p.6
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What is the effect of Beta-2 receptors (B2) on smooth muscle?
Causes smooth muscle relaxation.
p.16
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What is the first-line medication for Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures?
Lamotrigine or Valproic acid.
p.16
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What are some alternative medications for Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures?
Topiramate, Zonisamide, or Levetiracetam.
p.16
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What is a common alternative for Focal Seizures?
Levetiracetam or Oxcarbazepine.
p.2
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What are the characteristics of erythematous non-scaly plaques?
Dark-red to purple skin discoloration, dusky with poorly defined borders, deeper tissue necrotizing involvement, and pain disproportionate to physical findings.
p.20
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What are the characteristic cells found in Hodgkin lymphoma?
Reed-Sternberg cells, which are CD15+ and CD30+ B-cell origin.
p.13
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What are the most common diabetic mononeuropathies?
Median neuropathy at the wrist and ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.
p.6
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What is the function of M3 Muscarinic receptors?
Increased IP3/Ca2+ in smooth muscles.
What is the highest incidence age range for seizures?
Early childhood and late adulthood.
p.19
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is Hirschsprung Disease characterized by?
Lack of ganglion cells/enteric nervous plexuses in the distal segment of the colon.
p.2
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What are the symptoms of erysipelas?
Erythematous plaque, heat, swelling, raised indurated border, fever, and systemic symptoms.
What is cradle cap?
Yellow-brown scaling on the scalp in infants, a form of seborrheic dermatitis.
p.4
Drug-Induced Reactions
What distinguishes pemphigus vulgaris?
Suprabasal blisters with anti-desmosome antibodies and a lace-like immunofluorescence pattern.
p.20
Movement Disorders and Parkinsonism
What is the characteristic periosteal reaction seen in Ewing sarcoma?
'Onion skin' periosteal reaction in bone.
p.21
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What are the classic symptoms of Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis?
Triad of arthralgias, abdominal pain, and palpable purpura on buttocks/legs.
p.5
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What are the characteristics of Molluscum contagiosum?
Fleshy papules with central umbilication, smooth surfaced, firm, dome-shaped.
p.15
Drug-Induced Reactions
What is the purpose of Flumazenil?
It is an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.
p.2
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is a characteristic feature of tuberculoid leprosy?
Ill-defined hypopigmented macules and minimal sensory loss.
What is the organism implicated in seborrheic dermatitis?
Pityrosporum ovule, a lipophilic yeast of the Malassezia genus.
What is the first goal in the approach to a seizure?
Determine if the event was truly a seizure.
p.20
Movement Disorders and Parkinsonism
What is the typical age range for Legg-Calve-Perthes disease presentation?
Commonly presents between 5-7 years.
p.15
Drug-Induced Reactions
What drugs can cause disulfiram-like reactions?
Chlorpropamide, Cefoperazone, Cefamandole, Cefotetan, Procarbazine, Metronidazole.
p.4
Drug-Induced Reactions
What drugs are commonly associated with SJS-TEN?
Sulfa drugs, anticonvulsants, nevirapine, allopurinol, lamotrigine, and oxicam NSAIDs.
p.5
Drug-Induced Reactions
What is a low potency topical corticosteroid example?
Desonide gel, ointment, cream, lotion, and foam (0.05%).
p.21
Drug-Induced Reactions
What is the difference between Stevens-Johnson syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis?
TEN is a more severe form involving >30% body surface area.
p.8
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
Which triptans are considered most efficacious?
Rizatriptan and eletriptan.
p.15
Drug-Induced Reactions
What is Midazolam used for?
Acute anxiety attacks, anesthesia induction, preoperative sedation.
p.19
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is Meckel Diverticulum associated with?
Persistence of the vitelline (omphalomesenteric) duct.
p.13
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What is the most common form of peripheral neuropathy associated with HIV infection?
Distal symmetric polyneuropathy.
p.13
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What is GBS associated with?
Campylobacter jejuni found in undercooked chicken.
p.13
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What characterizes Myasthenia Gravis (MG)?
Weakness and fatigability of skeletal muscles due to a decrease in available acetylcholine receptors.
p.4
Drug-Induced Reactions
What is Steven Johnson's Syndrome?
Blisters and epidermal detachment resulting from epidermal necrosis, with target lesions and mucosal involvement, affecting <10% body surface area.
p.20
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What are the symptoms of Takayasu arteritis?
Weak upper extremity pulses, fever, night sweats, arthritis, myalgias, skin nodules, ocular disturbances.
p.20
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is a major risk factor for Buerger disease?
