p.1
Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Infections
Why should one be cautious in a hospital setting?
Because of the dangers posed by nosocomial infections.
p.2
Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Infections
What contributes to the accumulation of patients with infections in hospitals?
The presence of respiratory pathogens and increased risk for acquiring infections.
p.3
Types of Hospital-Acquired Infections
How can hospital outbreaks occur?
Through contamination and transmission among patients and healthcare workers.
p.4
Spread of Nosocomial Pathogens
How do nosocomial pathogens typically spread?
Through direct contact, contaminated surfaces, and medical equipment.
p.8
Urinary Tract Infections: Causes and Prevention
What is typically done during a cystoscopy?
Biopsies are usually taken during the examination.
p.9
Urinary Tract Infections: Causes and Prevention
What is a risk factor for urinary tract infections from drainage bags?
Entry from contaminated urine in the drainage bag.
p.12
Common Causes of Nosocomial Infections
What should be done to the outlet of the drainage bag before and after emptying?
Disinfect the outlet with an alcohol wipe.
p.21
Bloodstream Infections from Intravascular Catheters
What is a common cause of bacteremia related to intravascular catheterization?
Contamination during insertion or during container change.
p.8
Urinary Tract Infections: Causes and Prevention
What is a cystoscope?
A flexible tube used to view the structure of the bladder.
p.9
Urinary Tract Infections: Causes and Prevention
What can lead to urinary tract infections during catheter movement?
Late entry during movement along the catheter.
p.22
Bloodstream Infections from Intravascular Catheters
What is a common source of contamination in catheter hubs?
Medical staff’s normal flora.
p.23
Bloodstream Infections from Intravascular Catheters
Which solution should be used to prepare the skin before catheter insertion?
Chlorhexidine solution (2%).
p.14
Common Causes of Nosocomial Infections
What does MRSA stand for?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
p.17
Types of Hospital-Acquired Infections
When should the dressing be replaced?
Only if excess oozing is noted.
p.10
Common Causes of Nosocomial Infections
What does biofilm formation allow bacteria to do?
It allows for multiplication.
p.3
Common Causes of Nosocomial Infections
What are some common sources of contamination that can lead to nosocomial infections?
Instruments, clothing, environment, healthcare workers, and other patients.
p.4
Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Infections
What role do healthcare workers play in the spread of nosocomial pathogens?
They can transmit pathogens through hand contact and inadequate hygiene practices.
p.26
Clostridium difficile Infections: Risks and Control Measures
What conclusion can be drawn about alcohol hand rub's effectiveness against C. difficile?
It is NOT effective in removal of C. difficile.
p.16
Surgical Site Infections: Pathogens and Prevention
What is the recommended method for skin preparation before surgery?
Application of antiseptic and using a clipper instead of a razor.
p.16
Surgical Site Infections: Pathogens and Prevention
What technique should be applied for surgical hand preparation?
Surgical hand-rubbing technique.
p.22
Bloodstream Infections from Intravascular Catheters
What can lead to contamination during catheter insertion?
Contamination during insertion.
p.16
Surgical Site Infections: Pathogens and Prevention
What is antibiotic prophylaxis and when is it indicated?
It is the use of antibiotics before surgery, indicated in surgeries involving implants or expected high blood loss.
p.2
Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Infections
What effect does antibiotic therapy have on patients?
It disturbs normal flora and increases the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
p.4
Common Causes of Nosocomial Infections
What is the significance of antibiotic resistance in nosocomial infections?
It makes infections harder to treat and increases the risk of complications.
p.15
Surgical Site Infections: Pathogens and Prevention
What is the primary focus of the image linked?
Bacteriology of surgical procedures.
p.8
Urinary Tract Infections: Causes and Prevention
How are patients often prepared for a cystoscopy?
Patients are often anesthetized locally during the procedure.
p.3
Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Infections
What role does antibiotic pressure play in nosocomial infections?
It assists in the development and spread of these infections.
p.20
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Prevention Strategies
What mouthwash is recommended for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia?
Chlorhexidine mouthwash, at least two times a day.
p.14
Common Causes of Nosocomial Infections
What type of antibiotics is MRSA resistant to?
β-lactam antibiotics, such as methicillin.
p.16
Surgical Site Infections: Pathogens and Prevention
When should antibiotic prophylaxis be administered?
Just before surgery, within 120 minutes.
p.16
Surgical Site Infections: Pathogens and Prevention
What type of antibiotics should be used for prophylaxis?
