The blood group is B-.
4.24 g/dL.
Turnaround Time.
0.799 g/dL.
A1 and A2.
Platelet-derived growth factor.
A positive.
Control is clean.
A megakaryocyte that becomes small in size, seen in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML).
C. Orange.
Osmotic fragility testing, immunophenotyping (CD markers), blood gas (ABG).
To mix blood samples for testing.
Osteoblasts.
They are mixed with the blood to prevent clotting.
H antigen.
It indicates platelet aggregation.
Thrombin time increases.
To test for platelet adhesion.
A group of scientists called Bhende et al.
Purple/lavender vial.
Spur/Acanthocytes.
3 to 4 microns.
Cryoprecipitate and platelets.
To inhibit glycolysis and prevent false fasting glucose reports.
Fibrin is the main component of blood clots.
Lenalidomide, Dexamethasone, and Bortezomib.
Both platelet and coagulation factor defects.
To collect specific blood components.
To secrete immunoglobulin, which are proteins formed by the Golgi apparatus.
Optical density.
RDP is collected from multiple donors, while SDP is collected from a single person.
Platelet adhesion, platelet secretion, and platelet aggregation.
It displays weight and has an auto clamp for mixing blood with anticoagulants.
Factor 13.
Because they cause less reaction in the patient as they are obtained from a single donor.
O-.
Factor deficiency (e.g., Factor 8 deficiency) and presence of antibodies (e.g., APLA).
Sodium fluoride (NaF).
Giving blood to oneself.
Plasma Cell <10% and no myeloma-defining event (MDE).
The RANKL pathway.
Scurvy, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, amyloidosis, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome.
By mixing the patient's sample with normal fresh frozen plasma and measuring APTT; if APTT normalizes, it's a factor deficiency.
Blood is collected well before elective surgery.
Occurs within 24 hours and can include allergies, anaphylaxis, febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR), and hemolytic reactions.
Red blood cells that have had most of their white blood cells removed.
More antibodies present.
The nucleus is shaped like deer horns, seen in Essential Thrombocythemia (ET).
By removing white blood cells from RBCs, often using leucoreduced RBCs.
LPL.
A reaction that occurs within 6 hours, related to anti-HLA antibodies in the donor reacting with recipient HLA antigens, causing non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
HIV Type I and II, HBV, HCV, and Syphilis.
Increased lysis of clot, suggesting fibrinolysis.
Platelet adhesion, platelet secretion, and platelet aggregation.
For serum profiles.
Packed red blood cells, platelet-rich plasma, and fresh frozen plasma.
Elevated BP, JVP, and BNP.
Megakaryocyte, present in bone marrow.
It is important for blood clotting and is present in abundance.
PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma), PRBC (Packed Red Blood Cells), and FFA (Fresh Frozen Plasma).
Within 20 minutes.
Acts as a glycosyl transferase and adds H substance to a blood group.
ALP levels remain normal due to no bone formation.
They are damaged, leading to bleeding.
3.2%.
5 weeks or 35 days.
They can pose a risk for CMV (Cytomegalovirus) transmission.
A+, B+, AB+, O+.
It indicates the presence of malignant plasma cells.
More fibrinogen is converted to fibrin, leading to a decrease in fibrinogen.
They are protective against Plasmodium vivax and knowlesi.
It causes platelet clumping, yielding inappropriate results.
A cloud.
Glucose estimation: FBS, PPBS, RBS, GTT.
Light does not transmit.
4 to 8 minutes.
Chromosome 1.
Proteins made up of light chains found in urine of myeloma patients.
Gp2b/3a allows aggregation between platelets and fibrinogen.
Hyperviscosity.
Myeloma kidney, which is a type of amyloidosis.
They release substances like ADP, serotonin, and calcium.
Larger blood vessels are involved.
8-10 times.
O blood group.
Lots of clots are formed, with reduced R time and K time.
18-65 years.
Lithium heparin.
Sodium heparin.
450 ml blood.
A reaction where the patient has a fever but no hemolysis occurs, often due to massive cytokine release from WBC.
Testing compatibility between donor and recipient blood.
Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.
Increased light transmittance.
The presence of monoclonal proteins, often associated with multiple myeloma.
Myelofibrosis.
7 to 10 days.
MYD88 mutation.
The clot is soluble.
Blood pressure (BP), jugular venous pressure (JVP), and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP).
D antigen.
Platelet adhesion.
Light blue vacutainer.
TAB bag (Top And Bottom bag) and TAT bag (Top And Top bag).
