.
No, it is not actively regenerated or replenished.
The space between the iris and the lens, also filled with aqueous humor.
Damage to the optic nerve.
Sympathetic innervation.
Lateral and Medial Palpebral Arteries.
Increased risk of stroke and vision loss.
It is common and often chronic.
To maintain the shape of the eye and provide support to the retina.
Atrial fibrillation.
Blood platelet abnormalities.
Macula.
Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye.
It acts as a barrier against dirt, germs, and other harmful matter.
Macular degeneration.
Into the nasal cavity.
To regulate the amount of light that enters the eye.
To collect tears from the surface of the eye.
Through a comprehensive eye examination and imaging tests.
Made up of ganglion (nerve) cells.
It maintains a fixed axial length.
They are often harmless but can indicate underlying issues in some cases.
To rule out a retinal detachment or tear.
It supplies the optic nerve head.
Upper eyelid and lower eyelid.
2 for each recti muscle, except the lateral rectus which has only 1.
The space behind the iris and in front of the lens, also filled with aqueous humor.
To protect the eyes from debris and sweat.
Valvular heart disease.
Two, one for each eye.
Vitreous humor.
It can lead to excessive tearing or dacryocystitis.
The space between the cornea and the iris filled with aqueous humor.
Viral infections, bacterial infections, and allergens.
It is transparent.
As spots, threads, or cobweb-like shapes that move with eye movement.
The anterior chamber, posterior chamber, and vitreous chamber.
25%.
Usually bilateral.
In the fovea.
Carotid artery disease.
Vision loss or blindness.
Iris.
Increased resistance to drainage in the trabecular meshwork/canal of Schlemm.
Acute or chronic angle closure glaucoma and narrow occludable angles.
The central retinal artery.
Cherry red spot.
Lack of blood flow whitens the retina, making the macula stand out.
That it is just a floater.
By providing a barrier against pathogens and facilitating tear distribution.
The large space behind the lens filled with vitreous humor.
Blepharitis.
Diabetes.
Use of oral contraceptives.
Lacrimal duct.
