p.10
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
How does sustainable development relate to science ethics?
It serves as a knowledge regime that extends beyond core ethical principles, influencing funding and authority claims.
p.7
Addressing Knowledge Divides in Science
What divides exist in the context of global science?
Geographical divides, capacity divides, unequal internationalization of knowledge, disciplinary divides, and divides between academics and policy-makers.
p.1
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What resolution was adopted at the 2005 UNESCO General Conference?
To review existing ethical frameworks and report on the advisability of an 'international declaration on science ethics'.
p.8
Challenges of Rapid Scientific and Technological Change
What challenges arise from the globalization of science and technology?
They include regulatory gaps, policy issues like priority setting, and the need for effective governance across various levels.
p.5
Tensions Between Public and Private Interests in Science
What is 'ethical dumping' in the context of scientific research?
It refers to locating research in jurisdictions with the lowest ethical standards, particularly regarding informed consent and environmental risk assessment.
p.8
Development Ethics and Social Inclusion
How does technoscience in globalization affect equitable benefit sharing?
It impedes equitable benefit sharing in specific and ethically challenging ways.
p.3
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What is the primary focus of the report mentioned in the text?
To make ethical principles real in scientific practice, considering contemporary contexts.
p.7
Globalization and Ethical Implications in Science
How does globalization impact science according to the text?
It tends to reconfigure and sharpen inequalities, affecting equitable benefit sharing.
p.1
Science-Society Relationship Dynamics
What longstanding concerns does UNESCO address regarding science governance?
Concerns about the science-society relationship.
p.8
Challenges of Rapid Scientific and Technological Change
What is 'ethical dumping' in the context of globalization?
It refers to issues that escape regulation due to crossing boundaries and involving entities under different jurisdictions.
p.5
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What is the current state of research misconduct in science?
There is ongoing discussion about whether the frequency and severity of misconduct like fabrication and plagiarism have increased.
p.6
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What challenges does contemporary society pose for science?
It challenges the predictive capacity of science and its ability to maintain public trust.
p.3
Science-Society Relationship Dynamics
How has the perception of what it means to be a scientist changed over time?
It has transformed from the 20th century to the present, reflecting shifts in cultural meanings and social understandings of science.
p.9
Development Ethics and Social Inclusion
What aspects does the concept of development incorporate beyond economic growth?
Political, social, technological, moral, intellectual, and cultural aspects.
p.2
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What is the difference between science ethics and research ethics?
Science ethics is broader and concerns all those responsible for research policies, while research ethics refers only to professional conduct in research.
p.8
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
How does the absence of policy coordination affect science governance?
It may have ethical implications, particularly as scientific practice becomes increasingly globalized while policy remains primarily national.
p.1
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What was the final title of the report adopted by COMEST in July 2015?
'Ethical Perspective on Science, Technology and Society: A Contribution to the Post-2015 Agenda'.
p.12
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What is the role of a general ethical framework in guiding scientific activity?
It needs to apply to various issues, including those specific to nanotechnologies.
p.12
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
How should science ethics principles developed for nanotechnologies be viewed?
They should be considered prima facie applicable to other areas with similar features.
p.9
Development Ethics and Social Inclusion
What does differential access to the scientific process lead to?
Social exclusion within societies and unequal development opportunities.
p.5
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What is the relationship between science and social activity?
Science is a social activity, and being a scientist involves professional roles beyond just producing knowledge.
p.11
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What does the European Commission recommend regarding nanosciences?
Research funding agencies should refrain from funding certain problematic areas.
p.6
Tensions Between Public and Private Interests in Science
What implications arise from scientists' limited control over their intellectual agendas?
Their research may be hampered by the priorities of external funding agencies and current fashionable directions.
p.2
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What does the 1974 Recommendation state about the definition of science?
Science signifies an organized attempt to discover and master causalities through objective study of observed phenomena.
p.6
Challenges of Rapid Scientific and Technological Change
What is the precautionary principle in the context of science?
It exemplifies the need for broader conceptions of risk and uncertainty in contemporary societies.
p.9
Development Ethics and Social Inclusion
How is development defined in the context of development ethics?
As a way to liberate people from servitudes and promote a just global order.
p.8
Tensions Between Public and Private Interests in Science
What role do international and multinational actors play in research funding?
They shape research priorities and structures and influence outcomes through rules on trade and intellectual property rights.
p.5
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What challenge does globalization pose to scientific integrity?
Global standards of integrity must now incorporate a greater diversity of cultural practices and value systems.
p.11
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What areas of action did COMEST identify for addressing ethical concerns in nanotechnologies?
Articulating an ethical framework, awareness raising, ethics education, and research policies.
p.2
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What does Article 1(a)(ii) of the 1974 Recommendation emphasize?
It states that 'the sciences' includes those concerned with social facts and phenomena.
p.7
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What are some issues that require better empirical assessment and ethical reflection in research?
Freedom and autonomy of researchers, employment rights, implications of project funding, and competition between institutions.
p.6
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
How should science contribute to sustainable development?