Mismatches of minor blood groups like Kell, Duffy, Lewis, etc.
Factor 4 (calcium).
2-6°C.
For glucose testing.
IL-6.
In a perisinusoidal location.
Usually within 6 months.
K2 EDTA.
K2 EDTA.
Most commonly due to clerical errors or minor blood group problems.
Both have an eccentric nucleus on one side and a Perinuclear Halo.
>20%.
Stop Light is Red, Stay Green Light says Go.
IgM antibodies.
Sterile - Light Yellow.
The presence of Rh factor, indicating a positive blood group.
Forms schistocytes.
It collects contaminated blood for testing transfusion-transmitted infections.
The test becomes invalid because the control should always be clean.
PT, APTT, and TT.
They start moving in a swirling type of movement.
CBC, Peripheral smear, Reticulocyte count, ESR (Wintrobe), HbA1c.
Christmas factor disease (Factor 9 deficiency).
Headache, visual disturbance, hemorrhage (cerebral, retinal).
60:40 ratio of kappa to lambda light chains.
They get consumed, leading to a decrease in their levels.
It can create issues due to IgG antibodies crossing the placenta.
It should be thawed/melted.
They gradually become multimers, which are broken by ADAMTS.
Cryoprecipitate rich in factor 8 and VWF.
Because there is a lot of Golgi apparatus present.
Heparin.
Osteoblast.
47 to 74 degrees.
t(11;14), also seen in mantle cell lymphoma.
An 18-19 gauge needle.
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.
TRALI is associated with anti-HLA antibodies, while TACO occurs due to existing comorbidities like congestive heart failure.
AB+.
Within 30 minutes.
Antibeta2glycoprotein antibody, Anticardiolipin antibody, and Lupus anticoagulant (LAC).
The blood group is O.
96 wells (12 horizontally and 8 vertically).
Time until clot firmness is achieved, typically 1 to 4 minutes.
Glanzmann thrombasthenia.
GPIIb/IIIa.
Lavender.
3 weeks or 21 days.
A fractured cast formed from light chains in the kidneys.
Factor 6 does not exist.
21 days.
CKD can occur with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to increased calcium.
11 to 16 seconds.
Fibrinogen levels.
TOP for Positive, NEeche for Negative.
Time.
They make the background of the smear dark blue.
To keep platelets in suspension and prevent clumping.
Blue.
To identify whether a raised APTT is due to factor deficiency or high antibody count.
If the blood has already clotted before testing.
Conditions with high APTT, normal BT, and PT.
Potassium Oxalate.
By the reptilase test; HITT shows normal reptilase, while afibrinogenemia shows elevated reptilase.
Poorin factor 5 and factor 8.
White, Royal blue, Pink, Purple/Lavender.
Thromboelastography.
Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.
Pregnancy, Meningococcemia, AML-M3.
Potential issues with platelet function, possibly due to platelet blockers.
Non-cantbosis syndrome.
A defect in the flipping of phosphatidylserine, affecting apoptosis and clotting.
RBCs may be fragmented, forming schistocytes.
A condition where anti-platelet antibodies form, typically 7-10 days after transfusion.
Fibrin degradation products (FDP) and D-dimer.
The presence of white blood cells (WBC) that release cytokines (interleukins).
Petechiae, purpura, mucosal bleeds.
It indicates the presence of light chains in urine.
1:1:1 to avoid dilutional coagulopathy.
Fucosyl molecule + N-acetyl galactosamine + Galactose.
A method of transfusion involving multiple components.
The blood group is A+.
For blood typing and crossmatching.
The kinetics and speed of fibrin accumulation.
Transfusion Associated Bacterial infection.
A megakaryocyte with 3 nuclei resembling a pawn ball, seen in Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS).
PF4 is involved in platelet aggregation and clotting.
100%.
Dipotassium EDTA (K2 EDTA).
Albumin and three folded finger-like structures (alpha 1, alpha 2, beta proteins).
Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload.
Factor 8 deficiency.
Karl Landsteiner.
It serves as a filter.
4 hours.
Bleeding Time.
The blood group is Rh positive.
By endomitosis.
Glass has a negative charge and causes blood clotting.
Platelet aggregation.
The presence of a negative charge.
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP).
Anti-A, anti-B, anti-D.
It breaks down the clot into fibrin degradation products.
Transfusion-associated Graft versus Host Disease.
Gel card for blood grouping.
Factor deficiency.
DARC gene.
