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An action potential is a rapid series of changes in the ___ across a membrane.
voltage
___ stands for Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.
TENS
1/64
p.4
Action Potential and Electrical Stimulation

An action potential is a rapid series of changes in the ___ across a membrane.

voltage

p.3
Types of Electrical Stimulation

___ stands for Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.

TENS

p.8
Evidence Supporting Electrotherapy

The application of TENS may lead to less ___ medication usage and should be incorporated into the treatment for chronic low back pain.

pain

p.4
Action Potential and Electrical Stimulation

Repolarization involves the opening of ___ channels.

potassium

p.8
Evidence Supporting Electrotherapy

NMES is likely to reduce the change in muscle mass and may increase ___ strength.

muscle

p.8
Evidence Supporting Electrotherapy

Treatment of chronic low back pain with ___ demonstrated significant pain reduction.

TENS

p.2
Indications for Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy is used for muscle ___, which helps in strengthening muscles.

strengthening

p.7
Contraindications of Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy should be avoided in areas that prohibit ___.

motion

p.7
Precautions in Electrotherapy

Bleeding ___ are a precaution for electrotherapy.

disorders

p.9
Clinical Applications of NMES and TENS

TENS demonstrated ___ or very low levels of pain and functional improvement.

insignificant

p.3
Types of Electrical Stimulation

___ electrical stimulation is also known as Russian stimulation.

Russian

p.2
Indications for Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy can aid in muscle ___ - education.

re

p.7
Contraindications of Electrotherapy

Active ___ is a contraindication for electrotherapy.

infection

p.7
Precautions in Electrotherapy

Open ___ are a precaution for electrotherapy.

wounds

p.8
Evidence Supporting Electrotherapy

Training with NMES results in virtually identical strength gains compared with conventional strength training when training ___ is matched.

volume

p.2
Definition of Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy involves using ___ for therapeutic purposes.

electricity

p.7
Contraindications of Electrotherapy

Patients with DVT or known peripheral ___ disease should avoid electrotherapy.

vascular

p.3
Types of Electrical Stimulation

High voltage pulsed galvanic stimulation is abbreviated as ___.

HVPC

p.1
Evidence Supporting Electrotherapy

The final objective is to describe the ___ related to electrotherapy.

evidence

p.2
Indications for Electrotherapy

One of the purposes of electrotherapy is to eliminate muscle ___.

atrophy

p.2
Indications for Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy can increase local ___.

circulation

p.7
Precautions in Electrotherapy

A precaution for electrotherapy is the presence of ___ disease.

cardiac

p.1
Definition of Electrotherapy

One of the objectives is to ___ electrotherapy.

define

p.2
Indications for Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy can facilitate ___ healing.

wound

p.7
Contraindications of Electrotherapy

One contraindication for electrotherapy is the presence of ___ electronic devices.

implanted

p.7
Precautions in Electrotherapy

Impaired ___ is a precaution for electrotherapy.

cognition

p.7
Precautions in Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy should be used cautiously in a ___ uterus.

menstruating

p.6
Mechanism of Action in Electrotherapy

Electrical stimulation works by changing the ___ to cause a brief depolarization.

resting membrane potential

p.9
Clinical Applications of NMES and TENS

NMES has demonstrated beneficial effects for rehabilitation of ___, post-stroke, and debilitated inpatients.

selective spinal cord injured (SCI)

p.8
Evidence Supporting Electrotherapy

Evidence suggests that the use of ___ reduces the occurrence of ICU-acquired weakness.

