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Where is the impulse processed after ascending the spinal cord?
By specific nuclei in the thalamus.
In which course is Figure 17 found?
Human Structure and Function 1.
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p.4
Somatosensory Pathways

Where is the impulse processed after ascending the spinal cord?

By specific nuclei in the thalamus.

p.7
Neuronal Communication and Synapses

In which course is Figure 17 found?

Human Structure and Function 1.

p.2
Homunculus Representation

What is the significance of the homunculus in understanding the nervous system?

It helps visualize the distribution of motor and sensory functions in the brain.

p.8
Relationships within the Nervous System

What do solid arrows represent in the nervous system diagram?

Efferent or descending pathways.

p.1
Somatotopy in the Brain and Spinal Cord

What does somatotopy in the brain and spinal cord refer to?

The correlation of specific areas of the body to specific areas of the nervous system.

p.1
Somatotopy in the Brain and Spinal Cord

How are the lower limbs represented in the cerebral cortex?

Medially.

p.5
Somatic Motor Pathways

What happens when the desire to initiate movement occurs?

Cortical upper motor neurons are activated, and their axons descend through the brainstem and spinal cord.

p.1
Contralateral Impulse Processing

What is contralateral impulse processing?

The right side of the brain receives sensory impulses from the left side of the body and vice versa.

p.3
Somatotopy in the Brain and Spinal Cord

What does somatotopy in the spinal cord refer to?

The mapping of body regions onto specific areas of the spinal cord.

p.3
Somatotopy in the Brain and Spinal Cord

What is the relationship between somatotopy and body function?

Somatotopy allows for precise control and processing of sensory and motor functions related to specific body parts.

p.8
Relationships within the Nervous System

What is the purpose of building circuits using the nervous system flowchart?

To understand the relationships between different elements of the nervous system.

p.1
Homunculus Representation

What is the homunculus?

A visual representation of the motor and somatosensory somatotopy of the cerebral cortex.

p.6
Autonomic Reflexes

What types of muscles do postganglionic neurons synapse on?

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

p.1
Homunculus Representation

Which body areas have large cortical representations and why?

Hands, feet, and face; because they are the most sensitive and require fine motor control.

p.5
Basic Somatic Reflexes

What are the minimum components required for basic somatic reflexes?

A sensory receptor, an afferent neuron, an efferent neuron, and a target (effector).

p.9
Relationships within the Nervous System

What will be the focus of the neuroscience content presented in the upcoming weeks?

The connections between the spinal cord, peripheral receptors, and muscles.

p.7
Relationships within the Nervous System

What topics are covered in the course related to Figure 17?

Neuroscience, Gross Anatomy, and Microanatomy.

p.8
Relationships within the Nervous System

What do the colors of the arrows in the nervous system diagram represent?

The origin of the nervous impulse.

p.6
Basic Somatic Reflexes

What is the role of the afferent neuron in the reflex arc?

It transduces the signal and transmits impulses to the CNS.

p.1
Cortical Regions and Impulse Processing

What are the two aspects of impulse processing represented by the homunculus?

1) Location of impulse integration in the cerebral cortex; 2) Extent of innervation.

p.6
Autonomic Reflexes

What is the effect of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems on target organs?

They create opposing effects.

p.4
Somatosensory Pathways

What is the role of specific peripheral sensory receptors?

They respond to unique stimuli and become activated.

p.5
Basic Somatic Reflexes

Can basic somatic reflexes contain additional components?

Yes, they may also contain interneurons.

p.5
Basic Somatic Reflexes

What is an example of a basic somatic reflex?

The knee-jerk reflex.

p.2
Homunculus Representation

What does the motor homunculus represent?

The representation of motor functions in the brain.

p.9
Relationships within the Nervous System

What should students do as the course continues?

Revisit the diagram to organize new information and review key relationships of the nervous system.

p.8
Basic Somatic Reflexes

How does the knee-jerk reflex work?

Sensory receptors relay impulses to afferent neurons, which synapse in the spinal cord to activate efferent motor neurons that synapse on skeletal muscle effector cells.

p.6
Autonomic Reflexes

What are the minimum components required for basic autonomic reflexes?

A sensory receptor, an afferent neuron, a preganglionic efferent neuron, a postganglionic efferent neuron, and a target (effector).

p.5
Somatic Motor Pathways

What is the role of the primary motor cortex in somatic motor pathways?

