What type of discharge is associated with cervicitis?
Mucopurulent or purulent discharge.
p.29
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What do cervical precancers produce?
Cytological abnormalities that often reflect the severity of CIN.
p.28
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What does a negative HPV test indicate regarding CIN risk?
Women who test negative by molecular probes are at extremely low risk of having CIN.
p.4
Cervical Polyps Characteristics
What are cervical polyps?
Polypoidal masses that are soft with a smooth glistening surface.
p.21
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
What characterizes early stromal invasion in cervical tumors?
Exophytic tumors encircling the os.
p.17
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What happens to the maturation of the epithelium in CIN III?
There is a loss of maturation affecting all layers of the epithelium.
p.7
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
Is progression from low grade to high grade in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia inevitable?
No, it is not inevitable.
p.22
Cervical Cancer Treatment Options
What is LLETZ used for in cervical treatment?
It is used for pre-invasive disease.
p.23
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
What is the characteristic of stage Ib?
Clinically visible lesion confined to the cervix or greater than TIa2.
p.9
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What is the relationship between the grade of CIN and the likelihood of progression?
The higher the grade of CIN, the greater the likelihood of progression.
p.28
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Types
What is true about sexually active women and cervical HPV?
Most sexually active women will contract cervical HPV at some time.
p.6
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What does CIN stand for?
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia.
p.16
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
Where do mitoses occur in CIN II?
Above the basal layer extending into the middle one third.
p.4
Cervical Polyps Characteristics
What type of cells compose the surface epithelium of cervical polyps?
Mucus secreting columnar cells.
p.11
Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer
What is a significant viral risk factor for cervical cancer?
Infection with high risk HPV.
p.13
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Types
How many different types of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) are there?
Over 100 different types.
p.24
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
What factors influence the prognosis of a tumor?
Tumor type, tumor grade, and stage of the tumor.
p.11
Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer
How does socio-economic status relate to cervical cancer risk?
Low socio-economic grouping is a risk factor.
p.21
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
What is a 'barrel cervix'?
Tumors encircling the cervix and penetrating up the canal.
p.19
Invasive Carcinoma of the Cervix
What is the most common type of invasive carcinoma of the cervix?
Squamous cell carcinoma (75%).
p.13
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Types
What are the two categories of HPV?
High risk and Low risk types.
p.31
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Types
What age group is the HPV vaccine most effective for?
Young people between 9 - 15 years.
p.22
Cervical Cancer Treatment Options
What is a radical hysterectomy?
A surgical procedure that removes the uterus, cervix, and surrounding tissues.
p.20
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
At what stage are most cases of cervical issues diagnosed?
At the pre-invasive stage, often asymptomatic.
p.28
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Types
What does HPV testing identify?
A pool of women at risk for cervical cancer.
p.13
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Types
Which high risk HPV types account for the majority of cervical carcinomas?
Types 16, 18, 45, and 31.
p.6
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What is the relationship between CIN and invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SqCC)?
Nearly all invasive SqCC arise from CIN.
p.4
Cervical Polyps Characteristics
How can cervical polyps present externally?
They may protrude through the exocervix.
p.21
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
Where do tumors develop in cervical cancer morphology?
In the region of the transformation zone (TZ).
p.23
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
What characterizes stage Ia in cervical cancer?
Invasive carcinoma diagnosed only by microscopy.
What is cervicitis?
An inflammation of the cervix, which is extremely common.
p.2
Infectious Causes of Cervicitis
What types of organisms are often present in cervicitis?
Indigenous aerobes and anaerobes.
p.15
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What does CIN I stand for?
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia I.
p.2
Infectious Causes of Cervicitis
Can cervicitis be infectious?
Yes, it can be infectious or non-infectious.
p.28
Cervical Cancer Prevention and Screening
How does the reliability of a negative HPV test compare to a normal cervical smear?
A negative HPV test is more reliable than a normal cervical smear.
p.12
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Types
How can HPV be detected in relation to cervical cancer?
By molecular methods in nearly all precancerous lesions and invasive neoplasms.
p.17
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What types of mitoses are observed in CIN III?
Normal and abnormal mitoses.
p.18
Invasive Carcinoma of the Cervix
What is the defining characteristic of invasive carcinoma?
It invades through the basement membrane into the underlying cervical stroma.
p.30
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What are the two groups of precursor lesions identified by Bethesda?
LSIL (Low grade intra-epithelial neoplasia) and HSIL (High grade intra-epithelial neoplasia).
p.26
Cervical Cancer Prevention and Screening
What is the sample tested for during cervical screening?
