What should be done with loose papers and notebooks in the lab?
Keep them out of the lab.
p.29
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What can be used to detect when an automated hematology analyzer is out of calibration?
Following a moving average of indices.
p.14
Major Cell Types in Blood
What are lymphocytes?
A grouping of immune system-related cells.
p.38
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What may be required after reflex testing?
Additional testing may be required.
p.26
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
How is MCV calculated?
MCV = HCT x 10 / RBC x 10^12/L.
p.2
Overview of Hematology
What types of components does Hematology study?
All cellular types and proteins involved in clotting.
p.14
Major Cell Types in Blood
How do lymphocytes compare in size to granulocytes?
Lymphocytes are generally smaller than granulocytes.
p.10
Major Cell Types in Blood
How do WBCs appear on Wright stained smears?
They have a characteristic appearance that can be altered in disease states.
p.5
Historical Milestones in Hematology
What award did Paul Ehrlich receive for his work?
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908.
p.33
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What should be used to clean the eyepiece of a microscope?
Lens cleaner to remove dust particles.
p.24
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
How is hematocrit typically measured?
By centrifuging a blood sample to separate components.
p.4
Historical Milestones in Hematology
What did Malachowski and Romanowski discover in 1891?
They found that mixtures of methylene blue and eosin Y produced a unique shade of purple.
p.38
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What triggers reflex testing?
Machine flags abnormal results.
p.37
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What does precision refer to in testing?
It relates to the reproducibility and repeatability of test samples using the same methodology.
p.14
Major Cell Types in Blood
Do lymphocytes have segmented nuclei?
No, they usually do not have segmented nuclei.
p.10
Major Cell Types in Blood
Where can WBCs be found in the body?
In circulation, organs, and tissue spaces.
p.5
Historical Milestones in Hematology
What significant concept did Paul Ehrlich introduce in immunology?
The concept of the 'magic bullet' for targeted drug therapy.
p.6
Historical Milestones in Hematology
What modification did James Homer Wright make to Romanowsky stains?
He included methanol as a fixative in the procedure.
p.39
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What are pre-analytical factors in testing?
Factors that occur before analysis, such as specimen identification, proper collection methods, time, and specimen integrity.
p.23
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What does hematocrit measure?
The percentage of red blood cells in the blood.
p.31
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What specific genetic abnormality can be detected through Molecular Testing?
The Philadelphia chromosome.
p.37
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What does accuracy in a test result indicate?
It means the result is closest to the correct value if the reference value is known.
What activities are not allowed in the lab?
Eating, smoking, drinking, or applying cosmetics.
p.5
Historical Milestones in Hematology
Who was Paul Ehrlich?
A German physician and scientist known for his contributions to immunology and hematology.
p.7
Blood Composition and Constituents
What is the main difference between plasma and serum?
Plasma contains coagulation factors.
p.15
White Blood Cells (WBCs) Types and Functions
What are the main functions of monocytes?
They are active in phagocytosis and in the immune response to microorganisms.
p.28
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
How is MCHC calculated?
MCHC = (Hgb g/dL) x 100 / (Hct %).
p.4
Blood Composition and Constituents
What are the two types of dyes used in the Romanowsky stain?
Methylene blue (basic dye) and eosin Y (acid dye).
p.27
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What is the formula for calculating MCH?
MCH = Hemoglobin (g/dL) / RBCs x 10^12 / L.
p.17
Major Cell Types in Blood
What role do white blood cells (WBCs) play in the body?
They are essential for the immune response and help fight infections.
p.8
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What modern method is mainly used for cell counts?
Coulter method, electronic impedance.
p.30
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What do Esterase tests help to differentiate?
Myeloid from lymphoid cells.
p.9
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What is the purpose of supravital stains in reticulocyte counting?
They are mixed with fresh RBCs to prepare air-dried smears, revealing blue precipitate made of RNA remnants.
p.34
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What are some examples of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)?
Gloves, gowns/laboratory coats, and face shields.
p.25
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What does a low platelet count in a CBC suggest?
Possible bleeding disorders or bone marrow issues.
p.38
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What are delta checks used for?