It relays motor commands to subcortical motor areas via upper motor neurons.

p.4
Somatosensory Pathways

What is the basic sequence of components in somatosensory pathways?

A sensory receptor and three afferent neurons.

p.4
Somatosensory Pathways

What happens after a sensory receptor is activated?

Sensory neurons transduce the signal.

p.4
Somatosensory Pathways

What is the final destination for conscious processing of sensory information?

The cerebral cortex.

p.4
Somatosensory Pathways

What is the role of the third-order thalamic relay neuron?

It synapses in the primary somatosensory cortex for conscious appreciation.

p.3
Somatotopy in the Brain and Spinal Cord

Why is somatotopy important in neuroscience?

It helps in understanding how sensory and motor information is organized in the nervous system.

p.2
Homunculus Representation

In which field is the concept of homunculus primarily studied?

Neuroscience.

p.8
Relationships within the Nervous System

What do dashed arrows indicate in the nervous system diagram?

Afferent or ascending pathways.

p.6
Basic Somatic Reflexes

What does the LMN do in the patellar reflex?

It activates the muscles in the thigh to cause knee extension.

p.6
Autonomic Reflexes

What is the starting point for the long preganglionic parasympathetic neuron?

In the sacral spinal cord or certain cranial nerves.

p.1
Somatotopy in the Brain and Spinal Cord

Where are the upper limbs represented in the cerebral cortex?

Superior and lateral.

p.5
Somatic Motor Pathways

What do lower motor neurons (LMNs) do in somatic motor pathways?

LMN axons synapse directly onto skeletal muscle to produce movement.

p.1
Somatotopy in the Brain and Spinal Cord

How does somatotopy exist in the spinal cord?

Impulses from cervical regions localize towards the gray matter, while lumbar and sacral regions localize away from it.

p.4
Somatosensory Pathways

What occurs after the first-order afferent neuron transmits the signal?

It synapses on the second-order neuron in the CNS.

p.7
Autonomic Reflexes

What is the focus of Figure 17?

Example of autonomic pathways.

p.2
Homunculus Representation

What does the sensory homunculus illustrate?

The representation of sensory functions in the brain.

p.6
Basic Somatic Reflexes

What activates the muscle stretch receptor in the patellar reflex?

Tapping on the patellar ligament.

p.6
Autonomic Reflexes

Where does the short preganglionic sympathetic neuron begin?

In the thoracic or lumbar spinal cord.

p.5
Somatic Motor Pathways

What are the components required for somatic motor control?

One upper motor neuron, one lower motor neuron, and one target (often skeletal muscle).

p.5
Somatic Motor Pathways

What is the process of upper motor neurons (UMNs) in somatic motor control?

UMNs decussate, synapse on local motor neuron cell bodies in the spinal cord, and activate lower motor neurons.

p.4
Somatosensory Pathways

How does the afferent impulse travel to the CNS?

Afferent fibers relay the impulse into the CNS.

p.4
Somatosensory Pathways

What is the first step in the conscious appreciation of tactile sensation?

Touch stimulates a peripheral sensory receptor.

p.4
Somatosensory Pathways

What happens to the second-order neuron in the somatosensory pathway?

It decussates (crosses midline) to synapse on the thalamic relay neuron.

p.2
Homunculus Representation

Figures 11 and 12 are related to the ___ of the human body.

homunculus

p.9
Relationships within the Nervous System

As the course continues, it is important to revisit the ___ to organize new information.

diagram

p.8
Relationships within the Nervous System

In the knee-jerk reflex, sensory receptors relay impulses to ___ neurons.

afferent

p.4
Somatosensory Pathways

Somatosensory pathways generally require at least ___ components.

4

p.4
Somatosensory Pathways

The afferent impulse ascends the spinal cord and is processed by specific nuclei in the ___.

thalamus

p.1
Homunculus Representation

The homunculus is a visual representation of the motor and somatosensory ___ of the cerebral cortex.

somatotopy

p.3
Somatotopy in the Nervous System

The concept of ___ refers to the mapping of the body's surface onto the spinal cord.

somatotopy

p.3
Somatotopy in the Nervous System

Somatotopy is crucial for understanding the organization of the ___ system.

nervous

p.6
Basic Somatic Reflexes

The activation of the patellar ligament triggers a muscle stretch receptor, leading to the activation of an ___ neuron.

afferent

p.6
Basic Autonomic Reflexes

The basic autonomic reflex arc requires a minimum of ___ parts.

