Movement
It shows the anatomical structures of the cerebrum and thalamus.
The putamen and the caudate nucleus.
The occlusion must be in the right posterior cerebral artery originating from the basilar artery.
The first CT scan was considered normal.
Increased intracranial pressure due to more fluid inside the skull.
A subdural haematoma develops between the dura and the arachnoid mater, typically caused by trauma that damages the bridging veins.
Cognitive deficits could include issues with cognition and personality.
The likely cause of the patient's symptoms is a ruptured aneurysm filling the subarachnoid space with blood, explaining the sudden onset of extreme headaches.
Corticospinal tract in the crus cerebri.
The lesion could be affecting the abducens nucleus.
Very high blood pressure and pain in the left side of her face.
The ventricular system was dramatically enlarged, indicating more fluid inside the skull and increased intracranial pressure. There was also bleeding in the cerebellum, which had become larger by the second day.
Localized vascular damage of the central nervous system can affect ascending or descending fibre tracts at different places in CNS and still give rise to similar symptoms.
The corticospinal tract descends from the cortex through the deep white matter of the cerebrum, passes between the caudate nucleus and putamen as the internal capsule, goes through the mesencephalon (midbrain), passes through the pons, and forms the pyramids in the medulla where it undergoes pyramidal decussation.
The pyramidal decussation is where most of the fibers in the corticospinal tract cross over to the opposite side of the brain, allowing for control over different domains of the musculature.
It is involved in movement
Tactile and other somatosensory stimuli.
The insula.
The facial nerve (N. facialis) is responsible.
The aqueduct, also known as the cerebral aqueduct, connects the third and fourth ventricles and allows the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between them.
Possible deficits could include motor and sensory impairments, language difficulties (aphasia), and spatial neglect.
In the pons.
The middle cerebellar peduncle where several cranial nerves leave the pons.
A sensory pathway that carries peripheral sensations to the brain.
The brighter area (swelling) in the occipital lobe in the right hemisphere indicates the affected region. The right lateral ventricle appears smaller due to the swelling.
The pons (the left side) is affected.
The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is likely occluded.
Occlusion of the foramen Magendie, lateral recesses (foramina of Luschka), or aqueduct.
Inflammation of the meninges.
The longitudinal fissure, which is a lot deeper than a sulcus.
The latero-posterior part of the frontal lobe, the latero-anterior part of the parietal lobe, and the insula.
A focal lesion in the CNS is rarely limited to a specific structure but often involves adjacent structures. The relationships between these structures give a characteristic set of symptoms that help direct the examiner to precisely identify the damaged area.
The dorsal column system and the spinothalamic tract.
To help identify the exact plane of the picture and locate the affected area.
Characteristic surface landmarks, other structures, and looking at a stack of normal pictures.
The most common cause of a subarachnoid hemorrhage is trauma, although it can also be spontaneous, typically due to aneurysms.
It is located in the fourth ventricle.
The internal capsule is a white matter structure situated lateral to the thalamus.
The tracts
Mechanoreceptors
You should view the images as though you are standing at the patient's feet looking up, with the frontal direction pointing upward.
Sensory signals travel from the peripheral nervous system through the dorsal root ganglia, enter the spinal cord, ascend through the dorsal columns or spinothalamic tract, synapse in the thalamus, and finally reach the cerebral cortex.
The mammillary body is a special part of the hypothalamus and is part of the limbic system, which is involved in emotions and behavior.
A fissure is a lot deeper than a sulcus.
The reticular formation is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, consciousness, and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli.
Loss of or reduced vision in the left visual field, potentially leading to blindness depending on the size of the occlusion.
The internal capsule, located at the lateral border of the caput, divides the striatum into the caudate nucleus and putamen.
Somatosensory stimuli from below the neck pass along the sensory pathways of the spinal cord, whereas somatosensory stimuli from the head and neck travel through the cranial nerves, specifically the trigeminal system.
Three successive neurons.
Bleeding in the cerebellum.
On Radiopaedia.org at https://radiopaedia.org/cases/normal-brain-mri-4?lang=us.
It is responsible for somatosensory (mechanoreception).
The oculomotor nuclei control most of the eye's movements, including constriction of the pupil and maintaining an open eyelid.