Narrow spectrum antibiotics instead of broad spectrum.
p.14
Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Infections
Who is at higher risk for MRSA infections?
Immuno-compromised patients.
p.7
Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Infections
Who are the vulnerable groups for urinary tract infections?
Catheterized patients and patients undergoing urological procedures.
p.20
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Prevention Strategies
When should the ventilator be disconnected to help prevent pneumonia?
Once patients can breathe on their own.
p.11
Urinary Tract Infections: Causes and Prevention
What technique should be used when handling catheters?
Aseptic technique with sterile equipment.
p.22
Bloodstream Infections from Intravascular Catheters
What is hematogenous spread in relation to catheter infections?
The spread of infection through the bloodstream.
p.14
Common Causes of Nosocomial Infections
Where can MRSA be commonly found in healthy individuals?
On the skin or in the nose.
p.14
Common Causes of Nosocomial Infections
What types of infections can MRSA cause?
Serious infections, including those from open wounds or invasive devices.
p.7
Common Nosocomial Pathogens
What are the main pathogenic microbes associated with urinary tract infections?
E. coli, Candida auris, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Pseudomonas spp, and Serratia spp.
p.2
Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Infections
How does surgery increase the risk of nosocomial infections?
It can create wounds that are susceptible to infections.
p.24
Common Nosocomial Pathogens
What type of organism is Clostridium difficile?
Anaerobic spore-forming bacillus.
p.2
Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Infections
Who is at increased risk for nosocomial infections due to immuno-suppressive therapy?
Patients who are immuno-compromised because of their disease.
p.4
Types of Hospital-Acquired Infections
What environments are particularly conducive to the spread of nosocomial pathogens?
Intensive care units and surgical wards.
p.14
Common Causes of Nosocomial Infections
What are some examples of invasive devices that can lead to MRSA infections?
Intravenous catheters and urinary catheters.
p.25
Clostridium difficile Infections: Risks and Control Measures
What type of hand hygiene is recommended for healthcare workers when dealing with CDI?
Perform hand hygiene with alcohol and hand washing.
p.5
Common Nosocomial Pathogens
What is Escherichia coli's role in nosocomial infections?
It is a common pathogen that can cause various infections, including urinary tract infections.
p.13
Surgical Site Infections: Pathogens and Prevention
What type of environment can contribute to the transmission of surgical site infections?
A 'dry' environment, such as linen, air, or dust.
p.9
Urinary Tract Infections: Causes and Prevention
How can a failed closed drainage system contribute to urinary tract infections?
By allowing entry through failed closed drainage.
p.2
Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Infections
What physical barriers are often compromised in hospital settings?
Intravascular devices and urinary catheters.
p.12
Common Causes of Nosocomial Infections
How can you prevent contamination when emptying a drainage bag?
Prevent the outlet from touching the container.
p.16
Surgical Site Infections: Pathogens and Prevention
Which antibiotics are mentioned for prophylaxis?
Cefazolin and cefuroxime.
p.13
Surgical Site Infections: Pathogens and Prevention
What are some sources of transmission of surgical site infections from hospital staff?
From septic lesions of other patients.
p.18
Transmission of Hospital-Acquired Infections
How is viral pneumonia transmitted?
Similar to bacterial infections.
p.9
Urinary Tract Infections: Causes and Prevention
What is a common cause of urinary tract infections related to catheter use?
Early entry during catheter insertion.
p.7
Transmission of Infections
How can urinary tract infections be transmitted?
Through the patient's own fecal or skin flora and contaminated equipment like urinary catheters or endoscopes.
p.11
Urinary Tract Infections: Causes and Prevention
What should be avoided to prevent UTI related to catheters?
Routine irrigation of the catheter.
p.21
Bloodstream Infections from Intravascular Catheters
How can contamination occur due to container defects?
Defects in the container can lead to bacterial contamination.
p.10
Common Causes of Nosocomial Infections
How does biofilm formation affect host defense?
It avoids host defense mechanisms.
p.21
Bloodstream Infections from Intravascular Catheters
What does an in-line filter do in relation to bacteria and endotoxins?
It traps bacteria but allows endotoxin to pass through.
p.21
Bloodstream Infections from Intravascular Catheters
What malfunction can lead to contamination in intravascular catheterization?
Malfunctioning air inlet filter.
p.20
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Prevention Strategies
What is one method to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia?