Heavy tobacco smoking history, particularly in males under 40 years old.
p.4
Drug-Induced Reactions
What is the most common pattern of drug-induced reaction?
Morbilliform or maculopapular rash.
p.16
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
Which medications are used for Myoclonic and Atypical Absence Syndromes?
Lamotrigine, Valproic acid, or Topiramate.
p.5
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What histological features are associated with Henderson-Paterson bodies?
Numerous small eosinophilic and basophilic inclusion bodies.
p.4
Sexually-Transmitted Diseases
What are condylomata lata?
Papular lesions located on folds of moist skin around genitals and anus, may become hypertrophic, forming soft red mushroom-like masses.
p.12
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is required for a diagnosis of Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?
All neurologic signs and symptoms must resolve within 24 hours.
p.12
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What occurs if neurologic signs last for more than 24 hours?
It is classified as a stroke.
p.12
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is the most common cause of cerebral embolism?
Nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation.
p.19
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What are Howell-Jolly bodies?
Basophilic nuclear remnants removed by splenic macrophages.
p.5
Drug-Induced Reactions
What is a medium potency topical corticosteroid example?
Betamethasone valerate ointment (0.1%).
p.3
Papulosquamous Scaly Diseases
What are the characteristics of tinea?
Circular, sharply circumscribed, slightly erythematous dry scaly hypopigmented patches with advancing scaly border and central clearing.
p.14
Movement Disorders and Parkinsonism
What is the most common systemic disorder that causes chorea?
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).
p.17
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is the genetic basis of Autosomal Dominant Hyper-IgE Syndrome?
Deficiency of Th17 cells leading to defective neutrophils.
p.16
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What is the first-line treatment for Typical Absence Seizures?
Ethosuximide or Lamotrigine.
p.6
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
Where are Beta-1 receptors (B1) primarily located?
In the heart (SA Node, AV Node, ventricles) and kidneys.
What is a seizure?
A paroxysmal event due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
What are the three components of the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome triad?
Multiple seizure types, EEG showing slow spike-and-wave discharges, and impaired cognitive function.
p.10
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What are the classic clinical triad symptoms of a brain abscess?
Headache, fever, and focal neurologic deficit (present in < 50%).
p.1
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What does a carbuncle refer to?
Two or more confluent furuncles.
p.4
Sexually-Transmitted Diseases
What is the most common complication of varicella?
Secondary bacterial infection.
p.10
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is an important clue to the diagnosis of meningococcal infection?
Petechial or purpuric skin lesions.
p.4
Sexually-Transmitted Diseases
What is Ramsay-Hunt syndrome?
Involvement of the facial and auditory nerves by varicella zoster virus.
p.15
Drug-Induced Reactions
What is the effect of methanol poisoning?
Visual dysfunction due to formaldehyde accumulation.
p.19
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is Wilson disease characterized by?
Copper accumulation in liver, brain, cornea, and kidneys.
p.3
Papulosquamous Scaly Diseases
What is inverse psoriasis?
Psoriasis involving the folds, recesses, and flexor areas such as axillae and groin.
p.17
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What are the main symptoms of Wernicke Encephalopathy?
Confusion, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia.
p.10
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is the first task in the approach to CNS infection?
Identify evidence of either generalized or focal involvement of brain tissue.
p.19
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What can Meckel Diverticulum harbor?
Ectopic acid-secreting gastric mucosa and/or pancreatic tissue.
p.5
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What are the symptoms of a Candida infection?
Erythematous macules and papules, macerated skin areas, satellite lesions, and friable patches on mucosal surfaces.
What is parakeratosis?
Hyperkeratosis with retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum.
p.21
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What are the main symptoms of Behçet syndrome?
Recurrent aphthous ulcers, genital ulcerations, uveitis, and erythema nodosum.
p.19
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I associated with?
Absent UDP-glucuronosyltransferase.
p.20
Movement Disorders and Parkinsonism
What is Osgood-Schlatter disease?
An overuse injury caused by repetitive strain and chronic avulsion of the secondary ossification center of the proximal tibial tubercle.
What are the drugs of choice for the initial treatment of focal seizures?
Carbamazepine (or a related drug, oxcarbazepine), lamotrigine, phenytoin, and levetiracetam.
p.10
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What virus is associated with thalamic encephalitis?
Japanese B encephalitis virus.
p.3
Papulosquamous Scaly Diseases
What triggers guttate psoriasis?