By taking responsibility for its unintended consequences and addressing complex causal chains.
p.7
Challenges of Rapid Scientific and Technological Change
What does the 2012 World Social Science Report highlight regarding divides in science?
It notes overlapping divides that apply to both social sciences and physical/life sciences.
p.4
Science-Society Relationship Dynamics
What has shaped the science-society relationship in the 20th century?
Considerations of efficiency and competitiveness, leading to quantitative evaluations of individuals and institutions.
p.9
Development Ethics and Social Inclusion
What are the ethical considerations of development characterized by?
Interlocking dimensions including trade, finance, and global governance.
p.5
Tensions Between Public and Private Interests in Science
How might privatization affect ethical standards in scientific research?
Privatization may erode ethical standards due to pressures from large-scale cooperation and evaluation-driven practices.
p.5
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What new expectations are being placed on science regarding environmental issues?
Science is expected to help societies understand environmental threats and provide tools to counter them, especially in developing countries.
p.11
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What is the purpose of establishing a general ethical framework for scientific activity?
To guide scientific activity by identifying principles that contribute to ethics.
p.3
Challenges of Rapid Scientific and Technological Change
What are the new dynamics of scientific activities described in the report?
They include rapid changes in science and technology, as well as transformations in academic and scientific organization.
p.7
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What is one challenge faced by the ethical framework for science in developed countries?
Implementation challenges that also consider the status of researchers in the developing world.
p.7
Globalization and Ethical Implications in Science
What is a notable characteristic of the divides mentioned in the text?
They operate not only between countries but also among different actors and processes at the global level.
p.1
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What was the outcome of the discussions held by COMEST from 2008 to 2013?
The adoption of a document titled 'Ethical Issues in Science Governance and the Science-Society Relationship'.
p.4
Tensions Between Public and Private Interests in Science
How might converging technologies challenge existing ethical frameworks?
They may undermine or destabilize established ethical codes based on specific disciplines.
p.12
Addressing Knowledge Divides in Science
What does access to scientific information imply according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
It may be regarded as a human right, implying equitable participation in the global community of science.
p.12
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What does the 1974 Recommendation state about academic freedom?
It lies at the heart of the scientific process and guarantees accuracy and objectivity of scientific results.
p.10
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What challenges exist in the existing normative framework for science ethics?
The framework is disparate, lacks coordination, and may contain overlapping or incompatible principles.
p.10
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What significant contemporary issue is inadequately covered by the 1974 Recommendation?
The notion of sustainability and its ethical implications.
p.11
Principles of Benefit Sharing and Risk Management
What overarching ethical principle applies to benefit sharing?
Derived from article 27(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
p.6
Science-Society Relationship Dynamics
What has changed about the concept of progress in relation to science?
Progress is no longer taken for granted as an outcome of scientific endeavor, and the goals and values are increasingly diverse and contested.
p.3
Challenges of Rapid Scientific and Technological Change
What is the concept of 'technoscience'?
A new conception of science that is intrinsically related to technological devices and their societal implications.
p.5
Tensions Between Public and Private Interests in Science
What are some consequences of commercialization in scientific research?
There is a tendency towards contractualization of research, which may conflict with traditional principles of open access and public benefit.
p.6
Tensions Between Public and Private Interests in Science
How has the role of the private sector in science changed in the last 30 years?
Private corporations have taken on a major role in science due to relative public retrenchment.
p.9
Development Ethics and Social Inclusion
What is development ethics described as by Denis Goulet?
A dialogic eclecticism that engages with various disciplines like economics and sociology.
p.12
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What negative effect arises from oversimplifying ethical concerns?
It makes ethics an external constraint on techno-social choices instead of a constitutive feature.
p.12
Challenges of Rapid Scientific and Technological Change
What should be considered when applying the language of risk and uncertainty to scientific issues?
The existing normative framework framing issues in terms of 'dangers' and the precautionary principle.
p.3
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What does the report suggest about existing ethical principles in science?
They have largely been enshrined in international normative instruments but need to be implemented and embedded in practice.
p.10
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What role do international statements like the UN Millennium Development Goals play in science ethics?
They provide principles that can facilitate ethical framing of issues like bioethics and environmental ethics.
p.3
Science-Society Relationship Dynamics
What societal fears are associated with science and technology in Western societies?
Concerns about human enhancement, post-humanism, and unknown risks to humans and the environment.
p.9
Science-Society Relationship Dynamics
What is the role of science and technology in development ethics?
It is of central significance, especially in emerging areas of converging technologies.
p.1
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What did COMEST propose in 2005 regarding science ethics?
To undertake a feasibility study on elaborating an international declaration on science ethics.
p.4
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What challenges do new scientific developments pose regarding public debate?
They create new risks of ethically undesirable consequences and require scientifically sound ways to address competing unproven hypotheses.
p.4
Globalization and Ethical Implications in Science
What global actions may be required to address the ethical implications of technological developments?