Serum Protein Electrophoresis.
Increased plasma cells produce monoclonal immunoglobulin.
30,000 - 50,000 platelets per microliter.
It has no A antigen, B antigen, or any other antigen, but has anti-H antibodies.
Normal clot strength.
No clot solubility.
Light blue.
It decreases.
Activates Factor 1, converting fibrinogen to fibrin.
The presence of immunoglobulins in the blood.
Platelet aggregation defect, indicating Glanzmann thrombasthenia.
O blood group (no antigens).
Green.
Citrate is a calcium chelator that prevents clot formation.
Crossmatching for blood bank.
High APTT remains even after mixing with normal plasma, indicating antibodies prevent factors from working.
It is used in surgery, emergency departments, and intensive care units.
Tests for trace elements (Cu, Zn, etc.).
Both have elevated APTT, but they differ in the factor deficiency.
It helps to reduce bleeding by inhibiting fibrinolysis.
Plasma Borne Polymeric Filtration (PCR).
It indicates multiple myeloma.
Perinuclear Halo.
CD 45, CD 19, CD 38.
96 wells (12x8).
It ensures that the blood sample is normal saline; no clot should be seen.
Platelet-rich plasma.
Hypofibrinogenemia.
Red.
1.5 to 4.5 lakhs per microliter.
Deletion of chromosome 6q.
Activates Factor 2 in the presence of Factor 5.
It indicates the presence of smoldering multiple myeloma.
Ristocetin, ADP, epinephrine, and collagen.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC).
Factor 5, fibrinogen, and factor 13.
Kell system.
No risk of HIV, ABS, HCV, allergies, infection, GVHD, or PTP.
On Chromosome 19.
It blocks osteoblast production.
It runs in families and causes dilated vessels.
Ig >3 g/dL.
Megakaryocytes, Weibel-Palade bodies of epithelial cells, and the liver.
Anti-A, anti-B, anti-D, and a control.
Lysis 30 minutes after maximum amplitude.
Slide method, tube method, gel card method, ELISA.
Von Willebrand factor.
Lewis antigen and IgM antibodies are present; RBC does not synthesize Lewis antigen.
Bony lytic lesions, 'salt and pepper' skull, and low back pain.
Mcleod phenotype or Neuroacanthosis syndrome.
Plasma cells must be greater than 10% in the bone marrow.
2 to 9 minutes.
Citrate, Theophylline, Adenosine, and Dipyridamole.
Von Willebrand disease.
Based on the components taken, e.g., Platelet Apheresis or Plasma Apheresis.
Bernard-Soulier syndrome or Von Willebrand disease.
AB blood group (no antibodies).
Giant platelets due to megakaryocyte hyperplasia in the bone marrow.
ADP, epinephrine, and collagen.
Platelet adhesion.
Blood pressure may be low, while in TACO, it is usually normal.
IgG antibody.
20-30 people.
X-linked recessive.
Dutcher bodies.
Qualitative defect and quantitative defect.
Fucosyl molecule + N-acetyl galactosamine.
GP IIIa receptors.
Stabilizes fibrin and strengthens blood clotting.
Platelets and clotting factors.
Fresh frozen plasma (FFP).
Typical and atypical.
A condition where platelet count decreases due to IgG binding to platelets.
Factor H/I/CD46 deficiency.
5 to 10 minutes.
Giving irradiated blood to remove immunocompetent T cells.
Defect in ADAMTS13, which breaks down multimers of VWF.
Renal insufficiency (creatinine level > 2 mg/dL).
Pentabags.
It is the most common and has a mild deficiency in VWF.
GpIb/IX defect - Bernard-Soulier syndrome or Von Willebrand factor - Von Willebrand disease.
Gp1b/IX and von Willebrand factor (vWF).
Maximum amplitude, indicating clot stability, typically 55 to 73 mm.
3% Trisodium citrate.
Blood is collected immediately after anesthesia and before surgery, with volume replaced by crystalloids or colloids.
< 50,000.
1:9.
It indicates a problem with fibrinogen or clotting factors.
It acts as a carrier for factor 8.
Fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate.
By sensing changes in a pin or needle as clots form around it.
Represents the kinetics of clot development, typically between 47 to 74 degrees.
12 hours.
Defects in platelets.
350 ml (with 49 ml anticoagulant).
Stop the blood transfusion immediately.
It is the ratio of involved to uninvolved light chains multiplied by 100.
Children.
AB plasma.
Within 30 to 60 minutes.
Tissue injury.