To identify pre-analytical errors by comparing historical patient testing results.
p.36
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What are important components of quality control?
Standards/calibrations, control materials, and statistics.
p.36
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What does precision refer to in laboratory testing?
The consistency of repeated measurements.
p.26
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Characteristics
What is the normal value for MCV?
About 90 fL (normal range 80 to 100 fL).
p.12
White Blood Cells (WBCs) Types and Functions
What are the two major types of White Blood Cells (WBC)?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes.
p.33
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What should you ensure when using a microscope slide?
Use the correct side of the slide.
p.1
Overview of Hematology
What is the focus of Clinical Hematology?
The study and treatment of blood disorders.
p.6
Historical Milestones in Hematology
What significant textbook did James Homer Wright co-author?
The main Pathology textbook of that time.
p.22
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
How is hemoglobin measured?
Spectrophotometrically at 540 nm as cyanomethemoglobin.
p.23
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
How is hematocrit measured?
By centrifuging a capillary tube filled with blood.
p.32
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What is the primary function of a microscope?
To magnify small objects for detailed observation.
p.20
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
How is a cover glass positioned in a hemocytometer?
It is supported a known distance above the slide.
p.16
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
How are platelets counted?
Manually in a counting chamber or electronically by automated analyzers.
p.25
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What is the normal range for platelets in a CBC?
Approximately 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter.
p.29
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
Why are indices stable within a normal population?
They provide consistent reference values for comparison.
p.36
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What statistical methods are used in quality control?
Standard deviation studies and coefficient of variation.
p.19
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
Why are blood clotting function tests grouped with other hematology studies?
Due to the similarity of specimen requirements, as both use whole blood.
p.12
White Blood Cells (WBCs) Types and Functions
What do Basophils contain and what is their role?
They contain large dark purple granules and are involved in allergic reactions.
p.4
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What modifications were made to stabilize Romanowsky stains?
Using methanol as a solvent (Leishman and Wright) and adding glycerol (Giemsa).
p.30
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What is the purpose of cytochemical stains in hematology?
To identify specific cell types and characteristics.
p.30
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What is the Sudan Black stain used for?
To identify lipids in cells.
p.9
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
How are manual counts of reticulocytes performed?
Using supravital stains, specifically New Methylene Blue-N.
p.20
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
How are red blood cells counted using a hemocytometer?
RBCs are counted in a prescribed area of the grid.
p.25
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What is a normal range for red blood cells (RBCs) in a CBC?
Approximately 4.5 to 6 million cells per microliter.
p.31
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What is Flow Cytometry used for?
It is used for both quantitative and qualitative analysis.
p.19
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What are Indices in hematology?
Mathematical calculations of the average size and hemoglobin content of RBCs.
p.40
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
Who determines the critical range for reporting values?
Each laboratory determines its own critical range.
p.13
White Blood Cells (WBCs) Types and Functions
What is the role of lymphocytes?
Involved in specific immunological response against foreign molecules.
p.12
White Blood Cells (WBCs) Types and Functions
What is the main function of Neutrophils?
They are the main phagocyte in circulating blood.
p.11
White Blood Cells (WBCs) Types and Functions
How can white blood cells (WBCs) be counted?
Manually in a counting chamber or electronically.
p.24
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What does a low hematocrit level suggest?
Possible anemia or blood loss.
p.18
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What does CBC stand for?
Complete Blood Cell Count.
p.8
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What stain is commonly used to study blood cells?
Wright stain, a Romanowski stain.
p.21
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What is a hemocytometer used for?
To count blood cells and other cells in a sample.
p.21
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What is the typical volume of fluid that a hemocytometer chamber holds?
0.1 mm³ (cubic millimeter).
p.30
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What are acid and alkaline phosphatase tests used for?
To assess enzyme activity in cells.
p.34
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What type of equipment is essential for Standard Precautions?
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
p.25
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What is the significance of hemoglobin levels in a CBC?
It indicates the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
p.38
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What are reference values in laboratory testing?
Normal values determined by population.
p.2
Overview of Hematology
What is Hematology traditionally defined as?