Abrupt eruption of psoriasis lesions following acute infections such as streptococcal pharyngitis.
p.18
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is Dressler Syndrome associated with?
Fibrinous pericarditis post-myocardial infarction.
p.21
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What is the main characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia?
Impaired language comprehension with lack of insight.
p.3
Papulosquamous Scaly Diseases
What are the characteristics of pityriasis rosea?
Salmon-colored macules and papules, collarette of scaling, and a 'christmas tree' sign.
p.1
Acne Vulgaris and Comedones
What are the hallmark lesions of acne vulgaris?
Closed comedones (whiteheads) and open comedones (blackheads).
p.1
Scabies and Insect Bites
What are the symptoms of pediculosis capitis?
Intense pruritus of the scalp, posterior cervical lymphadenopathy, and excoriations.
What is the electrophysiologic hallmark of typical absence seizures?
Generalized, symmetric, 3-Hz spike-and-wave discharge that begins and ends abruptly.
What is the most common seizure type resulting from metabolic derangements?
Generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
p.20
Papulosquamous Scaly Diseases
What are Birbeck granules and in which condition are they seen?
Birbeck granules are 'tennis racket' or rod-shaped structures seen in Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
p.15
Drug-Induced Reactions
What is the role of thiamine in alcohol withdrawal?
Prevention of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
p.4
Drug-Induced Reactions
What is Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)?
A severe drug reaction affecting >30% of body surface area.
p.18
Movement Disorders and Parkinsonism
What is a characteristic feature of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome?
Prolonged QRS duration and short P-R interval (<0.12 s).
p.8
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What is the key pathway for pain in migraine?
Trigeminovascular input from the meningeal vessels.
p.3
Papulosquamous Scaly Diseases
What is onychomycosis?
Infection of the nail plate.
p.8
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What is the preferred diagnostic test for any patient suspected of having a brain tumor?
Cranial MRI with gadolinium contrast administration.
p.18
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is Celiac Disease?
Autoimmune-mediated intolerance of gliadin, leading to gluten sensitivity.
p.16
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
Which drug is an alternative for Focal Seizures?
Carbamazepine, Oxcarbazepine, or Phenytoin.
p.16
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
Which medication is used for seizure management and is also a barbiturate?
Phenobarbital or Primidone.
p.1
Scabies and Insect Bites
What are the characteristics of scabies lesions?
Erythematous macules and papules, more pruritic at night, located in groin, axilla, and webs of fingers.
p.5
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What does the Sign of Leser-Trélat indicate?
Sudden appearance of multiple seborrheic keratoses suggestive of visceral and hematologic malignancy.
p.1
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is a furuncle?
An acute, round, tender, circumscribed, perifollicular erythematous lesion that ends in central suppuration.
p.13
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What manifests as rapidly evolving symmetric, ascending, areflexic motor paralysis?
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS).
p.4
Sexually-Transmitted Diseases
What is Hutchinson's sign indicative of?
Ophthalmic zoster, characterized by vesicles on the side and tip of the nose.
What are Dennie-Morgan folds?
Linear transverse folds below the edge of the lower eyelids, associated with atopic dermatitis.
p.19
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What causes Dubin-Johnson syndrome?
Defective liver excretion leading to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
p.10
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What virus is associated with temporal encephalitis?
HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus).
p.8
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What symptom is highly characteristic of posterior fossa brain tumors?
Vomiting that precedes headache.
p.21
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is the sequence of color change in Raynaud phenomenon?
White (ischemia) to blue (hypoxia) to red (reperfusion).
p.17
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What are the symptoms of Korsakoff Syndrome?
Confabulation, personality changes, and permanent memory loss.
p.18
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What characterizes Cushing Syndrome?
Chronic exposure to excess glucocorticoids.
p.19
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What type of diverticulum is Zenker Diverticulum?
Pharyngoesophageal false diverticulum.
p.4
Sexually-Transmitted Diseases
What are the characteristics of secondary syphilis?
Symmetrical, generalized, maculopapular eruptions, usually over the face, shoulders, flanks, and palms and soles with scaling.
p.14
Movement Disorders and Parkinsonism
What is the most common cause of Familial Parkinson's Disease?
Mutations of the LRRK2 gene.
p.19
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is Gardner Syndrome associated with?
Multiple polyps in the intestines, osteomas, fibromas, and congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium.
p.19
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What are the characteristics of Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome?
