p.57
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the crystalline form of Columnar/Prismatic Scapolite?
It has a columnar or prismatic crystalline form.
p.16
Characteristics of Minerals
Can you name some minerals that exhibit metallic luster?
Galena, pyrite, gold, silver.
What characterizes a Van Der Waals bond?
It is a weak bonding force that exists within atoms due to electrical imbalance.
p.44
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the characteristic of the orthorhombic crystal system?
It has three axes that are all unequal to each other.
p.106
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is Bowen's Reaction Series?
A sequence that describes the order in which minerals crystallize from cooling magma.
p.67
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is mineral cleavage?
The tendency of a mineral to break along flat, even surfaces.
p.57
Characteristics of Minerals
What type of mineral is Scapolite?
Scapolite is a mineral that can exhibit a columnar or prismatic crystalline structure.
p.110
Definition of Mineralogy
What is the primary focus of Lecture-09?
The content of Lecture-09 is not provided.
p.68
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is perfect cleavage in minerals?
When it is difficult to break the mineral in any other direction and the cleavage surfaces are extensive and smooth.
p.67
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
Can minerals have multiple planes of cleavage?
Yes, minerals can have multiple planes of cleavage.
p.54
Crystal Structure and Systems
What are the characteristics of acicular crystals?
They are elongated and slender, resembling needles.
What determines the cleavage of a mineral?
The bonding between atoms.
p.87
Special Properties of Minerals
What happens when carbonate minerals like calcite react with weak hydrochloric acid?
They fizz and produce carbon dioxide (CO2) gas.
p.66
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
How many planes of cleavage can a mineral have?
A mineral can have 1 or more planes of cleavage.
p.38
Crystal Structure and Systems
How many axes does the isometric system have?
Three axes of equal length.
p.17
Characteristics of Minerals
What is metallic lustre?
A type of lustre that gives minerals a shiny, reflective appearance similar to that of metal.
p.47
Crystal Structure and Systems
What are the characteristics of the Monoclinic crystal system?
It has three unequal axes: one vertical, one at right angles to the vertical, and the third making an oblique angle with the plane of the other two.
p.25
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is streak in mineralogy?
The color of the pulverized powder of a mineral.
p.52
Crystal Structure and Systems
What does crystal structure directly influence in minerals?
Specific Gravity/Density.
p.104
Classification of Minerals
What did Bowen determine about mineral formation?
Specific minerals form at specific temperatures as magma cools.
p.4
Definition of Mineralogy
What does the second part of the mineral definition specify?
Inorganic substance (non-living).
p.27
Physical Properties of Minerals
What does the hardness of a mineral refer to?
The scratchability or durability of a mineral.
p.10
Characteristics of Minerals
Can minerals be found in multiple colors?
Yes, some minerals are found in multiple colors.
p.18
Characteristics of Minerals
What is Adamantine luster?
A brilliant luster like that of diamond, seen in minerals like Cerussite and Cassiterite.
p.46
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the relationship between the axes in the monoclinic system?
Two axes are at right angles, and the third is inclined.
p.118
Classification of Minerals
What is the economic significance of many sulfide minerals?
They are important as metal ores.
p.43
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the orientation of the vertical axis in the hexagonal crystal system?
At right angles to the plane containing the horizontal axes.
p.127
Common Rock Forming Minerals
In which rocks is hornblende commonly identified?
Diorite, granodiorite, and some granites.
p.24
Physical Properties of Minerals
How does metallic lustre appear?
Metallic lustre appears shiny and reflective, similar to metal.
What is an ionic bond?
A bond formed by losing or gaining electrons between elements, such as sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl).
p.49
Crystal Structure and Systems
What are the characteristics of the Triclinic crystal system?
It has three unequal axes, none of which are at right angles.
p.45
Crystal Structure and Systems
What defines the orthorhombic crystal system?
Three unequal axes (a, b, c) all at right angles.
p.54
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the acicular form in mineralogy?
A needle-like crystal shape.
p.70
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What characterizes the cleavage surfaces in minerals with indistinct/imperfect cleavage?
The cleavage surfaces tend to be small and much interrupted.
p.105
Classification of Minerals
Which minerals are formed in the discontinuous branch of Bowen's Reaction Series?
Mafic minerals such as olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite mica.
p.43
Crystal Structure and Systems
What are the axes in the hexagonal crystal system?
Three equal horizontal axes (a, a, a) and one vertical axis (c).
p.54
Crystal Structure and Systems
In which types of minerals is the acicular form commonly found?
In minerals like amphibole and some zeolites.
p.63
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
Where does breakage occur in a mineral?
Along the planes where the bonds are weakest.
p.26
Characteristics of Minerals
Can the color of a mineral be different from the color of its crystals?
Yes, the color can differ from the crystal's color.
p.78
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is conchoidal fracture?
A type of fracture that produces smooth, curved surfaces resembling a shell.
p.56
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the crystalline form 'Botryoidal'?
