Hemorrhagic fever is a severe illness characterized by fever and bleeding, often associated with viral infections such as Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF).
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain, which can lead to confusion, bleeding tendency, shock, muscle pain, and joint pain.
It indicates the presence of cataracts, which is a common ocular manifestation of congenital rubella syndrome.
Congenital abnormalities associated with Rubella during pregnancy include mental retardation in newborns, heart defects like patent ductus arteriosus, eye issues such as cataracts, and brain problems including deafness.
It indicates that the patient is currently infected with Hepatitis A virus and may present with jaundice.
Symptoms include sores in the mouth, rash on the hands and feet, pain, and difficulty eating.
The Rabies Virus contains RNA as its nucleic acid.
Poliovirus replicates in the oropharynx and small intestine, spreads through the bloodstream to the central nervous system, and replicates in motor neurons located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, leading to cell death and paralysis of the muscles innervated by those neurons.
The incubation period for Hepatitis A Virus is 3 to 4 weeks.
No, there is no chronic carrier state for Hepatitis A Virus.
Poliovirus is a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), non-enveloped virus that has three serologic types (polio virus 1, 2, and 3) and primarily infects humans and non-human primates.
The incubation period for rabies can range from 2 weeks to 2 years.
A hybrid of both VINS refers to a combination of two different viral strains that can lead to severe diseases.
A condition resulting from maternal rubella infection during pregnancy, leading to various birth defects including cataracts, heart defects, and growth retardation.
Arboviruses are significant because they are responsible for a range of diseases, some of which can be severe or fatal, and they are prevalent in many regions worldwide.
While it is generally not fatal, severe cases can lead to complications such as dehydration.
Viremia refers to the presence of viruses in the bloodstream, which can vary in concentration and duration among different hosts.
Rotavirus is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus that is a leading cause of severe diarrhea in children.
Congenital rubella is caused by the transmission of the virus through the placenta during pregnancy.
The Rabies Virus has a spiral or helical structure.
The significance of the vaccine for Hepatitis A Virus is that it can be easily made due to the virus's stability.
Nipah virus is a paramyxovirus that causes encephalitis, primarily in South Asian countries such as Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Singapore.
A viral infection that causes sores in the mouth and a rash on the hands and feet, which can lead to dehydration and pain, making it difficult to eat.
Measles IgG indicates past infection and immunity to measles.
Humans can have high-level viremia and act as reservoirs of the virus, allowing for the potential transmission of diseases like dengue and yellow fever.
Rubella virus is a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus that causes rubella, also known as German measles or 3-day measles.
Zoonotic viral diseases are infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans.
Influenza is a member of the orthomyxovirus family, characterized as a single-stranded RNA virus with eight segments and an enveloped structure.
A treatment regimen for HIV/AIDS that uses a combination of at least three antiretroviral drugs to effectively suppress the virus.
Measles is a serious disease in malnourished children and patients with deficient cell-mediated immunity, such as AIDS patients.
Symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, and bleeding into the gastrointestinal tract.
IgM antibodies appear during the initial immune response to rubella and typically last for about 6 weeks.
More than 99.99% of individuals infected with the Rabies Virus die before symptoms start.
The external appearance of swollen parotid glands in mumps (parotitis) typically includes noticeable enlargement of the cheeks and jaw area, leading to a characteristic 'chipmunk' appearance.
The internal ribonucleoprotein is the group-specific antigen that is present in influenza A, B, and C viruses.
A blood test used to detect the presence of Hepatitis A virus antigens and antibodies, particularly IgM, indicating recent infection.
A vesicular rash consists of small blisters filled with fluid, unlike the maculo-papular rash of Measles, which does not have vesicles.
Poliovirus infection can cause permanent deformity, such as paralysis, by attacking motor neurons and leading to flaccid paralysis.
Dead-end hosts are organisms, such as humans, that do not transmit the virus to others due to low concentration of the virus in their blood and brief duration of viremia.
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a virus that causes viral hepatitis A, which is an acute liver disease.
Poliovirus has a narrow host range, primarily infecting humans and non-human primates like apes and monkeys.