Multiple intestinal polyps, mucocutaneous pigmentation, and tumors of the ovary, breast, and pancreas.
p.19
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is Gilbert Syndrome characterized by?
Mildly decreased UDP-glucuronosyltransferase conjugation.
p.20
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What is Erb palsy commonly referred to as?
'Waiter's tip' due to injury to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus.
p.5
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What are the characteristics of lichen planus?
Violaceous flat-topped papules and plaques with gray lines (Wickham's striae).
p.5
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is the Koebner phenomenon?
Condition where traumatized areas tend to develop new lesions.
p.10
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is the optimal therapy for a brain abscess?
Combination of high dose parenteral antibiotics and neurosurgical drainage.
p.18
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome?
An autosomal dominant hereditary hemorrhagic condition characterized by telangiectasias and arteriovenous malformations.
p.12
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is the gold standard for identifying and quantifying atherosclerotic stenoses of arteries?
Conventional x-ray cerebral angiography.
p.3
Papulosquamous Scaly Diseases
What is the classical microscopic finding in tinea versicolor?
Short thick fungal hyphae and large numbers of variously sized spores, described as 'spaghetti and meatballs'.
p.18
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome?
Severe peptic ulcer disease due to unregulated gastrin release from gastrinomas.
p.18
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What are the characteristics of Crohn Disease?
Skip lesions and transmural inflammation, usually affecting the terminal ileum and colon.
p.6
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What effect do Alpha-1 receptors (A1) have on smooth muscle?
Causes smooth muscle contraction.
p.15
Drug-Induced Reactions
What conditions is Diazepam used to treat?
Seizure disorders (status epilepticus), alcohol withdrawal, as a tranquilizer.
p.15
Drug-Induced Reactions
What is Thiopental used for?
Anesthesia induction, lethal injection, truth serum.
p.14
Movement Disorders and Parkinsonism
What is the most common cause of secondary Parkinsonism?
Dopamine blocking agents.
p.19
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What syndromes are associated with Turcot Syndrome?
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) or Lynch syndrome.
In which conditions is pathologic myoclonus most commonly seen?
Metabolic disorders and degenerative CNS diseases, often associated with anoxic brain injury.
What is the most common syndrome associated with focal seizures with dyscognitive features?
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Syndrome.
p.4
Drug-Induced Reactions
What are the characteristics of bullous pemphigoid?
Large tense blisters on flexor surfaces, groin, axillae, and trunk, with anti-hemidesmosome antibodies.
p.3
Papulosquamous Scaly Diseases
What is the Auspitz sign?
Pinpoint bleeding spots from exposure of dermal papillae when scales are scraped off in psoriasis.
p.14
Movement Disorders and Parkinsonism
What are the major differentials for tremors?
Dystonic tremor or Parkinson's Disease.
p.19
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is Bernard-Soulier syndrome?
An autosomal recessive defect in adhesion due to defective Gplb.
p.21
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What causes Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms?
Affects small vessels, particularly lenticulostriate arteries.
p.21
Movement Disorders and Parkinsonism
What genetic mutation is associated with Huntington's disease?
Autosomal dominant trinucleotide (CAG) repeat expansion in the HTT gene.
p.17
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What is Brugada Syndrome caused by?
Loss of function mutation of sodium channels.
p.1
Acne Vulgaris and Comedones
What is the most important consideration before initiating isotretinoin therapy?
Rule out pregnancy, as isotretinoin is teratogenic.
p.14
Movement Disorders and Parkinsonism
What is the most common form of Parkinsonism?
Parkinson's Disease (PD).
p.10
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is the pathognomonic sign of meningeal irritation?
Nuchal rigidity (stiff neck).
What is hyperkeratosis?
Increased thickness of the stratum corneum.
p.10
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is the most common cause of meningitis in adults over 20 years?
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
p.15
Drug-Induced Reactions
What syndrome can ethanol overdose cause?
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
p.3
Papulosquamous Scaly Diseases
What are the characteristics of psoriasis?
Erythematous papules and plaques covered with silvery scales, often on elbows, knees, and scalp.
p.12
CNS Infections and Meningitis
Where does atherosclerosis most commonly occur in the carotid artery?
At the common carotid bifurcation and proximal internal carotid artery.
What are key determinants in the initiation and monitoring of therapy for seizures?
Clinical measures of seizure frequency and presence of side effects, not laboratory values.
p.4
Drug-Induced Reactions
What is Erythema multiforme?
Multiple erythematous plaques with target or iris lesion morphology, often triggered by recent drug ingestion or infections.
p.18
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What does Kussmaul Sign indicate?