When globular forms are in groups, resembling a bunch of grapes, e.g., Chalcedony.
p.87
Special Properties of Minerals
What do chemical tests in mineralogy assess?
How minerals react to specific chemicals.
p.65
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is mineral cleavage?
The tendency of a mineral to break along flat, even surfaces.
p.62
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What factors are most important in determining cleavage?
The internal structure and the nature of bonding.
p.75
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What causes Parting in minerals?
Twin Planes, Deformation in Crystals, Inclusions, and Exsolution Lamellae.
p.90
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is polymorphism in minerals?
Same chemistry, different crystal structure and physical properties.
p.86
Special Properties of Minerals
What are X-ray fingerprints in mineralogy?
Patterns created when X-rays are directed through minerals and deflected at specific angles.
p.82
Special Properties of Minerals
What is a special property of halite?
It has a characteristic taste that is similar to salt.
p.93
Physical Properties of Minerals
What factor may affect the degree of transparency in minerals?
The thickness of the mineral.
p.39
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the characteristic of the tetragonal crystal system?
It has three axes, two of equal length and one longer.
p.120
Classification of Minerals
Name three native metals found in the elemental class.
Gold, silver, and copper.
p.62
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
How does fracture differ from cleavage?
Fracture occurs when a mineral breaks in an irregular pattern, not along any planes.
p.95
Special Properties of Minerals
What causes the phenomenon of iridescence?
It is caused by the interference of light waves reflecting off different layers or surfaces.
p.70
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is the definition of indistinct/imperfect cleavage in minerals?
When the ease of fracture along the cleavage plane is only somewhat more pronounced than in other directions.
p.8
Physical Properties of Minerals
What can the physical properties of minerals be used for?
To define, describe, and identify them as unique minerals.
p.88
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is isostructure in mineralogy?
Two minerals having the same crystal structure but different chemical composition.
p.56
Crystal Structure and Systems
What does the term 'Columnar/prismatic' refer to in crystalline forms?
Forms resembling slender columns with one dimension markedly longer than the other two, as seen in Hornblende.
p.69
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is good/distinct cleavage in minerals?
When minerals break readily along cleavage planes but can also be broken in other directions.
p.119
Classification of Minerals
What defines the phosphate mineral group?
Any mineral with a tetrahedral unit AO4, where A can be phosphorus, antimony, arsenic, or vanadium.
p.39
Crystal Structure and Systems
How are the axes arranged in the tetragonal system?
All axes are at right angles to each other.
p.104
Classification of Minerals
How is the progression of mineral formation in Bowen's Reaction Series categorized?
Into two branches based on higher temperatures associated with magmas.
p.101
Special Properties of Minerals
What is chatoyancy?
A visual effect seen in certain gemstones, resembling the slit-eye of a cat.
p.3
Definition of Mineralogy
What processes are included in mineralogy?
The processes of mineral creation and destruction.
p.107
Common Rock Forming Minerals
Which minerals are associated with felsic rocks according to Bowen's Reaction Series?
Orthoclase feldspar, muscovite mica, and quartz.
p.23
Physical Properties of Minerals
How does metallic lustre appear?
Metallic lustre appears shiny and reflective, similar to metal.
p.3
Definition of Mineralogy
What types of properties are studied in mineralogy?
Chemical, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals.
p.114
Classification of Minerals
What type of carbonate is dolomite?
Magnesium/calcium carbonate.
p.24
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is vitreous lustre?
Vitreous lustre resembles glass and has a shiny appearance.
p.92
Chemical Properties of Minerals
What is the only field chemical test generally referred to?
This statement does not specify a particular test.
p.8
Physical Properties of Minerals
How many physical properties do all minerals have?
At least 9 physical properties.
p.105
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What does the continuous branch of Bowen's Reaction Series describe?
The evolution of plagioclase feldspars from calcium-rich to more sodium-rich.
p.62
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is cleavage in mineralogy?
Cleavage is when a mineral breaks along its crystallographic planes.
p.78
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What characterizes hackly fracture?
It has jagged, irregular surfaces that resemble broken metal.
p.129
Common Rock Forming Minerals
What is the appearance of mica?
Translucent to black (felsic to mafic).
p.65
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
Can some minerals have no cleavage?
Yes, for example, quartz has no cleavage.
p.22
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is the luster type that resembles silk?
Silky luster, often shown by fine fibrous minerals like Tiger's eye and Asbestos.
p.23
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is lustre in mineralogy?
Lustre refers to the way light interacts with the surface of a mineral.
p.69
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What characterizes the surfaces of minerals with good/distinct cleavage?
The cleavage surfaces are smooth but interrupted by other fractures.
p.75
Crystal Structure and Systems
What are Twin Crystals?
Composite crystals made up of two or more crystals related in a definite crystallographic manner.
p.22
Physical Properties of Minerals
Which luster type has the appearance of a pearl?
