Question 1

Toxin activity results in fluid release or formation of ___.

Accepted Answer

edema

Question 2

Once the bacteria enter the blood stream, they begin producing ___.

Accepted Answer

exotoxin

Question 3

Antibiotic therapy for cutaneous anthrax includes ___, ___, or ___ .

Accepted Answer

Ciprofloxacin, Penicillin, Doxycycline

Question 4

In inhalational anthrax, the spores are inhaled and lodged in the ___ spaces.

Accepted Answer

alveolar

Question 5

The spores of inhalational anthrax survive ___ and germinate within the endosome.

Accepted Answer

phagocytosis

Question 6

Pulmonary anthrax is also known as ___ disease.

Accepted Answer

Woolsorter's

Question 7

Gastrointestinal anthrax occurs when spores reach the gastrointestinal tract after ___ contaminated animal meal.

Accepted Answer

ingesting

Question 8

EF has ___ activity similar to diphtheria pertussis toxin, increasing intracellular cAMP.

Accepted Answer

adenylate cyclase

Question 9

Treatment is successful only if it begins before a critical concentration of ___ has accumulated.

Accepted Answer

toxin

Question 10

Pulmonary anthrax results in massive pulmonary ___, haemorrhage and respiratory arrest.

Accepted Answer

edema

Question 11

Mac Fadyean’s stain comprises ___ and ___ for staining.

Accepted Answer

Mercury chloride, polychrome methylene blue

Question 12

Vaccination of ___, primarily cattle, is an important control measure for anthrax.

Accepted Answer

animals

Question 13

Inhalational anthrax is difficult to treat because symptoms appear only after ___ has multiplied.

Accepted Answer

B. anthracis

Question 14

The mortality rate for gastrointestinal anthrax is greater than ___%.

Accepted Answer

50

Question 15

The antibiotics used for treating cutaneous anthrax are the same as those used for ___ anthrax.

Accepted Answer

cutaneous

Question 16

Successful treatment of cutaneous anthrax requires timely intervention before the accumulation of ___ concentration.

Accepted Answer

toxin

Question 17

The ring acts like a ___ boring through the plasma membrane of the macrophage.

Accepted Answer

syringe

Question 18

Symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax appear ___ days after ingestion of undercooked meat.

Accepted Answer

2-5

Question 19

Skin infections from cutaneous anthrax initially resemble ___ bites.

Accepted Answer

insect

Question 20

Treatment for cutaneous anthrax is successful only if it begins before a critical concentration of ___ has accumulated.

Accepted Answer

toxin

Question 21

The cutaneous form of anthrax accounts for more than ___% of naturally occurring anthrax.

Accepted Answer

95

Question 22

People with a high occupational risk should be immunized with the cell-free vaccine obtainable from the ___.

Accepted Answer

CDC

Question 23

Specimens for laboratory diagnosis include materials from the ___.

Accepted Answer

eschar

Question 24

After germination, the bacteria spread to the regional ___ nodes and eventually to the blood stream.

Accepted Answer

lymph

Question 25

In the initial phase of the disease, symptoms include ___, malaise, non-productive cough, and some chest pain.

Accepted Answer

mild fever

Question 26

Anthrax toxin is composed of three distinct materials: Protective antigen (PA), Lethal factor (LF), and ___ factor (EF).

Accepted Answer

Edema

Question 27

LF interferes with a transcription factor regulating numerous ___ and other immunity genes.

Accepted Answer

cytokines

Question 28

The incubation period of cutaneous anthrax is ___ days.

Accepted Answer

1-15

Question 29

Cutaneous anthrax infection occurs through entry of spores via a ___ or ___ on the skin.

Accepted Answer

cut, abrasion

Question 30

Those who handle infected animals or their products are considered to have a ___ occupational risk.

Accepted Answer

high

Question 31

The selective medium used for Bacillus is ___ medium.

Accepted Answer

PLET

Question 32

Regular media such as blood agar and nutrient agar are used because the organism grows well on ___.

Accepted Answer

regular media

Question 33

The primary lesions in gastrointestinal anthrax are ___, allowing B. anthracis to become blood-borne.

Accepted Answer

ulcerative

Question 34

Without antibiotic treatment, mortality from cutaneous anthrax can be as high as ___%.

Accepted Answer

20

Question 35

Even if antibiotics kill the bacteria, the ___ can still eventually kill the patient.

Accepted Answer

exotoxin

Question 36

About ___ of the 18 cases of inhalation anthrax reported in the U.S. between 1900 and 1978 were fatal.

Accepted Answer

16

Question 37

For a successful infection, ___ must invade the host’s innate immune system by killing macrophages.

Accepted Answer

B. anthracis

Question 38

Treatment for naturally-acquired cutaneous anthrax should continue for ___ to ___ days.

Accepted Answer

7, 10

Question 39

The second phase of the disease is characterized by a higher fever, acute dyspnoea, and ___.

Accepted Answer

cyanosis

Question 40

Cutaneous anthrax is primarily caused by the bacterium ___ ___ .

Accepted Answer

Bacillus anthracis

Question 41

The initial symptom of cutaneous anthrax is a small, raised ___ that develops into a sore.

Accepted Answer

bump

Question 42

The medial lethal inhalation dose for humans has been estimated to about ___ spores.

Accepted Answer

8,000

Question 43

Macrophages have many anthrax toxin receptors on their plasma membranes to which the ___ portion of the exotoxin systematically attaches.

Accepted Answer

PA

Question 44

Attachment continues until ___ complexes gather in a doughnut-shaped ring.

Accepted Answer

7PA-ATK

Question 45

Cutaneous anthrax lesions typically develop into a characteristic ___ that is painless.

Accepted Answer

ulcer

Question 46

None of the components of anthrax toxin is active alone; the combination of protective antigen and either of the other two antigens have ___ properties.

Accepted Answer

toxic

Question 47

The three components of anthrax toxin are Protective antigen (PA), Lethal factor (LF), and Edema factor (EF), but only the combination of protective antigen with ___ or ___ has toxic properties.

Accepted Answer

Lethal factor, Edema factor

Question 48

Once inside the endosome, the PA molecules form a special ___ that pierces the endosomes’ membranes.

Accepted Answer

pore

Question 49

After binding ___ and ___, the entire complex is engulfed by the macrophages’ plasma membrane.

Accepted Answer

EF, LH

Question 50

In a positive Mac Fadyean’s stain, the bacilli appear ___ in color, surrounded by ___ material.

Accepted Answer

blue, purplish

Question 51

The basis for confirming the identity of the organism is ___.

Accepted Answer

PCR