The study of blood and its constituents.
p.36
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What is the primary purpose of Quality Assurance in laboratories?
To ensure laboratory reliability.
p.2
Overview of Hematology
What conditions does Hematology focus on?
Both health and pathological conditions.
What is prohibited regarding mouth pipetting in the lab?
No mouth pipetting is allowed.
p.37
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What happens to precision if there is great variability of results around a target value?
The precision is compromised.
p.36
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What does accuracy refer to in laboratory testing?
The closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value.
p.10
Major Cell Types in Blood
What is a key characteristic of WBCs?
They are nucleated and colorless, meaning they do not contain hemoglobin.
p.13
White Blood Cells (WBCs) Types and Functions
What are the two subtypes of agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and Monocytes.
What personal hygiene practices should be followed in the lab?
Keep nails short and facial hair trimmed.
p.12
White Blood Cells (WBCs) Types and Functions
What are the three subtypes of Granulocytes?
Neutrophils, Basophils, and Eosinophils.
p.5
Historical Milestones in Hematology
What did Paul Ehrlich contribute to hematology?
He developed staining techniques that allowed for the differentiation of blood cells.
p.15
Major Cell Types in Blood
What is the size comparison of monocytes to granulocytes?
Monocytes are usually about the same size as, or slightly larger than, granulocytes.
p.33
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
How should you clean the 40x lens of a microscope?
Wipe off with lint-free paper.
p.12
White Blood Cells (WBCs) Types and Functions
What are Eosinophils involved in?
Allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
p.15
Major Cell Types in Blood
What is characteristic of the cytoplasm of monocytes?
It normally has few granules.
p.6
Historical Milestones in Hematology
What journal did James Homer Wright co-found?
The New England Journal of Medicine.
p.4
Historical Milestones in Hematology
Who discovered aniline dyes and when?
William Henry Perkin in 1856.
p.39
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What are analytical factors in testing?
Factors that occur during analysis, such as controls being out of range, contaminated reagents, and expired reagents.
p.28
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Characteristics
What does Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) measure?
The concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed RBCs.
p.11
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
In what situations is WBC counting done manually?
In non-modern field situations.
p.39
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What does it mean if controls are out of range?
It indicates a potential error in the analytical process.
p.27
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What does Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) measure?
The average mass of hemoglobin per RBC in a sample.
p.18
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What additional information is included in a CBC from a stained smear?
The observed percentage of each WBC type and an estimation of platelets.
p.29
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What is the significance of using a moving average in hematology analysis?
It helps in monitoring the stability and calibration of the analyzer.
p.40
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What are two key activities involved in the post-analytical phase of laboratory testing?
Documentation and reporting critical values.
p.13
White Blood Cells (WBCs) Types and Functions
What are monocytes known for?
They are the largest white blood cells and migrate to tissues to become macrophages.
p.15
Major Cell Types in Blood
What type of nucleus do monocytes have?
A lobular nucleus with a folded, finely net-like chromatin pattern.
p.24
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What does a high hematocrit level indicate?
Possible dehydration or polycythemia.
p.11
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What is used in the WBC diluent to clear the counting field of RBCs?
A lysing agent, such as dilute acetic acid.
p.24
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What is the normal range for hematocrit in adults?
Approximately 38% to 52% for men and 34% to 46% for women.
p.18
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What does HCT measure in a CBC?
The volume of RBCs as a percentage.
p.8
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What device is traditionally used to count red blood cells?
Hemacytometer counting chamber.
p.17
Major Cell Types in Blood
How do red blood cells (RBCs) differ from white blood cells (WBCs)?
RBCs primarily transport oxygen, while WBCs are involved in immune defense.
p.21
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What is the significance of dilution in hemocytometer usage?
Dilution helps to achieve a countable concentration of cells.
p.9
Blood Composition and Constituents
What does an increased reticulocyte count indicate?
Increased RBC production.
p.20
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What are the units for reporting red blood cell count?
Number of RBCs per liter (RBC/L).
p.40
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What is the purpose of reporting critical values in a laboratory?
