p.7
Blood Coagulation Pathways
What are the two categories of substances that regulate blood coagulation?
Anticoagulants and Procoagulants.
p.7
Blood Coagulation Pathways
What is the role of anticoagulants?
They inhibit coagulation and are predominant in the bloodstream under normal circumstances.
p.6
Mechanisms of Hemostasis
What is thromboxane A2?
A potent vasoconstrictor released from platelets.
p.7
Blood Coagulation Pathways
What initiates the extrinsic pathway?
A traumatized vascular wall or extravascular tissue in contact with blood.
p.6
Mechanisms of Hemostasis
What happens to blood flow when vascular constriction occurs?
It instantaneously reduces the flow of blood from the ruptured vessel.
p.1
Overview of Blood Composition and Function
What are the main components found in plasma?
Clotting factors, albumin, nutrients, blood gases, electrolytes, and regulatory substances.
p.1
Overview of Blood Composition and Function
What is the primary function of blood?
Transport molecules and nutrients to tissues, remove wastes from cells, and exchange fluid.
p.8
Blood Coagulation Pathways
What combination activates Factor X?
Activated Factor IX, Factor VIII, and platelet phospholipids.
p.7
Blood Coagulation Pathways
What is a blood clot?
A network of fibrin fibers that run in different orientations along the damaged tissues of blood vessels.
p.1
Erythrocytes: Function, Production, and Regulation
What do red blood cells primarily transport?
Hemoglobin that carries oxygen from lungs to tissues.
p.8
Mechanisms of Hemostasis
How does thrombomodulin affect procoagulant activity?
It binds to thrombin, removing it from circulation and releasing protein C, which inactivates factors V and VII.
p.1
Erythrocytes: Function, Production, and Regulation
What is the role of erythropoietin?
Stimulates the production of erythrocytes.
p.7
Blood Coagulation Pathways
What is tissue factor?
A substance released when tissue is injured, acting as an enzymatic agent in coagulation.
p.5
Transfusion Reactions and Rh Blood Group
What occurs during Rh incompatibility in pregnancy?
Rh positive antigens from the fetus can enter the mother's bloodstream, leading to agglutinin formation.
p.7
Blood Coagulation Pathways
What triggers the coagulation process?
When blood encounters damaged tissue or exposed collagen.
p.6
Blood Coagulation Pathways
What is the end goal of the coagulation pathways?
To activate prothrombin to thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
p.4
ABO Blood System and Blood Types
What happens in Type O blood?
Type O blood does not have A or B agglutinogens and will form both A and B agglutinins.
p.2
Erythrocytes: Function, Production, and Regulation
What abnormality in hemoglobin chain can lead to sickle cell anemia?
Substitution of valine to glutamic acid.
p.8
Blood Coagulation Pathways
What is required for the activation of Factor XI?
Activated Factor XII, high molecular weight kininogen, and prekallikrein.
p.1
Erythrocytes: Function, Production, and Regulation
What is hematocrit?
The volume of packed red blood cells in a blood sample.
p.5
Transfusion Reactions and Rh Blood Group
What happens when mismatched blood is transfused?
Agglutination occurs, clumping red blood cells (RBCs) and potentially plugging small vessels.
p.7
Blood Coagulation Pathways
What is the role of activated factor X in coagulation?
It binds with platelet phospholipids and inactive factor V to create prothrombin activator.
p.6
Platelet Plug Formation
What structural changes occur in platelets upon contact with damaged vascular surfaces?
Platelets swell and protrude pseudopods, becoming sticky to adhere to collagen.
p.5
Transfusion Reactions and Rh Blood Group
How is Rh incompatibility managed during pregnancy?
Rh immunoglobulin (anti-D antibody) is given to Rh negative mothers at 30 weeks of gestation.
p.2
Erythrocytes: Function, Production, and Regulation
What is the average concentration of RBCs in healthy women?
4,700,000 RBCs per cubic millimeter.
p.4
ABO Blood System and Blood Types
What is the ABO blood system?
The ABO blood system classifies blood into four major groups: A, B, AB, and O based on the presence or absence of A and B agglutinogens.
p.3
Classification and Types of Anemia
How can laboratory tests detect anemia?
By assessing RBC size and hemoglobin content.
p.5
Transfusion Reactions and Rh Blood Group
What are the clinical manifestations of transfusion reactions?
Shock (circulatory failure) and kidney failure.
p.1
Erythrocytes: Function, Production, and Regulation
What are pluripotent cells?
Stem cells from which blood cells arise.
p.5
Transfusion Reactions and Rh Blood Group
What is the outcome of agglutination in transfusion reactions?
Clumped RBCs can plug small vessels, leading to decreased blood flow and hemolysis.
p.4
Classification and Types of Anemia
What characterizes hypochromic anemia?
Hypochromic anemia is characterized by less hemoglobin than normal.
p.7
Blood Coagulation Pathways
What is the effect of hypocalcemia on hemostasis?
It can greatly affect the coagulation process since calcium is required in both pathways.
p.6
Blood Coagulation Pathways
What are the two pathways involved in blood coagulation?
The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
p.2
Erythrocytes: Function, Production, and Regulation
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
Transport of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to tissues.
p.3
Classification and Types of Anemia
What are the potential causes of anemia?