Nasal or throat washings, swabs, or sputum are used to detect viral antigens through rapid testing.
Atrophy is the wasting away or decrease in size of an organ or tissue, often due to disease, lack of use, or malnutrition.
HPA stands for Highly Pathogenic Avian influenza, which is a severe form of influenza that can affect birds and may lead to significant disease in humans.
There is no specific treatment or vaccine for Nipah virus.
Calicivirus is a type of virus that is single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and is known to cause diarrheal diseases.
Opportunistic infections are infections that occur more frequently and are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. These infections can be caused by various pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
Proper hygiene in HAV prevention includes practices such as sewage disposal and hand-washing after bowel movements.
Oncogenic viruses are viruses that can cause cancer in humans or animals by altering the host cell's genetic material.
NS1 antigen detection is a laboratory diagnostic method used to identify the presence of the dengue virus in the blood, particularly during the early stages of infection.
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, primarily affecting children and causing symptoms like fever, jaundice, and nausea. It does not lead to chronic infection or predispose individuals to liver cancer.
The mode of transmission for Hepatitis A Virus is the fecal-oral route.
Arboviruses are a group of viruses that are transmitted by arthropods, primarily mosquitoes and ticks, and can cause various diseases in humans and animals.
Rabies is transmitted through the bite of infected animals, contamination of wounds or cuts with virus-containing saliva, inhalation in caves inhabited by bats, and corneal transplants, especially in children.
MOT stands for Modes of Transmission, which includes sexually, bloodborne, and mother to child.
The natural reservoir of Nipah virus appears to be fruit bats.
It suggests that the patient has previously been infected with Hepatitis A virus and has developed immunity.
Measles is a disease characterized by a maculopapular rash, primarily occurring in childhood, caused by a single serotype of an enveloped ssRNA virus from the paramyxovirus family.
Measles is caused by a single serotype of an enveloped ssRNA virus.
CD4 helper cells are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system by helping to coordinate the immune response. In HIV/AIDS, the virus specifically targets and destroys these cells, leading to a weakened immune system.
A ssRNA virus that is a member of the Filoviridae family, known for causing severe hemorrhagic fever.
Cats can be a source of Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite that can cause opportunistic infections in individuals with HIV/AIDS, particularly when their immune system is severely weakened.
Antigenic shift is a major change in the antigenicity of influenza viruses caused by the reassortment of segments of the genome RNA.
Chikungunya is characterized by fever with myalgias, arthralgias, and a nonhemorrhagic rash.
The primary prevention methods for dengue fever include the use of insecticides, draining stagnant water, and personal protection measures such as using mosquito repellent and wearing protective clothing.
Motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord replicate the virus, and their death results in paralysis of the muscles innervated by those neurons.
The term 'red rash' refers to the distinctive red spots that appear on the skin during a Measles infection, which are not vesicular and do not contain fluid.
Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are type-specific antigens; antibodies against hemagglutinin neutralize the infectivity of the virus and prevent disease.
Measles IgM is an antibody that indicates an acute infection of measles.
The glycoprotein spike is a protein structure on the surface of the HIV virus that facilitates the virus's entry into host cells by binding to CD4 receptors.
A test that measures the amount of HIV RNA in the blood, used to assess viral load and monitor the effectiveness of treatment.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a virus that causes viral hepatitis B, which can lead to chronic liver disease.
Postnatal rubella is transmitted by respiratory droplets.
MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which binds to CD-26 on the respiratory mucosa.
The Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is the etiologic agent of delta hepatitis, which causes infection only in the presence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.
A highly contagious virus that causes smallpox, known for its potential use as a bioweapon due to its lethality and lack of immunity in the population.
Inapparent poliomyelitis refers to an asymptomatic infection where the individual does not exhibit noticeable symptoms despite being infected with the poliovirus.
Antigenic drift is a minor change in the antigenicity of influenza viruses that occurs due to mutations in the genome RNA.
The clinical features of Hepatitis A Virus infection include fever, jaundice, and nausea.