Pearly luster, commonly seen on perfect cleavage plane surfaces like Micas and Talc.
p.98
Special Properties of Minerals
What is chatoyancy?
An optical phenomenon exhibited by certain minerals in reflected light.
p.32
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is an euhedral crystal?
A perfect crystal bounded on all sides by its crystal faces.
p.16
Characteristics of Minerals
What is sub-metallic luster?
A type of luster that is between metallic and non-metallic.
p.28
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is Moh's Hardness Scale used for?
To measure the hardness of minerals.
p.121
Classification of Minerals
Name some types of compounds found in the organic mineral class.
Oxalates, mellitates, citrates, cyanates, acetates, formates, hydrocarbons.
p.94
Special Properties of Minerals
How does the angle of incident light affect the appearance of colors in minerals?
It changes the interference of light, producing different colors.
p.53
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the definition of crystalline form?
Lacks well-developed crystal faces and consists of a confused aggregate of imperfectly formed crystals.
p.102
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is twinning in mineralogy?
Composite crystals of a single substance where individual parts are related in a definite crystallographic manner.
p.44
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the angle at which the axes intersect in the orthorhombic system?
All axes intersect at right angles.
p.30
Crystal Structure and Systems
What defines the external crystal form of a mineral?
A set of faces that have a definite geometric relationship to each other.
p.68
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
Which minerals are examples of perfect cleavage?
Muscovite, Biotite, galena, calcite.
p.111
Classification of Minerals
How can minerals be classified?
According to chemical composition.
p.78
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is splintery fracture?
A type of fracture that produces long, thin, splinter-like fragments.
p.100
Special Properties of Minerals
What is chatoyancy?
A visual effect seen in certain gemstones, characterized by a narrow band of reflected light.
p.3
Definition of Mineralogy
What is mineralogy?
An earth science that involves the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical properties of minerals.
p.91
Characteristics of Minerals
What is pseudomorphism in minerals?
A process where a mineral is replaced by another without changing its external form.
p.42
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the orientation of the fourth axis in the hexagonal crystal system?
It is at a right angle to the other three axes.
p.119
Classification of Minerals
Where is apatite commonly found?
In the teeth and bones of many animals.
p.99
Special Properties of Minerals
Which minerals are commonly associated with chatoyancy?
Cat’s eye (Chrysoberyl) and Tiger’s eye (fibrous quartz).
p.59
Crystal Structure and Systems
What does the term 'oolitic' refer to in crystalline forms?
Concentric globular bodies resembling fish roe.
p.124
Classification of Minerals
What does the term 'mafic' refer to in rock-forming minerals?
A category of silicate minerals that contain magnesium and iron.
p.64
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What factors influence the cleavage of a mineral?
The arrangement of atoms and the strength of bonds in specific directions.
p.120
Classification of Minerals
What types of compounds are included in the elemental group?
Phosphides, silicides, nitrides, and carbides.
p.60
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the stalactitic crystalline form?
Pendent cylinders or cones, e.g., some Calcite and Aragonite.
p.85
Special Properties of Minerals
What is double refraction?
A phenomenon where a clear mineral placed over an image shows two images due to light being split as it enters some crystalline minerals.
p.53
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is an example of a common crystalline form?
Acicular, which refers to fine needle-like crystals as seen in Actinolite.
p.55
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is a characteristic of banded crystalline forms?
They have narrow bands of different colors, as seen in certain Agate and Malachite.
p.84
Special Properties of Minerals
What is a special property of some minerals related to magnetism?
Some minerals with large amounts of iron oxide are attracted to magnets.
p.55
Crystal Structure and Systems
How is a bladed crystalline form described?
It is flat and elongated like a knife blade, as in kyanite.
p.63
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is mineral cleavage?
The ability of a mineral to break along specific planes when struck.
p.66
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is mineral cleavage?
The tendency of a mineral to break along flat, even surfaces.
p.106
Crystal Structure and Systems
What happens to olivine as the magma cools further?
It reacts with residual magma and changes to pyroxene.
p.107
Crystal Structure and Systems
What does Bowen's Reaction Series describe?
The adjustment of the internal crystalline lattice of minerals to achieve stability at different temperatures.
p.31
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is a Crystal Lattice?
A 3-dimensional structure where positions are occupied by atoms/ions (Motifs).
p.4
Definition of Mineralogy
What is the fourth part of the mineral definition?
Definite chemical composition.
p.69
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
Can you name some minerals that exhibit good/distinct cleavage?
Hornblende, Augite, Hypersthene.
p.89
Crystal Structure and Systems
What are the characteristics of isomorphic minerals?
Similar cleavage and interfacial angles.
p.40
Crystal Structure and Systems
What are the axes in the tetragonal crystal system?
Two equal horizontal axes (a, a) and one vertical axis (c).
p.90
Crystal Structure and Systems
How do diamond and graphite differ despite having the same chemistry?
