The incidence of a disease in a population.
The natural history and prognosis of disease.
Incidence is the number of new cases of a disease occurring in a specified period in a population at risk. It measures the risk of developing the disease.
Crude mortality rate is the total number of deaths from all causes per 100,000 people in a population.
The difference in risk between exposed and unexposed groups, showing the proportion of disease due to exposure.
By shifting focus and resources from infectious disease control to chronic disease management.
A collection of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment.
An observational study that analyzes data from a population at a specific point in time.
Proportionate mortality is the proportion of all deaths that are attributable to a specific cause.
Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) measures premature mortality by calculating the years lost due to death before a predetermined age (often 75 years).
Crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.
Neonatal mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under 28 days per 1,000 live births.
To determine the extent of disease found in the community.
A detailed report of the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient.
A statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies to increase power and resolve uncertainty.
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems.
The number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births.
A measure of association between exposure and outcome, representing the odds that a case was exposed compared to a control.
Case fatality rate is the proportion of individuals with a particular condition who die from that condition.
The ratio of the risk of disease in the exposed group to the risk in the unexposed group.
Prevalence is the total number of affected individuals in a population at a given time. It measures how widespread the disease is.
Adjusted mortality rates are mortality rates adjusted for specific factors, such as age or cause, to allow for fair comparisons.
To identify the etiology or cause of a disease and its relevant risk factors.
There was a shift from infectious diseases to chronic diseases as leading causes of death.
Passive surveillance relies on the regular reporting of cases by health care providers or health departments. It is less costly but may suffer from underreporting and delayed detection of outbreaks.
To help prioritize health care interventions and allocate resources effectively to improve overall health outcomes.
Infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under one year per 1,000 live births.
Active surveillance involves designated staff actively searching for cases by making field visits to health care facilities. It provides more accurate data and helps quickly identify outbreaks but is more costly.
Health care spending can be adjusted to address the needs for prevention and management of chronic diseases, which have become more prevalent.
Perinatal mortality rate is the number of deaths from 20 weeks of gestation to 28 days after birth per 1,000 live births.
By evaluating both existing and newly developed preventive and therapeutic measures and modes of health care delivery.
By providing the foundation for developing public policy related to environmental and genetic issues and other social and behavioral considerations regarding disease prevention and health promotion.
A study in which neither the participants nor the researchers know which treatment the participant is receiving.
A study in which participants are randomly assigned to different interventions to compare effects.
