p.4
Macromolecule Classification
What is the function of carbohydrates?
To provide energy and serve as structural components.
p.13
Phospholipid Bilayer Structure
What type of molecule is described as amphipathic?
A molecule that has both non-polar and polar regions.
p.1
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
What is the primary function of the molecule in energy storage?
Triglycerides store energy in fat cells.
p.22
Steroid Characteristics and Function
What is the structure characteristic of steroids?
Four fused rings of carbon atoms.
p.5
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
What types of molecules can be formed by attaching fatty acids to glycerol?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, monoglycerides, and diglycerides.
p.22
Steroid Characteristics and Function
How many carbon atoms are there in the rings of steroids?
17 carbon atoms in total.
p.12
Macromolecule Classification
How is the polarity of water helpful to living organisms?
It allows water to dissolve many substances, facilitating chemical reactions and nutrient transport in biological systems.
p.8
Macromolecule Classification
What is the purpose of asking 'Who are we?'
To explore identity and self-awareness.
p.8
Macromolecule Classification
In what contexts might 'Who are we?' be asked?
In philosophical discussions, group dynamics, or cultural contexts.
p.4
Macromolecule Classification
What role do proteins play in biological systems?
They serve as enzymes, structural components, and signaling molecules.
p.14
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
What is the molecular structure of triglycerides?
Glycerol bonded to three fatty acids.
p.9
Cellulose Structure and Function
How do cellulose molecules interact with each other?
They form fibers using hydrogen bonding.
p.1
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
What happens to triglycerides when the body needs energy?
They are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.
p.14
Phospholipid Bilayer Structure
What is the molecular structure of phospholipids?
Two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol.
p.20
Thermal Insulation in Animals
Why does blubber impede heat dissipation in sea lions?
Because fat has lower thermal conductivity, trapping heat produced by metabolism.
p.14
Cellulose Structure and Function
What is the molecular structure of cellulose?
A polysaccharide made of glucose units linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
p.10
Macromolecule Classification
What group of macromolecules do lipids belong to?
Lipids belong to the group of macromolecules that are hydrophobic and include fats, oils, and steroids.
p.19
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
Why are triglycerides considered chemically stable?
So energy is not lost over time.
p.17
Phospholipid Bilayer Structure
Where are phospholipids found?
In the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membranes.
p.4
Macromolecule Classification
What are the main types of biological molecules?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
p.9
Cellulose Structure and Function
What type of glycosidic linkages are found in cellulose?
𝛃-1,4 glycosidic linkages.
p.20
Thermal Insulation in Animals
What problem do sea lions face when they emerge onto land to breed?
Overheating due to thick blubber impeding heat dissipation.
p.10
Macromolecule Classification
What are macromolecules?
Large molecules made up of smaller subunits, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
p.20
Thermal Insulation in Animals
How does the thermal conductivity of water compare to that of air?
Water has higher thermal conductivity than air, allowing for better heat retention in cold environments.
p.3
Covalent Bonds in Polymer Synthesis
What covalent bonds are formed in the condensation of monomers to synthesize polysaccharides?
𝛂 -1,4 and 𝛂 -1,6 glycosidic linkages.
p.10
Macromolecule Classification
What group of macromolecules do proteins belong to?
Proteins belong to the group of macromolecules known as polypeptides.
p.4
Macromolecule Classification
What is the function of nucleic acids?
To store and transmit genetic information.
p.14
Steroid Characteristics and Function
What is the molecular structure of steroids?
Four fused carbon rings with various functional groups.
p.21
Phospholipid Bilayer Structure
What characteristic do phospholipids have?
They are amphipathic, with a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails.
p.10
Macromolecule Classification
What structural feature identifies nucleic acids?
The presence of a phosphate group, a sugar, and nitrogenous bases.
p.21
Phospholipid Bilayer Structure
In a phospholipid bilayer, which way do the hydrophobic tails face?
Inwards, away from the water.
p.13
Phospholipid Bilayer Structure
What is special about the polarity of this amphipathic molecule?
It is mostly non-polar but contains a polar hydroxyl functional group.
p.4
Macromolecule Classification
What is the primary function of a molecule?
To perform specific tasks within biological systems, such as providing structure, energy, or facilitating reactions.
p.15
Fatty Acids and Lipids
What type of fatty acid has hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond?
Cis monounsaturated fatty acid.
p.15
Fatty Acids and Lipids
What type of fatty acid has hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the double bond?
Trans monounsaturated fatty acid.
p.11
Fatty Acids and Lipids
What evidence indicates that a structure is a lipid rather than a protein or nucleic acid?