They have different crystal structures and physical properties.
p.31
Crystal Structure and Systems
What did Auguste Bravais demonstrate about space lattices?
That any point is repeated at regular intervals in 14 types of regular patterns.
p.71
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
How is '2 Directions of Cleavage at 90°' defined?
It is defined when two sets of parallel planes intersect at right angles.
p.20
Physical Properties of Minerals
How does metallic lustre appear?
Metallic lustre appears shiny and reflective, similar to metal.
p.114
Classification of Minerals
In what settings are carbonates commonly deposited?
Marine settings and evaporitic settings.
p.93
Physical Properties of Minerals
What does transparency/diaphaneity indicate in minerals?
The extent of light that can pass through the mineral.
p.26
Characteristics of Minerals
Is the color of a mineral always distinctive?
Yes, it is always distinctive.
p.127
Common Rock Forming Minerals
What is the appearance of amphibole?
Mostly black, forming long, slender crystals.
p.46
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the characteristic of the monoclinic crystal system?
It has two non-equal axes at right angles to each other, with a third axis inclined to one of the first two.
p.16
Characteristics of Minerals
What is metallic luster?
Very shiny, like freshly broken metal, usually opaque and dark colored.
p.104
Classification of Minerals
What does Bowen's Reaction Series illustrate?
The progression of mineral formation as magma cools.
p.129
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is a key characteristic of mica's structure?
It has one perfect cleavage, allowing it to break into thin sheets.
p.95
Special Properties of Minerals
What is iridescence?
The play of colors that appears on the surface of a mineral or object.
p.89
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is isomorphism in minerals?
It refers to similar crystal structure and analogous chemical formula.
p.100
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is the difference between unpolished and polished Tiger’s Eye?
Unpolished Tiger’s Eye has a rough texture, while polished Tiger’s Eye has a smooth, shiny surface.
p.10
Characteristics of Minerals
How can color be helpful in identifying minerals?
It can be very helpful and distinctive.
What is a metallic bond?
The strongest type of bond where the element loses its outer electron easily.
p.98
Special Properties of Minerals
What visual effect does chatoyancy create?
A moveable wavy or silky sheen of light.
p.18
Characteristics of Minerals
How does Greasy luster appear?
It looks as if covered with a thin layer of oil, seen in minerals like Nepheline and Serpentine.
p.120
Classification of Minerals
What is electrum?
A natural alloy of gold and silver.
p.77
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is fracture in minerals?
When a mineral breaks in irregular surfaces without any relationship to the crystallographic planes.
p.115
Classification of Minerals
What anion do all sulfate minerals contain?
The sulfate anion, SO4²⁻.
p.122
Definition of Mineralogy
What is Zaherite?
A mineral, specifically a complex sulphate of aluminum.
p.115
Classification of Minerals
In what settings do sulfates commonly form?
Evaporitic settings where highly saline waters slowly evaporate.
p.120
Classification of Minerals
Where are nitrides and carbides usually found?
In a few rare meteorites.
Which type of atoms typically form covalent bonds?
Similar atoms, as seen in inert gases.
p.113
Classification of Minerals
Name some important rock-forming silicates.
Feldspars, quartz, olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, garnets, and micas.
p.58
Crystal Structure and Systems
What characterizes fibrous minerals?
They consist of fine thread-like strands, as seen in Satin spar and Asbestos.
p.9
Physical Properties of Minerals
What are some examples of macroscopic optical properties?
Reflection, refraction, diaphaneity, luster, color, streak, luminescence.
p.118
Classification of Minerals
What are sulfosalts?
Minerals that contain sulfur and a second anion such as arsenic.
p.128
Characteristics of Minerals
What is a distinguishing feature of the felsic variety of feldspar?
It can often be pink and has no striations.
p.108
Classification of Minerals
What does Bowen's Reaction Series illustrate about magma cooling?
It shows how different minerals crystallize at different temperatures.
p.9
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is diaphaneity?
The ability of a mineral to transmit light.
p.83
Special Properties of Minerals
What are striations in mineralogy?
Straight parallel lines on the flat surface of the cleavage directions.
p.15
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is luster in mineralogy?
The manner in which a mineral reflects light.
p.120
Classification of Minerals
What does the elemental group in mineral classification include?
Native metals, intermetallic elements, semi-metals, and non-metals.
p.127
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What are the cleavage angles of amphibole?
2 cleavages at 60° and 120°.
p.24
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is lustre in mineralogy?
Lustre refers to the way light interacts with the surface of a mineral.
p.62
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is parting in the context of minerals?
Parting is when a mineral breaks along planes not directly controlled by crystallographic planes.
p.5
Characteristics of Minerals
What characteristic does opal lack that prevents it from being classified as a mineral?
An orderly arrangement of atoms.
p.90
Crystal Structure and Systems
What causes polymorphism in minerals?