Little production of RBC, little production of hemoglobin, fragile RBCs, or excessive destruction of RBCs.
p.7
Blood Coagulation Pathways
What do procoagulants do?
They promote coagulation and are released by damaged tissue to form a blood clot.
p.8
Mechanisms of Hemostasis
What prevents thrombin from spreading to unwanted areas during clot formation?
Fibrin fibers formed by the coagulation cascade adsorb the majority of thrombin.
p.5
Transfusion Reactions and Rh Blood Group
What condition can arise from Rh incompatibility?
Erythroblastosis fetalis.
p.2
Erythrocytes: Function, Production, and Regulation
What is the average concentration of RBCs in healthy men?
5,200,000 RBCs per cubic millimeter.
p.2
Erythrocytes: Function, Production, and Regulation
What happens to the bone marrow's ability to produce RBCs after age 20?
The marrow of long bones becomes fatty and no longer produces RBCs.
p.5
Transfusion Reactions and Rh Blood Group
What initiates the development of anti-A and anti-B agglutinins?
Small amounts of type A and B antigens enter the body through food, bacteria, and other means.
p.8
Blood Coagulation Pathways
What is the role of activated Factor X in blood clot formation?
It works with Factor V and platelet phospholipids to create prothrombin activator.
p.7
Blood Coagulation Pathways
What are the two pathways used in blood coagulation?
Extrinsic pathway and Intrinsic pathway.
p.4
Classification and Types of Anemia
What are the types of anemia based on RBC morphology?
NORMOCYTIC (normal size but low in number), MICROCYTIC (smaller than normal), and MACROCYTIC (larger than normal but low in number and with low hemoglobin content).
p.3
Erythrocytes: Function, Production, and Regulation
What triggers the production of red blood cells (RBC) in the bone marrow?
A decrease or lack of tissue oxygenation.
p.7
Blood Coagulation Pathways
How does the intrinsic pathway differ from the extrinsic pathway?
It requires trauma to the blood or exposure to collagen and can occur without direct tissue injury.
p.6
Platelet Plug Formation
What role does von Willebrand factor (vWF) play in platelet plug formation?
It acts as a bridge to bind collagen from the vascular tissue to the platelets.
p.5
Mechanisms of Hemostasis
What are the four mechanisms involved in hemostasis?
Vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation, and growth of fibrous tissue.
p.3
Classification and Types of Anemia
What is a common cause of maturation failure anemia?
Deficiency of intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 and folic acid.
p.4
ABO Blood System and Blood Types
What is the significance of agglutinins in the ABO blood system?
Agglutinins are antibodies that develop in the plasma when the corresponding agglutinogens are absent on the surface of RBCs.
p.6
Mechanisms of Hemostasis
What triggers vascular constriction during vessel injury?
Local myogenic spasm, release of local autacoid factors, and nervous reflexes.
p.4
Classification and Types of Anemia
How is anemia classified based on its cause?
Anemia can be classified into blood loss, inadequate production of normal RBC, excessive destruction of RBC, and drug-related or hemolytic anemia.
p.8
Impact of Liver Pathology on Blood Components
What is the impact of liver pathology on blood clotting?
It can lead to hypoalbuminemia, bleeding disorders, and thrombocytopenia.
p.1
Erythrocytes: Function, Production, and Regulation
What is the function of colony-stimulating factors (CSF)?
Stimulate the production of granulocytes and monocytes.
p.8
Classification and Types of Anemia
What is von Willebrand disease?
A condition caused by the absence of von Willebrand factor, affecting platelet adhesion and aggregation.
p.6
Blood Coagulation Pathways
What is the function of fibrin in blood clotting?
Fibrin enmeshes red blood cells and platelets to form a blood clot.
p.2
Erythrocytes: Function, Production, and Regulation
What is the first step in hemoglobin formation?
Succinyl-CoA binds with glycine to form a pyrrole molecule.
p.6
Platelet Plug Formation
What are platelets and how are they formed?
Platelets, or thrombocytes, are minute discs formed in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes.
p.4
Classification and Types of Anemia
What causes iron-deficiency anemia?
Dietary deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid, and malabsorption due to gastrointestinal surgery.
p.8
Role of Vitamin K in Coagulation
What role does Vitamin K play in coagulation?
It is essential for the production of prothrombin and factors VII, IX, X, and anticoagulant protein C.
p.3
Nutritional Factors Affecting Blood Cell Production
What vitamins are essential for RBC maturation?
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) and Folic Acid.
p.7
Blood Coagulation Pathways
What is the function of thrombin in coagulation?
It converts prothrombin into thrombin and activates other factors to expedite clotting.
p.3
Classification and Types of Anemia
What happens to RBCs in cases of vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency?
They may be larger in size (macrocytes) and have fragile membranes.
p.3
Erythrocytes: Function, Production, and Regulation
Where is erythropoietin primarily produced?
In the kidneys (90% of all erythropoietin).
p.4
Classification and Types of Anemia
What is Aplastic Anemia?
Aplastic Anemia is a condition where there is a lack of development of red blood cells due to bone marrow failure.
p.4
Classification and Types of Anemia
What is Sickle Cell Anemia?
Sickle Cell Anemia is caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin S, leading to misshapen and fragile red blood cells.
p.2
Erythrocytes: Function, Production, and Regulation
Where does hemoglobin formation begin?
In polychromatophilic erythroblasts up to the reticulocyte stage.