Elevate the head of the bed between 30° and 45°.
p.11
Urinary Tract Infections: Causes and Prevention
When should a catheter be replaced to prevent UTI?
If it has been in place for more than two weeks.
p.4
Common Nosocomial Pathogens
What are nosocomial pathogens?
Infectious agents that are acquired in a hospital setting.
p.24
Common Causes of Nosocomial Infections
How is Clostridium difficile primarily transmitted?
Fecal-oral transmission through contaminated environment and hands of healthcare personnel.
p.5
Common Nosocomial Pathogens
What is MRSA?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a common nosocomial pathogen.
p.24
Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Infections
Who is at higher risk for Clostridium difficile infection?
Elderly individuals and patients with severe illness.
p.18
Common Nosocomial Pathogens
What is a main pathogenic microbe associated with pneumonia?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
p.5
Common Nosocomial Pathogens
What is Candida auris?
An emerging multidrug-resistant fungus that is a common nosocomial pathogen.
p.1
Definition and Impact of Nosocomial Infections
What is a nosocomial infection?
A hospital-acquired infection (HAI).
p.3
Definition and Impact of Nosocomial Infections
What are nosocomial infections?
Infections acquired in a hospital setting.
p.26
Clostridium difficile Infections: Risks and Control Measures
How effective were antiseptic hand wipes in removing C. difficile?
Mean decrease of 0.59 Log 10 CFU/ml.
p.11
Urinary Tract Infections: Causes and Prevention
What is important to check in a closed drainage system?
Routine checks to ensure it is functioning properly.
p.21
Bloodstream Infections from Intravascular Catheters
What is a potential source of contamination during the manufacture of intravenous products?
Contamination during manufacture.
p.11
Urinary Tract Infections: Causes and Prevention
What should be done cautiously when managing a urine drainage bag?
Emptying the urine drainage bag.
p.25
Clostridium difficile Infections: Risks and Control Measures
What is the recommended accommodation for patients with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)?
Patients should be accommodated in a single room.
p.5
Common Nosocomial Pathogens
What type of infection is Clostridium difficile associated with?
It is a common nosocomial pathogen known for causing severe diarrhea.
p.18
Common Nosocomial Pathogens
Which bacteria is known for causing pneumonia and is part of the upper respiratory flora?
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
p.18
Common Nosocomial Pathogens
Which virus is a main pathogenic microbe associated with pneumonia?
Respiratory syncytial virus.
p.10
Common Causes of Nosocomial Infections
What is a biofilm?
A structured community of microorganisms that can form on surfaces, such as urinary catheters.
p.22
Bloodstream Infections from Intravascular Catheters
What can contaminated fluid lead to in catheter use?
Infection in the bloodstream.
p.19
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Prevention Strategies
What is one method to prevent aerosolization in ventilator-associated pneumonia?
Use a closed suction system.
p.13
Surgical Site Infections: Pathogens and Prevention
How can surgical site infections be transmitted from the patient?
Through the patient's own skin or nasal flora.
p.24
Types of Hospital-Acquired Infections
What condition is associated with Clostridium difficile infection?
Pseudomembranous colitis.
p.4
Prevention Strategies for Nosocomial Infections
What preventive measures can reduce the spread of nosocomial pathogens?
Hand hygiene, sterilization of equipment, and isolation of infected patients.
p.19
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Prevention Strategies
Why should the ventilator's humidifier be positioned below bed level?
To prevent condensation from draining toward the patients.
p.24
Common Causes of Nosocomial Infections
What is the prerequisite for Clostridium difficile infection?
Acquisition of toxigenic C. difficile and toxin production.
p.21
Bloodstream Infections from Intravascular Catheters
How can contamination occur through the catheter itself?
Bacteria can enter through the catheter.
p.18
Transmission of Hospital-Acquired Infections
How can pneumonia-causing bacteria be transmitted?
From the patient's own upper respiratory flora, hospital environment, or mechanical ventilators.
p.21
Bloodstream Infections from Intravascular Catheters
What is a potential entry point for contamination in intravascular catheterization?
The entry point of the catheter.
p.25
Clostridium difficile Infections: Risks and Control Measures
What is the recommended cleaning agent for environmental cleansing in CDI cases?
Household bleach at least 1000 ppm (1:49) or 5000 ppm (1:9).
p.5
Common Nosocomial Pathogens
What type of bacteria does Enterococcus spp. represent?
A group of bacteria that can cause infections in healthcare settings.