There is no nitrogen present in the structure.
p.15
Fatty Acids and Lipids
What type of fatty acid contains multiple double bonds with hydrogen atoms on the same side?
Cis polyunsaturated fatty acid.
p.11
Fatty Acids and Lipids
Why can't the structure be classified as a carbohydrate?
Carbohydrates have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen, while this structure has a 3:1 ratio.
p.7
Macromolecule Classification
What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?
Deoxyribose lacks an oxygen atom on the 2' carbon.
p.7
Macromolecule Classification
What is the composition of sucrose?
A disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.
p.24
Cellulose Structure and Function
What allows many hydrogen bonds to form between cellulose molecules?
Regularly spaced hydroxyl groups along each cellulose molecule.
p.19
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
How much energy do triglycerides release compared to carbohydrates?
Twice as much energy per gram.
p.19
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
What role do triglycerides play in thermal insulation?
They are poor conductors of heat, helping animals conserve body heat.
p.8
Macromolecule Classification
How can 'Who are we?' relate to personal identity?
It prompts reflection on values, beliefs, and experiences.
p.13
Phospholipid Bilayer Structure
How does this molecule help living organisms?
It helps to maintain the fluidity of the plasma membrane.
p.20
Thermal Insulation in Animals
Why do animals in cold habitats need thermal insulation?
To maintain a body temperature much higher than the environment.
p.12
Macromolecule Classification
What is special about the polarity of water?
Water is a polar molecule, meaning it has a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other.
p.7
Macromolecule Classification
What is the structure of 𝛃-D glucose?
A cyclic form of glucose where the hydroxyl group on the first carbon is above the plane of the ring.
p.22
Steroid Characteristics and Function
What type of rings do steroids contain?
Three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring.
p.18
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
What are the components that combine to form a triglyceride?
Glycerol and three fatty acids.
p.7
Covalent Bonds in Polymer Synthesis
What type of glycosidic linkage is found in Maltose?
𝛂-1,4 glycosidic linkage.
p.22
Phospholipid Bilayer Structure
Why can steroids pass through the phospholipid bilayer?
Because they are mostly hydrocarbon and hydrophobic.
p.7
Macromolecule Classification
What distinguishes D-ribose from other sugars?
It has a hydroxyl group on the 2' carbon.
p.22
Steroid Characteristics and Function
What is the main property of steroids that allows them to enter or leave cells?
Their hydrophobic nature.
p.24
Cellulose Structure and Function
What must happen to each β-glucose added to the cellulose chain?
Each β-glucose must be inverted in relation to the previous one.
p.9
Cellulose Structure and Function
What type of glycosidic linkages are found in amylose?
𝛂-1,4 glycosidic linkages.
p.19
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
What is the primary function of triglycerides in adipose tissue?
Long-term energy storage.
p.3
Covalent Bonds in Polymer Synthesis
What type of glycosidic bond is found in amylopectin?
𝛂 -1,4 glycosidic bond and 𝛂 -1,6 glycosidic linkage.
p.19
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
How do triglycerides behave in water?
They are immiscible, forming droplets in the cytoplasm.
p.24
Cellulose Structure and Function
What does the strength of cellulose prevent in plant cells?
It prevents plant cells from bursting under high pressure due to water entry by osmosis.
p.24
Cellulose Structure and Function
How are the -OH groups oriented in β-glucose?
The -OH group on C1 is angled upwards and the -OH group on C4 is angled downwards.
p.4
Macromolecule Classification
What is the purpose of lipids in biological systems?
To store energy, form cell membranes, and act as signaling molecules.
p.10
Macromolecule Classification
What structural evidence identifies a molecule as a carbohydrate?
The presence of a ring structure and a ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen typically in a 1:2:1 ratio.
p.7
Macromolecule Classification
What is the structure of 𝛂-D glucose?
A cyclic form of glucose where the hydroxyl group on the first carbon is below the plane of the ring.
p.19
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
Why is the energy storage capacity of triglycerides important for animals?
It allows them to store enough energy in half the body mass, which is crucial for movement.
p.21
Phospholipid Bilayer Structure
What happens when phospholipids are mixed with water?
The phosphate heads are attracted to water, while the hydrocarbon tails are attracted to each other.
p.24
Cellulose Structure and Function
Why do microfibrils have very high tensile strength?
Due to strong covalent bonds in the cellulose molecules, the number of molecules, and the cross-links between them.
p.21
Phospholipid Bilayer Structure
In a phospholipid bilayer, which way do the hydrophilic heads face?
Outwards, towards the water on either side.
p.19
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
What is the state of triglycerides at body temperature?
They are liquid, allowing them to act as shock absorbers.