Different pressure, temperature, and chemical environment.
p.23
Physical Properties of Minerals
What are the main types of lustre?
The main types include metallic, vitreous, pearly, silky, and dull.
p.121
Classification of Minerals
What does the organic mineral class include?
Biogenic substances influenced by geological processes.
p.94
Special Properties of Minerals
What is labradorescence?
The display of colors ranging from blue to green or yellow in Labradorite as the angle of incident light changes.
p.73
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
How many directions of cleavage does Halite have?
3 Directions at 90 degrees.
p.127
Common Rock Forming Minerals
What is amphibolite?
A metamorphic equivalent of basalt.
p.52
Crystal Structure and Systems
What thermal aspect is affected by crystal structure?
Thermal and Electromagnetic properties.
p.72
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What type of cleavage is described as '3 Directions of Cleavage not at 90°'?
Rhombohedral cleavage, as seen in minerals like calcite.
p.32
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is a subhedral crystal?
A grain that has some but not all of its possible crystal faces.
p.60
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the crystalline form characterized by a network of criss-crossed slender crystal growths?
Reticulated, e.g., Rutile.
p.124
Classification of Minerals
What does the term 'felsic' refer to in rock-forming minerals?
A category of silicate minerals that are rich in lighter elements like aluminum and silicon.
p.32
Crystal Structure and Systems
How do euhedral, anhedral, and subhedral crystals differ?
Euhedral has all faces, anhedral has none, and subhedral has some faces.
p.109
Characteristics of Minerals
Which minerals are considered more stable according to the Goldich Stability Series?
Quartz and feldspar are among the more stable minerals.
p.59
Crystal Structure and Systems
What does 'reniform' describe in terms of crystalline form?
Rounded kidney-shaped crystals.
p.115
Classification of Minerals
Where else do sulfates occur besides evaporitic settings?
In hydrothermal vein systems as gangue minerals.
p.6
Definition of Mineralogy
What does it mean for a mineral to possess an orderly internal structure?
Its atoms must be arranged in a definite pattern.
p.114
Classification of Minerals
What other types of minerals are included in the carbonate class?
Nitrate and borate minerals.
p.94
Special Properties of Minerals
What phenomenon produces a series of colors in minerals?
Interference of light at the surface or in the interior of a mineral.
p.88
Crystal Structure and Systems
What does isotypic mean?
Closely related crystal structure.
p.31
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is a unit cell in crystallography?
The fundamental building block that forms the crystal structure by regular repetition of itself in space.
p.99
Special Properties of Minerals
What is chatoyancy?
The reflection of light from cavities, tubes, parallel fibers, or needle-like inclusions in a mineral.
p.22
Physical Properties of Minerals
What luster type reflects light like tree sap or resin?
Resinous luster, seen in minerals like Sphalerite and Sulphur.
p.72
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is meant by '3 Directions of Cleavage at 90°'?
It refers to cubic cleavage, as seen in minerals like salt.
p.71
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What does '1 Direction of Cleavage' indicate?
It indicates that only 1 set of parallel planes is seen, as in mica.
p.99
Special Properties of Minerals
What is asterism?
A star-shaped chatoyant effect.
p.40
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the orientation of the axes in the tetragonal crystal system?
The axes are at right angles to each other.
p.58
Crystal Structure and Systems
What does the term 'concretionary' refer to in mineralogy?
Minerals found in detached masses with spherical or ellipsoidal forms.
p.71
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What must be given when describing two sets of parallel planes?
The intersection angle of the two planes must be provided.
p.13
Characteristics of Minerals
What is Allochromatic color?
Varying color influenced by absorbing ions/groups of ions.
p.20
Physical Properties of Minerals
What does pearly lustre look like?
Pearly lustre has an iridescent sheen, similar to that of a pearl.
p.80
Specific Gravity and Density of Minerals
What happens if the density of an object is greater than 1?
It is heavier than water and will sink.
p.117
Classification of Minerals
What are some common oxide minerals?
Hematite, magnetite, chromite, spinel, ilmenite, rutile, and ice.
p.37
Crystal Structure and Systems
What characterizes the Triclinic crystal system?
Three unequal axes that are not at right angles.
p.107
Classification of Minerals
What type of minerals are formed at lower temperatures in Bowen's Reaction Series?
Minerals common to felsic rocks, such as orthoclase feldspar, muscovite mica, and quartz.
p.64
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is mineral cleavage?
The tendency of a mineral to break along flat, even surfaces.
p.39
Crystal Structure and Systems
How does the tetragonal system compare to the isometric system?
It is similar to isometric but has one axis longer than the others.
p.18
Characteristics of Minerals
What does Vitreous luster resemble?
It resembles broken glass and is very common, found in minerals like Quartz and Hornblende.
p.64
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
How is mineral cleavage different from fracture?
Cleavage results in smooth, flat surfaces, while fracture results in irregular surfaces.
p.95
Special Properties of Minerals
In which types of minerals is iridescence commonly observed?