The caudate nucleus is located in the cerebrum, situated in close relationship to the lateral ventricle. The bulky head of the nucleus makes up the lateral wall of the anterior horn, and the progressively thinner corpus and cauda extend from the caput, running posteriorly and ventrally following the ventricular wall into the temporal horn.
The internal capsule is located in the cerebrum, internally dividing the striatum into the caudate nucleus and the putamen.
A hemorrhage, such as bleeding in the left cerebellum, can lead to a dilation of the ventricular system.
The sylvian, the suprasellar, the quadrigeminal, and the interpeduncular cisterns.
Damage to the motor fibres controlling the leg in the internal capsule or spinal cord will give paresis of the leg.
An intracerebral hemorrhage occurs within the parenchyma of the cerebrum.
Spinothalamic tract.
The internal capsule consists of fibers connecting the cerebral cortex with the thalamus, the brainstem, and the spinal cord.
Control reflex movements of the eyes and the head.
Gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus
The fornix processes inferiorly from the corpus callosum and reaches down to the mammillary bodies.
A horizontal section of the spinal cord, a horizontal section of the medulla oblongata, a horizontal section of the pons, a horizontal section of the mesencephalon, a horizontal section of cerebrum cutting through the thalamus, and a frontal section of cerebrum cutting through the thalamus.
The lateral funiculus of the spinal cord, adjacent to the lateral corticospinal tract.
Emotion processes.
An increase in production of the fluid.
A tumor can affect the reabsorption of the CSF.
The medial cerebral artery in the left side.
The dorsal column system receives information from sensory receptors throughout the body.
The dorsal column system carries sensory information in nerve tracts in the white matter of the dorsal column of the spinal cord.
Understanding the main course of important ascending and descending pathways and their decussations is essential because it helps in diagnosing the location of damage based on symptoms.
Motor signals pass from the cerebral cortex, descend into the brain stem, and then to the spinal cord to control the musculature through motor neurons.
Because the cross over happens in the corpus callosum.
Motor coordination.
The corpus callosum is situated between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.
The corpus callosum lies in relation to the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.
The middle cerebellar peduncle connects the pons to the cerebellum.
Leaving the sections
CSF minimizes the accumulation of harmful substances in nervous tissue and serves as a signal pathway.
Neurons in the corticospinal tract are controlled by the neurons in the corticospinal tract descending.
Movement is controlled in the pyramid, specifically in the corticospinal tract in the basis of the pons.
The cerebellum and the fourth ventricle are used as landmarks.
Reduced drainage of CSF from arachnoid granulation.
Bundles formed by large cell groups called the pontine nuclei.
Into three sections: Superior, Inferior, and Deep.
Decreased motor and sensory function in the right side of the body due to the affected left side.
Decussation refers to the crossing over of nerve fibers, which explains why the right side of the body is affected when the left side of the brain is damaged.
Outline the affected area and the brain stem nuclei or axons involved.
Double vision in the eyes.
After originating in the magnocellular red nucleus, the rubrospinal tract crosses to the other side of the midbrain and descends in the lateral part of the brainstem tegmentum.
The thalamus in the right hemisphere.
The CT scan shows an affected darker area dorsally in the medial part of the left cerebral cortex, including parts of both the frontal and parietal lobe.
Sensory fibers from the upper extremities
The spinothalamic tract
Most of the medial aspect of the hemisphere, ending around the parieto-occipital sulcus.
The CT scan shows blood in the subarachnoid space, which appears much lighter than the normal dark color representing the subarachnoid space.
An extradural haematoma is a collection of blood between the dura and the skull, commonly caused by trauma to the middle meningeal artery.
Damage to the internal capsule in the left side will give paresis in the right leg, whereas damage to the left spinal cord will give paresis in the left leg.
The internal capsule is a bundle of fibers that passes between the caudate nucleus and putamen of the basal nuclei.
Gray matter and cranial nerve nuclei
The pyramidal tract is located among the fibers of the internal capsule.
Branches from the posterior cerebral artery, specifically the thalamoperforating arteries.
Control of movement.