NMES

p.1
Indications for Electrotherapy

Another objective is to describe the ___ for electrotherapy.

indications

p.1
Mechanism of Action in Electrotherapy

An objective includes describing how electrotherapy ___.

works

p.2
Indications for Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy can help to ___ edema.

decrease

p.10
References and Further Reading on Electrotherapy

Allen et al.'s 2023 comparative review investigates whether electrical stimulation devices reduce ___ and improve function.

pain

p.7
Contraindications of Electrotherapy

Superficial ___ implants are a contraindication for electrotherapy.

metal

p.7
Precautions in Electrotherapy

Patients with uncontrolled hypertension, hypotension, excessive adipose tissue, or ___ should use electrotherapy with caution.

edema

p.4
Action Potential and Electrical Stimulation

The voltage changes in an action potential are determined by the ratio of ___ and ___ ions.

intra-, extra-cellular

p.3
Types of Electrical Stimulation

___ electrical stimulation (FES) is used to facilitate functional movements.

Functional

p.9
Evidence Supporting Electrotherapy

Electrical stimulation may promote the healing of ___, but caution is advised in recommending it widely.

pressure ulcers

p.1
Contraindications of Electrotherapy

One objective is to describe the ___ and ___ of electrotherapy.

contraindications, precautions

p.10
References and Further Reading on Electrotherapy

The book 'Michlovitz’s Modalities for Therapeutic Intervention' is edited by ___ and ___ and published by F. A. Davis Company in 2022.

Bellew JW, Nolan Jr TP

p.7
Contraindications of Electrotherapy

Suspected ___ or seizure disorder is a contraindication for electrotherapy.

epilepsy

p.7
Precautions in Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy should be used cautiously in patients with ___.

cancer

p.6
Mechanism of Action in Electrotherapy

Electrical stimulation increases the likelihood of ___ opening.

voltage-gated ion channels

p.4
Action Potential and Electrical Stimulation

During depolarization, the ___ channels open, leading to a reduction in resting membrane potential.

sodium

p.4
Action Potential and Electrical Stimulation

The ___ period is when the balance of ions is reestablished.

refractory

p.3
Types of Electrical Stimulation

___ is a type of electrical stimulation used to deliver medication through the skin.

Iontophoresis

p.10
References and Further Reading on Electrotherapy

The 'National Physical Therapy Exam Review & Study Guide' 26th edition is published by ___ in Chicago, Ill in 2023.

TherapyEd

p.7
Contraindications of Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy should not be applied to areas of active ___.

bleeding

p.9
Clinical Applications of NMES and TENS

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has shown effectiveness in rehabilitation of some ___, SCI, and foot drop outpatients.

stroke

p.3
Types of Electrical Stimulation

___ stands for Neuromuscular electrical stimulation.

NMES

p.7
Contraindications of Electrotherapy

Impaired ___ is a contraindication for electrotherapy.

circulation

p.2
Indications for Electrotherapy

One indication for electrotherapy is to ___ pain.

decrease

p.10
References and Further Reading on Electrotherapy

Jauregui et al.'s 2016 meta-analysis examines the use of ___ for chronic low back pain.

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

p.7
Contraindications of Electrotherapy

Areas of active ___ are contraindicated for electrotherapy.

osteomyelitis

p.10
References and Further Reading on Electrotherapy

The study by Nakanishi et al. in 2023 focuses on the effect of ___ in patients with critical illness.

neuromuscular stimulation

p.10
References and Further Reading on Electrotherapy

The 2024 study by Xiaohui et al. evaluates the reliability of evidence supporting the role of electrical stimulation in the treatment of ___.

pressure ulcers

p.7
Contraindications of Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy should not be used in patients with unstable ___.

arrhythmias

p.7
Precautions in Electrotherapy

During ___, electrotherapy should be used with caution.

pregnancy, labor

p.3
Types of Electrical Stimulation

___ current (IFC) is a type of electrical stimulation.

Inferential

p.2
Indications for Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy can help ___ muscle spasm.

relax

p.10
References and Further Reading on Electrotherapy

Happ and Behringer's 2022 systematic review compares neuromuscular electrical stimulation training with ___ training.

conventional strength

p.7
Contraindications of Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy should be avoided over the ___ sinus, eyes, phrenic nerve, anterior throat, abdomen, and low back during pregnancy.

carotid

p.7
Precautions in Electrotherapy

Impaired ___ is a precaution for electrotherapy.

sensation

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