5

p.5
Somatic Motor Pathways

The primary motor cortex relays motor commands to subcortical motor areas via ___ motor neurons.

upper

p.5
Somatic Motor Pathways

The axons of upper motor neurons descend through the brainstem and ___ (cross the midline).

decussate

p.5
Basic Somatic Reflexes

Basic somatic reflexes require a minimum of ___ parts.

4

p.1
Somatotopy in the Nervous System

Impulses from cervical regions localize towards the gray matter of the spinal cord, while impulses from lumbar and sacral regions localize ___ from the gray matter.

away

p.7
Autonomic Reflexes

Figure 17 illustrates an example of ___ pathways.

autonomic

p.8
Relationships within the Nervous System

In the nervous system diagram, dashed arrows represent ___ pathways.

afferent or ascending

p.6
Basic Autonomic Reflexes

In the sympathetic nervous system, the short preganglionic neuron begins in the ___ spinal cord.

thoracic

p.5
Somatic Motor Pathways

In somatic motor control, a minimum of ___ components are required.

3

p.5
Somatic Motor Pathways

Upper motor neurons synapse on local motor neuron cell bodies in the gray matter of the ___ cord.

spinal

p.1
Homunculus Representation

The face is represented on the most ___ aspect of the sensory and motor homunculi.

lateral

p.3
Somatotopy in the Nervous System

In somatotopy, different regions of the body correspond to specific areas in the ___ cord.

spinal

p.9
Relationships within the Nervous System

The key relationships of the nervous system will be reviewed in the context of ___ structure and function.

human

p.6
Basic Somatic Reflexes

The afferent neuron transmits impulses to the ___ (in this case, spinal cord).

CNS

p.8
Relationships within the Nervous System

Efferent motor neurons synapse on ___ muscle effector cells.

skeletal

p.6
Basic Autonomic Reflexes

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons synapse on ___ muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

smooth

p.4
Somatosensory Pathways

The second-order neuron ___ to synapse on the thalamic relay neuron.

decussates

p.5
Basic Somatic Reflexes

The components of a basic somatic reflex include a sensory receptor, an afferent neuron, an efferent neuron, and a ___ (effector).

target

p.2
Homunculus Representation

The ___ homunculus represents the motor functions of the human body.

Motor

p.8
Relationships within the Nervous System

Solid arrows in the nervous system diagram indicate ___ pathways.

efferent or descending

p.4
Neuronal Communication and Synapses

Impulses in the nervous system are conducted through a sequence of neurons that communicate via ___.

synapses

p.4
Somatosensory Pathways

Specific peripheral sensory receptors respond to unique stimuli and become activated → sensory neurons ___ signal.

transduce

p.1
Somatotopy in the Nervous System

Somatotopy in the nervous system means that areas of the body correlate to specific areas of each ___ structure.

nervous

p.4
Somatosensory Pathways

The third-order thalamic relay neuron synapses in the primary ___ cortex.

somatosensory

p.5
Basic Somatic Reflexes

An example of a basic somatic reflex is the ___ reflex.

knee-jerk

p.2
Homunculus Representation

The ___ homunculus illustrates the sensory functions of the human body.

Sensory

p.9
Relationships within the Nervous System

The connections between the spinal cord, peripheral ___, and muscles are the focus of the neuroscience content.

receptors

p.8
Relationships within the Nervous System

Afferent neurons synapse in the spinal cord to activate ___ motor neurons.

efferent

p.6
Basic Autonomic Reflexes

The long preganglionic parasympathetic neuron begins in the ___ spinal cord.

sacral

p.4
Somatosensory Pathways

The first-order afferent neuron has its cell body in the peripheral sensory ___.

ganglion

p.1
Cortical Regions and Impulse Processing

The homunculus represents the location within the cerebral cortex where impulses from specific body regions are ___ and the extent of innervation.

integrated

p.1
Contralateral Impulse Processing

The cerebral cortex exhibits ___ impulse processing, meaning the right side of the brain receives sensory impulses from the left side of the body.

contralateral

p.1
Somatotopy in the Nervous System

The lower limbs are represented ___ in the cerebral cortex, while the upper limbs are found superior and lateral.

medially

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