6 weeks or 42 days.
Intracranial bleeds and joint bleeds.
The shelf life is reduced to only 24 hours.
Perisinusoidal.
The intrinsic pathway and common pathway.
Citrate acts as a calcium chelator, leading to hypocalcemia and symptoms like tingling and numbness.
Leucoreduced RBC.
Factors 12, 11, 9, 8, 10, 5, 2, and 1.
October 1st (Voluntary Blood Donation Day).
BT high, PT normal, APTT high.
Heparin Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia.
Because some other components will remain.
No, only the nucleus divides.
Myeloma-defining event.
Calcium increases in the blood as no bone is formed.
From the surgical field using surgical drains.
Associated with E. coli or Shigella, specifically strain O157:H7.
Red blood cells (RBCs).
Steroids.
Greater than 12.5 g/dL.
Bernard-Soulier syndrome.
Alpha granules.
Less than -30 degrees Celsius.
AB blood group.
It is an IgA type cell associated with multiple myeloma.
Blood volume of the patient is replaced by more than one times the initial volume within 24 hours or 50% of total blood volume is replaced in 4 hours.
Fucosyl molecule + Galactose.
For Lead in cases of lead poisoning.
Factor 8 defect.
Trisodium citrate in a black vial.
It provides a negative charge that activates the clotting pathway.
Greater than 45 kg.
25 to 30 seconds.
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome.
Lectin and anti-H antibodies.
Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3.
Eccentric nucleus and perinuclear halo.
Serum.
If the machine is working, the shelf life is 5 days; if it stops, it reduces to only 1 day.
Gp1b/IX.
Daratumumab.
8 times.
Factor 9 defect.
Lavender top vial.
RAT: Renal involvement, Anemia (hemolytic), Thrombocytopenia.
Platelets are decreased and bleeding time (BT) increases.
Bony lytic lesions.
They indicate the presence of multiple myeloma.
5-6 times.
1:4.
Factors 2, 7, 9, and 10.
2.4 hours.
They are returned to the donor.
To filter out white blood cells from the blood.
There is a loss of Zeta potential, causing RBCs to stick together and form rouleaux.
Factors getting diluted when many blood products are transfused, leading to bleeding.
Because it resembles hemophilia A.
An intranuclear inclusion found in bone marrow aspirate.
A type of cell found in bone marrow aspirate associated with multiple myeloma.
A urea clot solubility test.
Red, Golden yellow, Bright yellow, Orange.
To separate blood into components using centrifugation.
In a refrigerator at 2-6 degrees Celsius.
Metabolic alkalosis due to increased bicarbonate production.
Only 5 days.
RBC, platelets, and fresh frozen plasma.
Calcium levels elevated (>11 gm/dL).
Dextrose or glucose.
It can cause initial hyperglycemia followed by hypoglycemia.
Anemia (Hb < 10 g/dL).
Antibodies (Ig) and plasma cells.
30 minutes.
TENe 10.
An immunity discrepancy between donor and recipient, where the donor is immunocompetent and the recipient is immunocompromised.
White blood cells with spikes.
IgG.
A problem in bleeding time.
8 to 15 minutes.
100-120 ml each.
The spleen removes entire platelets, resulting in thrombocytopenia.
MRI shows at least 1 lesion of >5 mm.
For Automated ESR tests.
For HLA typing and paternity testing.
By dividing the patient's PT by the PT of a normal person.
In other countries, CMV is tested while donating blood, but not in India.
A negative charge called Zeta potential.
Skin, intestines, and liver.
O blood group.
A cytoplasmic inclusion found in bone marrow aspirate.
Heparin binds to PF4, forming a complex that leads to antibody formation.
Afibrinogenemia or Hypofibrinogenemia.
It has a qualitative defect in VWF.
Trisodium citrate.
60 minutes.
Acid citrate dextrose (ACD).
Structures present in endothelial cells that contain von Willebrand factor and P-selectin.
Fucosyl molecule not adding to any molecule.
Low platelet count and elevated bleeding time.
It indirectly causes factor 8 deficiency.
A problem in APTT and PT.
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) due to its storage temperature of 20-24°C.
To provide energy to cells (ATP).
It causes umbilical cord stump bleeding.
Cryoprecipitate.
Blood samples in an EDTA vial and a plain red vial, along with urine for hemoglobinuria testing.
It is the most severe with zero VWF.
Hormone profile tests like T3, T4, HCG, Prolactin, LH, FSH, Testosterone, KFT, and LFT.