Paradoxical increase in JVP on inspiration, seen in constrictive pericarditis and right heart failure.
p.9
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is the most common malignant brain tumor overall?
Grade IV astrocytoma (Glioblastoma).
p.18
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is the Jod-Basedow Phenomenon?
Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism occurring after iodine IV contrast or amiodarone use.
p.9
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is the most common site of brain metastases?
Gray matter-white matter junction.
p.17
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What does Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome involve?
Inflammation of the liver capsule and 'violin string' adhesions of peritoneum to liver caused by gonococcal infection.
p.9
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is the best test for epidural metastasis?
MRI of the complete spine.
p.1
Scabies and Insect Bites
What is the 'Circle of Hebra' associated with?
Imaginary circle intersecting sites of involvement in scabies.
p.2
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is a common symptom of necrotizing fasciitis?
Rapid progression of the lesion and may have crepitus.
p.4
Sexually-Transmitted Diseases
What is the most frequent manifestation of orolabial herpes?
Fever blister or cold sore.
p.4
Sexually-Transmitted Diseases
What does 'dew drop on a rose petal' refer to in dermatology?
It describes varicella lesions starting with macules progressing to vesicles, pustules, and crusting.
What does spongiosis refer to?
Epidermal accumulation of edematous fluid in intracellular space.
What is acantholysis?
Loss of cohesion between epidermal cells.
What is the best initial choice for the treatment of primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
Valproic acid, Lamotrigine, or Levetiracetam.
What triggers allergic contact dermatitis?
Exposure to known or unknown allergens, often appearing first at the site of contact.
p.5
Drug-Induced Reactions
What is a high potency topical corticosteroid example?
Fluocinonide cream (0.1%).
p.8
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What are the most common primary headache syndromes?
Migraine, tension-type headache, and cluster headache.
p.14
Movement Disorders and Parkinsonism
What is the most common cause of drug-induced dystonia?
Neuroleptic drugs or chronic levodopa treatment in Parkinson's Disease patients.
p.18
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is a common feature of Hashimoto Thyroiditis?
Autoimmune hypothyroidism with germinal centers and fibrosis.
p.21
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What characterizes Broca's aphasia?
Defective language production.
p.14
Movement Disorders and Parkinsonism
What is the most common psychogenic movement disorder?
Tremor affecting the upper limbs.
p.17
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is Trousseau Syndrome characterized by?
Migratory superficial thrombophlebitis.
p.10
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What are the classic clinical triad symptoms of meningitis?
Fever, headache, and nuchal rigidity.
What is the first clue of typical absence seizures?
Daydreaming and a decline in school performance recognized by the teacher.
p.15
Drug-Induced Reactions
What is Phenobarbital used for?
Seizure disorders in children; it can precipitate porphyria and is a potent inducer of CYP450.
p.14
Movement Disorders and Parkinsonism
What is the most significant pathogenic mechanism in Parkinsonism?
Protein misfolding and accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction.
p.10
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What are the most common etiologic organisms of community-acquired bacterial meningitis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis.
p.3
Papulosquamous Scaly Diseases
What are the major histopathologic findings in psoriasis?
Appearance of rete pegs, Munro microabscesses, and Spongiform pustule of Kogoj.
p.14
Movement Disorders and Parkinsonism
What are the standard drug therapies for essential tremors?
Beta-blockers or primidone.
p.21
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is Raynaud phenomenon?
Decreased blood flow to skin due to arteriolar vasospasm in response to cold or stress.
p.12
CNS Infections and Meningitis
When is endarterectomy for carotid atherosclerosis most beneficial?
Within 2 weeks of symptom onset.
p.17
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What are the clinical presentations of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome?
Thrombocytopenia, infections, and eczema.
p.17
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What are the symptoms of Chagas Disease?
Megacolon, megaesophagus, and unilateral periorbital swelling (Romana sign).
p.21
Movement Disorders and Parkinsonism
What are the symptoms of Huntington's disease?
Chorea, athetosis, aggression, depression, and dementia.
p.8
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What are the only established risk factors for primary brain tumors?
Exposure to ionizing radiation and immunosuppression.
p.8
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What is the most common primary brain tumor of childhood?
Grade I astrocytomas: pilocytic astrocytomas (WHO grade I).
p.20
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is the appearance of Burkitt lymphoma under a microscope?
Sheets of lymphocytes with interspersed 'tingible body' macrophages.
p.15
Drug-Induced Reactions
What are the symptoms of sedative-hypnotic poisoning?