Hepatitis A Virus does not predispose individuals to liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma.
The prevention method for measles is a live, attenuated vaccine administered at 15 months of age (MMR).
The envelope of HIV is a lipid membrane that surrounds the virus, derived from the host cell, and contains glycoproteins essential for the virus's ability to infect host cells.
A laboratory test that detects the genetic material of HIV in the blood, used for diagnosing HIV infection, especially in infants.
The Rabies Virus is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family, characterized as a single-stranded RNA virus that is enveloped and causes acute infections of the central nervous system, which are almost always fatal.
Rubella immunity refers to the body's ability to resist rubella infection, typically achieved through vaccination or previous infection, resulting in the production of antibodies.
Direct fluorescent antibody tests and PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) are used for blood testing.
Antibody detection and nucleic acid detection by PCR.
HD Ag/delta Ag (+) indicates the presence of Hepatitis D antigen in early acute HDV infection.
The virus can be recovered from stool, pharyngeal secretions, and vesicular fluid, and can contaminate surfaces, leading to outbreaks.
Differences in the base sequence of the gp120 gene allow for the subdivision of HIV into subtypes called clades.
The Influenza virus has a wide host range, affecting humans, poultry, horses, and pigs.
Influenza A H5N1 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus that primarily affects poultry and can be transmitted to humans.
No, there is currently no vaccine available for Hand - foot - and - mouth disease.
A decrease in viral load indicates that the treatment is working effectively against the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV).
Preventive measures against Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) include practicing the '5 F's' (food, fluids, fingers, flies, feces) and health education.
Yellow fever virus is an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes that can cause sporadic hepatitis and is associated with jaundice.
Aedes mosquitoes are the primary vectors for Dengue virus transmission and can survive in dry conditions for up to 8 months.
Human tumor viruses, such as Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), can lead to liver cancer by causing chronic infection and inflammation, which may result in cellular changes and malignancy.
IgM antibody detection indicates a recent dengue virus infection, as these antibodies typically appear in the blood several days after the onset of symptoms.
Rubella is an acute febrile illness characterized by a rash and posterior auricular and suboccipital lymphadenopathy, particularly affecting children and young adults.
The mode of transmission for Poliovirus is by the fecal-oral route.
A laboratory test that identifies antibodies produced by the immune system in response to HIV infection, typically used for diagnosis.
Complications can include dehydration due to pain and difficulty eating.
Measles is transmitted by respiratory droplets.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a virus that causes viral hepatitis C, often leading to chronic liver infection.
The Rabies virus is a viral infection that causes rabies, primarily transmitted through bites from infected animals such as dogs, foxes, and bats.
Cytomegalovirus is a virus that can cause sporadic hepatitis and is known for its potential to cause congenital abnormalities when transmitted from mother to child.
Arenavirus is a type of virus that is single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and can cause various diseases, including hemorrhagic fevers.
Active immunization for Hepatitis A involves the use of an inactivated HAV vaccine to stimulate the immune system.
Viral load testing measures the amount of HCV in the blood, which helps assess the severity of the infection and the effectiveness of treatment.
Dengue infection is the most common vector-borne viral disease caused by the Dengue virus, which has four serotypes: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4.
COVID-19 is transmitted through aerosol and droplets infection, and it can also be airborne.
SARS is transmitted by respiratory aerosol and contact, and can also cause nosocomial (hospital) infections.
Transmission occurs through contact with the patient's blood or secretions.
One attack of rubella confers lifelong immunity, meaning that the body will be protected from future infections.
Proper handling of the patient's secretions and blood is crucial for prevention.
There are two types of Dengue: regular Dengue and severe Dengue.
The civet cat is associated with SARS as a reservoir.
MUMPS is diagnosed by detecting IgM antibodies in the blood during acute infection.
No, there is currently no antiviral therapy available for dengue fever.
The dengue vaccine is used to help prevent dengue fever by providing immunity against the virus.
A maculo-papular rash is a characteristic skin manifestation of Measles, presenting as flat red spots that may become raised.
An enlargement of the spleen, which can occur in various infections, including congenital rubella syndrome.