The dorsal column
Movement, entering the sections
CSF is formed by the vascular choroid plexuses located deep in the brain along the choroidal fissure in the ventricles, producing about 0.5 liters per day.
The medial lemniscus, also known as the dorsal column, is involved in somatosensory functions, particularly mechanoreception.
Through the medulla, lying between the inferior olivary nucleus and the trigeminal nerve spinal tract nucleus.
Because the medial anterior part of the frontal lobe is not affected.
The sensory information continues to the medulla and then in the medial lemniscus.
The motor trigeminal nucleus (n. mandibularis fibers) and the abducens nucleus.
The rubrospinal tract originates in the magnocellular red nucleus in the mesencephalon (midbrain) and plays a role in motor coordination.
It controls most of the eye's movements, including constriction of the pupil and maintaining an open eyelid.
The corpus callosum is responsible for decussation (crossing over in the brain) and enables signals to travel from one hemisphere to the other, ensuring cooperation between the right and left hemispheres.
The regions affected include parts of the frontal and parietal lobes, specifically the dorsal motor and sensory areas in the cortex.
The representation of the legs in the motor and somatosensory cortex.
Within various thalamic nuclei.
The two descending pathways are the corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract) and the corticobulbar tract.
It can disturb the function of the N. facialis because the facial motor nuclei are located there and do not cross over.
The anterior horn and the posterior horn
The crus cerebri is the caudal continuation of the internal capsule.
The patient could experience loss of sensual sensation, both pain and mechano, on the left side of the body.
Sensory fibers from the lower extremities
The anterior median fissure and the central canal
Ischemic infarcts (nerve cell death due to lack of oxygen).
It is a relay station in the pathways that bring auditory signals to awareness.
The injury affects the dorsal motor and sensory areas in the cortex controlling the lower extremities, leading to sensory disturbances and paresis in the right sacral and lumbar region.
The middle cerebellar peduncle is also named brachium pontis.
Whether there are nerve fibres entering or leaving the sections (cranial or spinal nerves) and the central course of the nerve fibres and their termination.
The spinothalamic tract transmits pain and temperature sensations.
The sensory trigeminal nuclei are involved in sensory functions.
They either descend or ascend a few vertebral levels.
The spinal lemniscus.
The anterior cerebral artery supplies the affected area, but the occlusion is likely in a branch of this artery.
The middle cerebellar peduncles are situated laterally to the facial colliculus on the dorsal site of the pons.
A small guide to the cranial nerves and their nuclei.
The vestibular nuclei are located in the pons.
The medial aspect of the hemisphere, including the representation of the legs in the motor and somatosensory cortex.
Bilateral palsy of the legs with reduced sensation and effects on the medial aspects of the frontal lobe, including emotional responses, depression, and decreased motivation.
All sensory information needs to go through the thalamus before reaching the postcentral gyrus in the cerebral cortex.
Commissural fibers are nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres, and most of them are collected into a thick plate of white matter in the corpus callosum.
The grey matter including cranial nerve nuclei, the white matter, the most important surface landmarks, areas involved in muscular control (red outline), and areas involved in sensory perception (blue outline).
CSF is produced in the lateral ventricles, flows into the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen, then through the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle. It exits the ventricular system via the foramen of Magendie and foramina of Luschka into the subarachnoid space, spreading over the brain and spinal cord, and is absorbed by arachnoid villi forming arachnoid granulations.
Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) builds up within the ventricles of the brain, creating harmful pressures on brain tissues.
From the skin to the thalamus in the brain.
Hydrocephalus can occur due to overproduction of CSF, obstruction of CSF flow, or impaired absorption of CSF.
The posterior funiculus and spinothalamic tract are involved in sensory perception.
Through the internal capsule to the somatosensory cortex.
Three neurons.
In the substantia gelatinosa or the nucleus proprius of the spinal cord.
Through the dorsal part of the pons to reach the midbrain.
The pontine nuclei are involved in motor function and are situated in the ventral part of the pons.
Pain and temperature.
Within the dorsal root ganglion.
Varied effects including changes in emotions and emotional responses, depression, and a decrease in motivation.
They travel through the posterior limb of the internal capsule, then the corona radiata to reach the primary sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus), insular cortex, and cingulate cortex.