To ensure proper patient attention by notifying caregivers of values in the critical range.
p.40
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What is involved in the calculation/dilutions process in laboratory testing?
It involves preparing samples to ensure accurate test results.
p.24
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What is the purpose of measuring hematocrit?
To determine the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells.
p.11
White Blood Cells (WBCs) Types and Functions
Why is the dilution for counting WBCs not as great as for RBCs?
Because there are fewer WBCs than RBCs.
p.39
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What is a potential issue with reagents during analysis?
Reagents can be contaminated or expired.
p.18
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What are the components measured in a CBC?
WBC count, RBC count, Platelet count, Hemoglobin concentration, HCT, and Stained peripheral smear examination.
p.21
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What type of cells can be counted using a hemocytometer?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
p.3
Historical Milestones in Hematology
What significant contribution did Antony van Leeuwenhoek make in 1674?
He described red blood cells (RBCs).
p.30
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What does the Periodic acid-Schiff stain highlight?
Glycogen and mucopolysaccharides.
p.5
Historical Milestones in Hematology
What is Paul Ehrlich famous for?
Developing the first effective treatment for syphilis and pioneering the field of chemotherapy.
p.33
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What maintenance step is necessary for the light source of a microscope?
Remove dust from the light source.
p.39
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What can affect specimen integrity?
Improper collection methods and time delays.
p.4
Historical Milestones in Hematology
What significant contribution did Paul Ehrlich make?
He developed cell and tissue stains.
p.17
Major Cell Types in Blood
What are the primary types of cells found in blood?
Red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
p.32
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What are the main types of microscopes?
Light microscopes and electron microscopes.
p.3
Historical Milestones in Hematology
What advancements did Paul Ehrlich contribute in the 1800s?
Differential stains for cells and tissues, stain for M. tuberculosis, theory of immunity, toxin-antitoxin reactions, and antimicrobial drugs including Salvarsan.
p.34
Quality Assurance in Hematology Laboratories
What is the main principle of Standard Precautions?
Treat all specimens as a potential source of infection.
p.21
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What is the basic principle behind using a hemocytometer?
It uses a grid pattern to facilitate counting cells under a microscope.
p.17
Major Cell Types in Blood
What are the different types of white blood cells (WBCs)?
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
p.3
Historical Milestones in Hematology
What is the Wright Stain and who developed it?
The Wright Stain was developed by James Homer Wright in 1902.
p.17
Major Cell Types in Blood
What is the main function of red blood cells (RBCs)?
To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues.
p.32
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What is the advantage of an electron microscope?
It provides higher resolution and magnification than light microscopes.
p.32
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What is the purpose of the eyepiece in a microscope?
To further magnify the image produced by the objective lens.
p.16
Platelets and Their Role in Clotting
How are platelets produced?
From the fragmentation of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.
p.25
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What is the normal range for white blood cells (WBCs) in a CBC?
Approximately 4,000 to 11,000 cells per microliter.
p.32
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
How does a light microscope work?
It uses visible light to illuminate specimens.
p.17
Major Cell Types in Blood
What is the function of platelets in the blood?
To assist in blood clotting and prevent bleeding.
p.3
Historical Milestones in Hematology
What notable award did Paul Ehrlich receive in 1908?
Nobel Prize in Medicine, shared with Metchnikoff.
p.20
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
How is the number of RBCs per unit volume calculated?
From the count of RBCs in the prescribed area.
p.25
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What is a normal hemoglobin range for adult males?
Approximately 13.8 to 17.2 grams per deciliter.
p.32
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What is the role of the objective lens in a microscope?
To gather light from the specimen and magnify the image.
p.16
Major Cell Types in Blood
What type of cells are platelets?
Very small anuclear cells.
p.9
Major Cell Types in Blood
What are reticulocytes?
Young red blood cells (RBCs) that have a slight blue-gray tint and are slightly larger than other RBCs.
p.20
Measurement Techniques in Hematology
What is a hemocytometer?
A special slide ruled in a grid of known dimensions.
p.25
Laboratory Testing: Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
What does a high white blood cell (WBC) count indicate?
Possible infection or inflammation.