Iridescence is commonly observed in minerals like opal and labradorite.
p.119
Classification of Minerals
What types of minerals are included in the phosphate class?
Phosphate, arsenate, vanadate, and antimonate minerals.
p.101
Special Properties of Minerals
What causes the chatoyant effect in gemstones?
The reflection of light off parallel inclusions or fibers within the stone.
p.23
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is vitreous lustre?
Vitreous lustre resembles glass and has a shiny appearance.
p.80
Specific Gravity and Density of Minerals
What is specific gravity?
The density of a mineral, defined as the ratio of the mass of an object to the mass of an equal volume of water.
p.113
Classification of Minerals
Which additional ions are commonly found in silicate minerals?
Aluminium, magnesium, iron, and calcium.
p.24
Physical Properties of Minerals
What does pearly lustre look like?
Pearly lustre has an iridescent sheen, similar to that of a pearl.
p.80
Specific Gravity and Density of Minerals
How is density calculated?
Density = mass of an object / volume of the object.
p.59
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the characteristic of the radiating crystalline form?
Aggregates of elongated/needle-like crystals that radiate from a center point.
p.24
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is the characteristic of dull lustre?
Dull lustre lacks shine and reflects little light.
p.114
Classification of Minerals
How do carbonates contribute to cave formation?
Through dissolution and reprecipitation.
p.128
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
How many cleavages do feldspar minerals have?
2 cleavages at approximately 90°.
p.114
Classification of Minerals
What geological features can form from carbonates in karst regions?
Caves, stalactites, and stalagmites.
p.122
Definition of Mineralogy
Who discovered Zaherite?
Mohamed Abduz Zaher of the Bangladesh Geological Survey.
p.77
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What characterizes hackly fracture?
It is rough, jagged, or sharp-edged.
p.58
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is a granular mineral?
An aggregate of large or small grains without crystal faces, such as Chromite.
p.108
Classification of Minerals
At what temperature does olivine crystallize according to Bowen's Reaction Series?
At the highest temperatures, around 1200°C.
p.115
Classification of Minerals
What other classes of minerals are included in the sulfate class?
Chromate, molybdate, selenate, sulfite, tellurate, and tungstate minerals.
p.112
Classification of Minerals
Name an example of an oxide mineral.
Hematite, magnetite, or chromite.
p.24
Physical Properties of Minerals
What are the main types of lustre?
The main types include metallic, vitreous, pearly, silky, and dull.
p.38
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the angle between the axes in the isometric system?
All axes are at right angles to each other.
p.111
Classification of Minerals
What classification system is mentioned for minerals?
The Dana classification system.
p.10
Characteristics of Minerals
What is a potential downside of using color for mineral identification?
Color can be very ambiguous.
p.16
Characteristics of Minerals
What is non-metallic luster?
Not like metallic, but often seen in different varieties.
p.73
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is the cleavage direction of Calcite?
3 Directions not at 90 degrees.
p.121
Classification of Minerals
Give examples of minerals from the organic class.
Whewellite, moolooite, mellite, fichtelite, carpathite, evenkite, abelsonite.
p.111
Classification of Minerals
What does the classification of minerals follow?
Approximate order of their abundance in the Earth's crust.
p.13
Characteristics of Minerals
What are the two main types of color in minerals influenced by chemical composition?
Idiochromatic and Allochromatic.
p.73
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
How many directions of cleavage does Pyroxene exhibit?
2 Directions near 90 degrees.
p.77
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
When does fracture generally occur in minerals?
In minerals with similar bonding strength in all directions.
p.126
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is a key physical characteristic of pyroxene minerals?
Nearly opaque with 2 cleavages at approximately 90°.
p.60
Crystal Structure and Systems
What defines a tabular crystalline form?
Having two flat and nearly parallel surfaces with two dimensions much longer than the third, like a table top, e.g., Microcline.
p.128
Characteristics of Minerals
What is a characteristic feature of the mafic variety of feldspar?
It may have striations (very fine grooves on cleavage faces).
p.116
Classification of Minerals
Name a few examples of halide minerals.
Fluorite, halite, sylvite, and sal ammoniac.
p.6
Definition of Mineralogy
What is the fifth essential characteristic of a mineral regarding its chemical composition?
It must have a definite chemical composition that may vary within specified limits.
p.36
Crystal Structure and Systems
What are the seven crystal systems based on the direction of the axes?
Triclinic, Monoclinic, Orthorhombic, Tetragonal, Rhombohedral, Hexagonal, Cubic.
p.9
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is luster?
The way a mineral reflects light.
p.117
Classification of Minerals
What does the oxide class include?
The oxide and hydroxide minerals.
p.32
Crystal Structure and Systems
What characterizes an anhedral crystal?
It exhibits none of its own possible crystal faces.
p.111
Classification of Minerals
Which classification closely parallels the Dana classification?
