All types of T cells.
Class switching to IgE and IgG, and induces B cell growth.
Activated macrophages and dendritic cells.
Allergen avoidance.
Discoid lupus erythematosus.
IgA.
Severe joint pain, swelling, and redness, often starting in the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint.
Timely drainage of pus and necrotic debris.
ANA (Antinuclear Antibody).
Cognitive dysfunction.
Induces fever and activates osteoclasts.
Sjogren's syndrome.
Smoking.
Knee.
Pleuritis without effusion.
A reactive symmetric form of polyarthritis affecting persons with visceral or disseminated tuberculosis.
Arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA).
Needle-shaped crystals that are negatively birefringent (yellow under parallel light and blue under perpendicular light).
C3a, C4a, C5a.
Serum uric acid levels greater than 535 μmol/L (greater than 9.0 mg/dL).
Acute non-purulent arthritis complicating an infection elsewhere.
Anti-TNF-alpha agents.
Necrotizing vasculitis, renal and visceral artery involvement with aneurysmal dilatations.
6 weeks or more.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Adaptive immunity.
Anti-Ro (SS-A).
Facilitate phagocytosis by coating antigens.
Females of reproductive age.
Polymyalgia rheumatica.
Takayasu arteritis.
Exclude other diseases.
Anti-dsDNA.
NSAIDs (like Indomethacin), colchicine, or glucocorticoids.
Chronic painless synovitis with effusion of large joints, particularly the knees and elbows.
Malar rash, Gottron's papules, heliotrope rash, mechanic's hands, high creatine kinase, positive ANA.
Pericarditis and mitral regurgitation.
Acute anterior uveitis.
Goodpasture's Syndrome.
Unilateral knee pain exacerbated by exertion and relieved by rest and NSAIDs; no warmth, swelling, or redness; (+) crepitus.
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD).
Bouchard's nodes.
Cyclophosphamide.
The absence of granulomatous inflammation and no pulmonary nodules.
NSAIDs.
Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase and islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies.
Nephritis.
Less than or equal to 6 mg/dL.
Allopurinol, Thiazides, Gold, Sulfonamides, Phenytoin, Penicillin.
1. Arthritis of the DIP joints, 2. Asymmetric oligoarthritis, 3. Symmetric polyarthritis, 4. Axial involvement, 5. Arthritis mutilans.
HLA-B27.
Endothelium, causing WBC recruitment and vascular leak.
Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis.
IgG.
Fever, anemia, headaches, temporal tenderness, jaw claudication, high ESR, stiffness, and muscle pains.
Ischemic optic neuropathy.
The knee.
Chlamydia, Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, E. coli.
Young adult males.
It is a major neutrophil chemotactic factor and modulates inflammatory response.
Periarticular osteopenia.
Limited Scleroderma and CREST Syndrome.
Joint pains, pleural or pericardial effusions, photosensitive rash, microscopic hematuria or proteinuria, oral ulcers.
Secrete IFN-y, enhancing the ability of monocytes and macrophages to kill microbes.
IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13.
Sternoclavicular joints.
Pericarditis.
Normocytic normochromic anemia.
Pitting, horizontal ridging, onycholysis, yellowish discoloration, and dystrophic hyperkeratosis.
Stimulates growth and differentiation of eosinophils.
Infectious arthritis.
Graves' Disease.
Knee.
Monoarthritis.
Glomerulonephritis, palpable purpura, gastrointestinal symptoms, and recent respiratory infection.
NSAIDs.
Cardiovascular disease.
Differentiates T cells into TH1 and activates NK cells.
Methotrexate.
Acetaminophen or Paracetamol.
Pencil-in-cup deformity and marginal erosions with adjacent bony proliferation.
Asthma, peripheral and tissue eosinophilia, extravascular granuloma, and vasculitis of multiple organ systems.
Fever and acute phase proteins.
Anti-CCP.
Staphylococcus aureus.
Diffuse Scleroderma.
IgM and IgD.
A link between innate and adaptive immune systems.
Cutaneous vasculitis.
Granulomatous necrotizing vasculitis of the upper and lower respiratory tract and kidney.
Stimulates bone marrow stem cells.
A triad of neutropenia, splenomegaly, and nodular RA.
Myasthenia Gravis (MG).
Obese, elderly females.
Age.
Osteophytes.
Palpable purpura, pulmonary infiltrates, microscopic hematuria, chronic inflammatory sinusitis, mononeuritis multiplex, unexplained ischemic events, and glomerulonephritis.
Insidious onset of dull pain in the lower lumbar or gluteal region.
Synovial inflammation and proliferation, focal bone erosions, thinning of the articular cartilage.
Staphylococcus aureus.
Joint loading and joint vulnerability.
Sacroiliitis.
Hematogenous.
Anti-Thyroglobulin and Anti-TPO (Thyroid Peroxidase).
Heberden's nodes.
IgM against the Fe portion of IgG.
Joint MRI.
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC).
Anti-Ro (SS-A) and Anti-LA (SS-B).