Hypothermia, hypotension, hypoactive bowel sounds, disinhibition, coma, nystagmus.
p.12
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is the ischemic penumbra?
Tissue surrounding the core region of infarction that is reversibly dysfunctional.
p.21
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is the most common childhood systemic vasculitis?
Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis (formerly Henoch-Schonlein purpura).
p.5
Drug-Induced Reactions
What is an example of a superpotent topical corticosteroid?
Clobetasol propionate gel, ointment, cream, lotion, foam, spray, and shampoo (0.05%).
What is the most common surgical procedure for patients with temporal lobe epilepsy?
Resection of the anteromedial temporal lobe (temporal lobectomy) or amygdalohippocampectomy.
p.12
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is a hallmark of top of the basilar artery occlusion?
Sudden onset of bilateral signs, including ptosis and papillary asymmetry.
p.21
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
Where is Broca's area located?
At the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe.
p.12
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is the most common cause of lobar hemorrhage in the elderly?
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
p.17
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What is the mechanism of Myasthenia Gravis?
Antibodies against postsynaptic Ach receptors at NMJ associated with thymoma.
p.17
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What characterizes Eisenmenger Syndrome?
Conversion of an initial left to right shunt into a right to left shunt.
p.19
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is Glanzmann defect associated with?
Defective Gpllb/llla leading to decreased platelet-to-platelet aggregation.
p.4
Drug-Induced Reactions
What does Nikolsky's sign indicate?
Separation of the epidermis upon manual pressure, found in conditions like staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, SJS, TEN, and pemphigus vulgaris.
p.3
Papulosquamous Scaly Diseases
What are the characteristics of tinea versicolor?
Multiple scaly hyper- or hypo-pigmented macules over the chest, back, abdomen, and proximal extremities.
p.8
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What is the most satisfactory treatment in cluster headache?
Administration of drugs to prevent cluster attacks until the bout is over.
p.8
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What classic headache is associated with a brain tumor?
Most evident in the morning and improves during the day.
p.18
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What does Sister Mary Joseph Nodule indicate?
Subcutaneous periumbilical metastasis.
p.9
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What virus frequently plays a role in the pathogenesis of primary CNS lymphoma?
HIV- Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV).
p.20
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What are the key symptoms of Kawasaki disease?
Conjunctival injection, rash, cervical adenopathy, strawberry tongue, hand-foot changes, and fever.
p.8
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What are the most effective drug classes in the treatment of migraine?
Anti-inflammatory agents, 5-HT 1e/10 receptor agonists (triptans), and dopamine receptor antagonists.
p.21
Movement Disorders and Parkinsonism
What are the classic symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
Tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability, shuffling gait, and micrographia.
p.17
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is the Sign of Leser-Trelat associated with?
Multiple seborrheic keratoses associated with GI and other visceral malignancies.
p.9
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What malignancies can mimic meningioma?
Prostate and breast cancer.
p.17
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What is Ebstein Anomaly associated with?
Displacement of the tricuspid valve downward into the RV, associated with lithium exposure in utero.
p.9
CNS Infections and Meningitis
Where are meningiomas most commonly located?
Over the cerebral convexities.
p.17
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is the Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction associated with?
Host response to sudden release of bacterial antigens after antibiotic treatment for syphilis.
p.9
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What are the most common schwannomas?
Vestibular schwannomas or acoustic neuromas.
p.18
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is a characteristic of Krukenberg Tumor?
Bilateral metastasis to ovaries with signet ring cells.
p.18
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is Whipple Disease caused by?
Infection with Tropheryma whipplei, leading to cardiac, arthralgias, and neurologic symptoms.
p.17
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease characterized by?
Rapidly progressive dementia.
p.18
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What is a Virchow Node?
Left supraclavicular node metastasis from the stomach.
p.9
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is the definitive method to demonstrate tumor cells in CSF?
CSF cytologic examination.
p.9
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is the surgical procedure of choice for epidural metastasis?
Complete removal of the mass, typically anterior to the spinal canal.
p.18
Erythematous Non-Scaly Lesions
What does Menetrier Disease involve?
Large, tortuous gastric mucosal folds.
p.17
Neurological Anatomy and Receptors
What are the key features of Tetralogy of Fallot?
Right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta, and VSD.
p.9
CNS Infections and Meningitis
What is the primary radiation oncology approach to brain metastases?
Stereotactic radiosurgery.