The Strunz Classification.
p.130
Characteristics of Minerals
What are the key characteristics of Quartz?
Hard, durable, relatively inert, and has no cleavage but exhibits a great conchoidal fracture.
p.98
Special Properties of Minerals
How does the appearance of chatoyancy change?
It changes its position as the mineral is turned from one side to another.
p.20
Physical Properties of Minerals
What are the main types of lustre?
The main types include metallic, vitreous, pearly, silky, and dull.
p.89
Classification of Minerals
Name another mineral group that shows isomorphism.
The calcite group, which includes calcite, dolomite, siderite, and rhodochrosite.
p.71
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What does '2 Directions of Cleavage not at 90°' mean?
It means that two sets of parallel planes intersect but do not form right angles.
p.125
Common Rock Forming Minerals
What visual effect does olivine create in basaltic rocks?
It creates a pretty contrast with the black groundmass.
p.80
Specific Gravity and Density of Minerals
What happens if the density of an object is less than 1?
It is lighter than water and will float to some degree.
p.109
Characteristics of Minerals
How does the Goldich Stability Series relate to the weathering of rocks?
It indicates that less stable minerals weather more quickly than more stable ones.
p.115
Classification of Minerals
What are common sulfates mentioned in the text?
Anhydrite, celestine, barite, and gypsum.
p.117
Classification of Minerals
What do oxide minerals record changes of?
Changes in the Earth's magnetic field.
p.117
Classification of Minerals
Where do oxide minerals commonly occur?
As precipitates close to the Earth's surface and as oxidation products of other minerals.
p.20
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is lustre in mineralogy?
Lustre refers to the way light interacts with the surface of a mineral.
p.89
Classification of Minerals
Give an example of a mineral group that exhibits isomorphism.
The Spinel group, which includes magnetite and chromite.
What characterizes a covalent bond?
It is the most stable bond where the outer electron is shared between similar atoms.
p.23
Physical Properties of Minerals
What does pearly lustre look like?
Pearly lustre has an iridescent sheen, similar to that of a pearl.
p.108
Classification of Minerals
What is Bowen's Reaction Series?
A conceptual model that explains the order of mineral crystallization from magma.
p.23
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is the characteristic of dull lustre?
Dull lustre appears non-reflective and lacks shine.
p.77
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is conchoidal fracture?
A type of fracture that is smooth and curving.
p.122
Definition of Mineralogy
Where was Zaherite discovered?
In the Salt range, Punjab, Pakistan.
p.112
Classification of Minerals
Give an example of a silicate mineral.
Quartz, feldspar, or mica.
p.108
Classification of Minerals
What minerals are formed in the discontinuous branch of Bowen's Reaction Series?
Olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite.
p.117
Classification of Minerals
What are oxide minerals important for in mining?
They form many of the ores from which valuable metals can be extracted.
p.9
Physical Properties of Minerals
What does refraction refer to?
The bending of light as it passes through different mediums.
p.112
Classification of Minerals
Provide an example of a halide mineral.
Fluorite, halite, or sylvite.
p.9
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is the significance of streak in mineral identification?
The color of the powder produced when a mineral is scraped across a surface.
p.22
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is the characteristic of a mineral with dull or earthy luster?
It has no luster and resembles soil, examples include Kaolinite and Hematite.
p.95
Special Properties of Minerals
How does the angle of light affect iridescence?
The angle of light can change the colors seen, making iridescence dynamic.
p.18
Characteristics of Minerals
What is Waxy luster?
A luster that resembles wax, found in minerals like Chalcedony.
p.130
Common Rock Forming Minerals
In what type of rock does Quartz typically form last?
In felsic (granitic) rock.
p.64
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
Can all minerals exhibit cleavage?
No, only some minerals exhibit cleavage; others may fracture instead.
p.109
Characteristics of Minerals
What is the significance of the Goldich Stability Series in geology?
It helps in understanding weathering processes and mineral stability under surface conditions.
p.130
Common Rock Forming Minerals
Where can Quartz generally be found in relation to other minerals?
Filling in between all of the other minerals.
p.96
Special Properties of Minerals
What causes the phenomenon of iridescence in minerals?
Light diffracted and reflected from closely spaced fractures, cleavage planes, twin lamellae, exsolution lamellae, or minute foreign inclusions.
p.130
Crystal Structure and Systems
What shape do Quartz crystals commonly form when allowed to cool and crystallize in open space?
6-sided (hexagonal) crystals.
p.96
Special Properties of Minerals
What is the role of cleavage planes in the play of colors in minerals?
They can cause light to be diffracted and reflected, contributing to iridescence.
p.126
Common Rock Forming Minerals
In which types of rocks can Enstatite be found?
Gabbro and mafic diorites.
p.60
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is a massive crystalline form?
A compact mass having no definite identifiable form.
p.112
Classification of Minerals
Name an example of a carbonate mineral.