Raising awareness among scientists about their social responsibilities and helping Member States develop mechanisms for informed decision-making.
p.10
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What is the status of existing normative instruments related to science ethics?
There is no comprehensive normative instrument that deals exclusively with science ethics and addresses all aspects of the subject.
p.10
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
Why is the 1974 Recommendation considered outdated?
It is seen as dated in its language and institutional assumptions, prompting UNESCO to initiate its revision.
p.8
Addressing Knowledge Divides in Science
What are the divides within societies regarding science?
They relate to differing conceptions of science and attitudes towards its applications, often leading to polarization on issues like climate change and biotechnologies.
p.11
Challenges of Rapid Scientific and Technological Change
Why are nanotechnologies significant in the context of ethics?
They are in an early stage of development and raise emerging ethical issues.
p.6
Tensions Between Public and Private Interests in Science
What ethical concerns arise from the relationship between science and the economy?
There are questions about the ethically desirable relation between science and human values due to excessive connections to economic values.
p.3
Globalization and Ethical Implications in Science
How has the role of science in economic development changed since the 1990s?
Research is now seen as a key factor for innovation and economic competitiveness, influencing policies and practices.
p.4
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What ethical implications arise from nanoscale manipulation and synthetic biology?
They raise specific ethical issues even without reference to technological applications.
p.1
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What was the role of the Ad Hoc Expert Group in relation to the 1974 Recommendation?
To prepare a Preliminary Study on the technical and legal aspects of revising the 1974 Recommendation.
p.11
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What is necessary for science ethics at the international level?
Establishing a basis for practical discussion involving all relevant stakeholders.
p.2
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What does 'science ethics' refer to?
The principles according to which scientific activity should be conducted and the mechanisms to ensure conformity to these principles.
p.5
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What significant changes have affected scientific integrity in recent decades?
The expansion of student numbers and globalization have eroded traditional academic communities and self-understandings.
p.1
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What was the context for the 2005 resolution regarding science ethics?
Concerns about the relevance and normative status of existing instruments like the Recommendation on the Status of Scientific Researchers (1974).
p.6
Tensions Between Public and Private Interests in Science
What has been the traditional role of the state in science?
The state has a leading role in setting priorities, channeling funding, and establishing institutions for science.
p.9
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What does the existing international framework for science ethics lack?
Completeness and full operability in light of changing circumstances.
p.4
Principles of Benefit Sharing and Risk Management
What is necessary to ensure cutting-edge research adheres to ethical standards?
Ongoing adaptation of the institutional framework guiding scientific conduct.
p.7
Tensions Between Public and Private Interests in Science
What is a significant consequence of the shifting balance between public and private funding in research?
It affects the institutional organization of research and the status of researchers.
p.2
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What was decided in November 2013 regarding the 1974 Recommendation?
A process to revise the 1974 Recommendation should be initiated.
p.2
Challenges of Rapid Scientific and Technological Change
What are some threats and challenges analyzed in the UN Post-2015 Agenda?
Climate change, growth of human population, and widening inequalities.
p.8
Development Ethics and Social Inclusion
Why is it important to overcome ethical divides in science?
To ensure the realization of the human right to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
p.9
Development Ethics and Social Inclusion
What does development ethics encourage communities to do?
Empower individuals to take responsibility for their lives and be involved in decision-making.
p.2
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What essential ethical values are incorporated in the quest for knowledge?
Integrity, truth, and respect for reasoned argument and evidence.
p.2
Science-Society Relationship Dynamics
How does public support for science depend on its perception?
It depends on the belief that knowledge contributes to broader human needs or well-being.
p.11
Globalization and Ethical Implications in Science
What specific ethical concerns arise from the development of nanotechnologies?
Invisibility, rapid development, military uses, global impact, and the risk of a 'nano-divide'.
p.4
Challenges of Rapid Scientific and Technological Change
What are the three interrelated categories of ethical challenges arising from scientific and technological change?
New ethical implications from new objects, new capacities for action leading to risks, and reshaping of the professional landscape.
p.9
Scientific Integrity and Social Responsibility
What is the status of the ethical framework in science?
It is well-established but may require development and refinement due to new dynamics.
p.8
Development Ethics and Social Inclusion
What does Article 27(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights emphasize?
It emphasizes the right to participate in science and enjoy the benefits of technology, highlighting issues of social justice.
p.1
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What process has COMEST been involved in regarding the 1974 Recommendation?
Monitoring and considering the desirability of revising the Recommendation on the Status of Scientific Researchers.
p.12
Ethical Frameworks in Science Governance
What is the significance of the overlap between science ethics and bioethics?
It requires effective management and collaboration, particularly between COMEST and the International Bioethics Committee of UNESCO.
p.12
Addressing Knowledge Divides in Science
What challenges are associated with equitable access to scientific information?
Distinct intellectual property regimes, mobility of scientific personnel, and confidentiality for sensitive research.
p.12
Addressing Knowledge Divides in Science
What contemporary challenges threaten access to scientific information?
Changing modes of publication, new commercial and security pressures, and evolving technologies.