HPV (Human Papilloma Virus).
p.26
Cervical Cancer Prevention and Screening
What is the next step if the smear is found to be abnormal?
Referral is made to colposcopy.
p.15
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What are koilocytic changes?
Changes mostly in the superficial layers of the epithelium.
p.12
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Types
Which virus is a significant risk factor for cervical cancer?
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
p.17
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
How are the cells oriented in CIN III?
Disorderly orientation of the cells.
p.17
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
How do dysplastic changes progress in CIN III?
They become more atypical and extend into the endocervical glands.
p.23
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
What characterizes stage Ib2?
Lesion greater than 4cm in greatest dimension.
p.23
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
What does stage T4 represent in cervical cancer?
Tumor invades the mucosa of the bladder or rectum or extends beyond the true pelvis.
p.25
Cervical Cancer Prevention and Screening
What is a routine method for cervical carcinoma prevention?
Routine HPV testing and/or smear test.
p.5
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
What was cervical neoplasia previously known as?
The most frequent female cancer worldwide.
p.12
Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer
What do all risk factors for cervical cancer indicate?
The likelihood of sexual transmission of a causative agent.
p.16
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
How is the maturation of keratinocytes affected in CIN II?
Maturation is delayed into the middle one third of the epithelium.
p.15
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What causes the cytopathic effect leading to koliocytosis?
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
p.23
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
What defines stage Ib1 in cervical cancer?
Lesion 4cm or less in greatest dimension.
p.30
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What does LSIL correspond to?
CIN I or flat condylomas.
p.26
Cervical Cancer Prevention and Screening
What happens if the sample tests positive for HPV?
The smear is checked for abnormal cells.
p.16
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What characterizes CIN II in terms of dysplasia severity?
The dysplasia is more severe.
p.2
Infectious Causes of Cervicitis
What is a common cause of cervicitis?
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
p.17
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What characterizes CIN III in terms of cell and nuclear size?
Greater variation in cell and nuclear size.
p.6
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What can happen to some cases of CIN?
Some may persist without change or may regress.
p.22
Cervical Cancer Treatment Options
What is a hysterectomy?
A surgical procedure to remove the uterus.
p.31
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Types
What has research shown about the protection provided by the HPV vaccine over time?
Vaccine protection does not weaken over time.
p.23
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
What defines stage Ia2 in cervical cancer?
Stromal invasion greater than 3mm but less than 5mm.
p.23
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
What is indicated by stage T3?
Tumor extends to the pelvic wall or lower 1/3 of vagina.
p.26
Cervical Cancer Prevention and Screening
Who is invited for regular cervical screening in Ireland?
All people with a cervix aged 25 - 65.
p.26
Cervical Cancer Prevention and Screening
What is taken during the cervical screening test?
A small sample of cells from the cervix.
p.20
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
What is a common symptom of more advanced cervical issues?
Vaginal bleeding, particularly post-coital bleeding.
p.20
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
What type of discharge may indicate cervical issues?
Leukorrhoea (white discharge).
p.15
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What characterizes koliocytosis?
Nuclear hyperchromasia and angulation with perinuclear vacuolisation.
p.6
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
Do all cases of CIN progress to invasive carcinoma?
No, not all cases of CIN progress to invasive carcinoma.
p.21
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
How do cervical tumors affect the uterus?
They extend into the parametrial soft tissues and fix the uterus to pelvic structures.
p.31
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Types
When was the HPV vaccine introduced in Ireland?
In 2010, free of charge for girls in 1st year.
p.23
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
What does TI indicate in cervical cancer staging?
Carcinoma confined to the uterus.
p.23
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
What does stage T2 indicate?
Tumor invades beyond the uterus but not to the pelvic wall or lower 1/3 vagina.
p.29
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What can cytologic examination detect?
CIN long before any abnormality is seen grossly.
p.16
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What variations are observed in CIN II?
Variation of cell and nuclear size.
p.17
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What is a notable feature of chromatin in CIN III?
Marked chromatin heterogeneity.
p.16
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Stages
What differentiation is observed in the superficial layer of CIN II?
The superficial layer shows some differentiation.
p.4
Cervical Polyps Characteristics
What may superimposed chronic inflammation in cervical polyps lead to?
Squamous metaplasia and surface ulceration.
p.23
Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer Statistics
What does Tis represent in cervical cancer staging?
Carcinoma in situ (pre-invasive carcinoma).