Calcite, aragonite, or dolomite.
p.126
Common Rock Forming Minerals
Name some examples of pyroxene minerals.
Enstatite, Hypersthene, Augite.
p.117
Classification of Minerals
What is spinel classified as?
A magnesium aluminium oxide, common in the mantle.
p.109
Characteristics of Minerals
What does the Goldich Stability Series represent?
It represents the relative stability of minerals at the Earth's surface.
p.127
Common Rock Forming Minerals
What can amphibolite contain?
Extremely coarse grained specimens of hornblende.
p.27
Physical Properties of Minerals
What does a rating of 10 on the Moh's Hardness scale indicate?
Hardest substance known to man.
p.127
Common Rock Forming Minerals
Name two examples of amphibole.
Tremolite and Actinolite.
p.13
Characteristics of Minerals
What is Idiochromatic color?
Constant color that is inherent to the minerals.
p.20
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is vitreous lustre?
Vitreous lustre resembles glass and has a shiny appearance.
p.60
Crystal Structure and Systems
Which crystalline form features fibers radiating from a center to produce star-like forms?
Stellate, as seen in Wavellite.
p.109
Characteristics of Minerals
Which minerals are less stable according to the Goldich Stability Series?
Mafic minerals like olivine and pyroxene are considered less stable.
p.13
Characteristics of Minerals
What is Pseudochromatic color?
Color caused by physical effects like inclusions or defects, not the true color of the mineral.
p.58
Crystal Structure and Systems
What does foliated or foliaceous mean in relation to minerals?
Leaf-like structures with thin, separable layers, as in Micas.
p.9
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is reflection in the context of optical properties?
The bouncing back of light from a surface.
p.126
Common Rock Forming Minerals
Why is pyroxenite considered relatively rare at the Earth's surface?
It is related to ultramafic terrains.
p.37
Crystal Structure and Systems
What defines the Rhombohedral crystal system?
Three equal axes that are not at right angles.
p.58
Crystal Structure and Systems
What are dendritic and arborescent forms in minerals?
Tree-like or moss-like forms, exemplified by Pyrolusite and Copper.
p.108
Classification of Minerals
What are the two branches of Bowen's Reaction Series?
The discontinuous series and the continuous series.
p.77
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
Describe even fracture.
A type of fracture that is more or less flat.
p.130
Special Properties of Minerals
Why are Quartz crystals highly prized?
For a variety of natural and super-natural uses.
p.20
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is the characteristic of dull lustre?
Dull lustre lacks shine and reflects little light.
p.108
Classification of Minerals
What minerals are formed in the continuous branch of Bowen's Reaction Series?
Plagioclase feldspar, which varies in composition from calcium-rich to sodium-rich.
p.116
Classification of Minerals
What are the main types of halide minerals?
Fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide minerals.
p.64
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is the significance of cleavage in mineral identification?
Cleavage can help distinguish between minerals with similar physical properties.
p.9
Physical Properties of Minerals
What are the two categories of optical properties?
Macroscopic and microscopic.
p.116
Classification of Minerals
What are halide minerals?
A group of minerals forming natural salts.
p.37
Crystal Structure and Systems
What are the seven crystal systems?
Cubic, Hexagonal, Rhombohedral, Tetragonal, Orthorhombic, Monoclinic, Triclinic.
p.96
Special Properties of Minerals
What are twin lamellae in the context of mineral iridescence?
They are structures that can cause light diffraction and contribute to the play of colors.
p.122
Definition of Mineralogy
What is the origin of the name 'Zaherite'?
It is named after its discoverer, Mohamed Abduz Zaher.
p.79
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
What is a concoidal fracture?
A type of fracture where minerals break with curved surfaces.
p.116
Classification of Minerals
In what types of settings are halide minerals commonly found?
Evaporite settings such as salt lakes and landlocked seas.
p.37
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is unique about the Orthorhombic crystal system?
It has three unequal axes at right angles.
p.36
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the defining characteristic of the Tetragonal crystal system?
It has two axes of equal length and one axis of a different length, all at right angles.
p.126
Common Rock Forming Minerals
What is pyroxenite?
An igneous rock composed totally of pyroxene minerals.
p.128
Classification of Minerals
What can complicate the identification of feldspar minerals?
Both varieties can be white, making specific determination difficult.
p.108
Classification of Minerals
What is the significance of Bowen's Reaction Series in geology?
It helps in understanding the formation of igneous rocks and their mineral content.
p.9
Physical Properties of Minerals
What is luminescence?
The emission of light by a mineral when it is stimulated by energy.
p.36
Crystal Structure and Systems
What is the characteristic of the Hexagonal crystal system?
It has four axes, three of which are of equal length and lie in a plane at 120 degrees to each other, with the fourth axis perpendicular.
p.79
Mineral Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting
Which materials commonly exhibit a concoidal fracture?
Glass, the igneous rock Obsidian, and the mineral Quartz.