A laboratory test that detects the presence of the p24 protein of the HIV virus, often used in early diagnosis of HIV infection.
People who have contact with pigs are at high risk for Nipah virus infection.
HIV has a segmented genome, meaning its genetic material is divided into distinct segments, which can contribute to genetic diversity and adaptability of the virus.
A viral illness characterized by oral and pharyngeal ulcerations, vesicular rash of the palms and soles, which may spread to the arms and legs, with vesicles healing without crusting.
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a virus that causes viral hepatitis D, which only occurs in those infected with HBV.
The Rabies Virus is transmitted to humans primarily through the bite of a rabid animal.
SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) is the virus responsible for causing SARS.
Genotyping is the process of determining the specific strain of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) to guide treatment decisions.
A virus that causes Marburg virus disease, characterized by severe hemorrhagic fever, and is regarded as a potential bioweapon due to its high fatality rate.
The acronym 5F stands for Food, Finger, Fly, Faces, which are key factors in the transmission of Hepatitis A.
Elderly individuals, patients with heart or lung diseases, and immunocompromised patients are at higher risk.
The only natural host for MUMPS is humans.
The dysregulation of fluid balance contributes to edema in the alveolar space, resulting in diffuse edema.
Laboratory diagnosis of poliomyelitis includes isolation of the virus and detection of viral RNA by PCR.
The difficulty in creating a vaccine for Hepatitis C arises from the presence of multiple genotypes and subgenotypes, which are constantly changing in their gene and protein structures.
These symptoms reflect the neurological effects of rabies, where patients may exhibit fear of heights or difficulty swallowing water.
High-risk individuals include people with sexually transmitted diseases, especially those with ulcerative lesions such as syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes, men who have sex with men, intravenous drug users, and hemophiliacs.
Poliovirus is resistant to stomach acid, allowing it to survive the gastrointestinal tract.
A viral respiratory illness caused by the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV), first identified in 2012 in Saudi Arabia, characterized by severe atypical pneumonia.
Humans are the natural hosts for the Measles virus.
Fungi from pigeons, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, can cause serious opportunistic infections in individuals with HIV/AIDS due to their compromised immune systems.
The capsid is a protein shell that encases the viral RNA and enzymes, providing protection and playing a crucial role in the virus's replication process.
AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, which is the final stage of HIV infection characterized by a severely weakened immune system.
SARS CoV-2 is the virus responsible for causing COVID-19.
A zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans, specifically linked to camels.
Enteroviruses are a group of viruses that can cause sporadic hepatitis, often associated with gastrointestinal infections.
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a Flavivirus, belonging to the genus hepacivirus, characterized by six genotypes and multiple subgenotypes, often present in the blood of an infected individual simultaneously.
Nonparalytic poliomyelitis is a form of poliomyelitis that presents with symptoms similar to abortive poliomyelitis but does not lead to paralysis.
SARS can cause nosocomial infections, which are infections acquired in a hospital setting.
Hepatitis B vaccination can prevent Hepatitis D infection, as HDV needs HBV for its replication.
Intracytoplasmic inclusions found in neurons that are characteristic of rabies infection, used for histologic staining in diagnosis.
Severe Dengue is a potentially lethal form of Dengue that can lead to shock and hemorrhage.
Warmer regions with suitable weather conditions favor the growth of Aedes mosquitoes, which are responsible for transmitting Dengue.
A virus that causes respiratory infections and can be used as a potential bioweapon due to its ability to spread rapidly and mutate.
A viral respiratory illness caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), which originated in China in 2002 and can spread through respiratory aerosols and contact.
Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus that can cause encephalitis and is primarily transmitted from bats and pigs to humans.
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are the antiviral medications used for treatment.
Passive immunization for HAV involves the administration of immune serum globulin to provide immediate, temporary immunity.
Abortive poliomyelitis is a clinical type of poliomyelitis characterized by mild symptoms such as fever and sore throat, but without neurological involvement.
The Dengue virus has four serotypes: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4.
The three key enzymes associated with HIV are reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease.
Animal viruses are the source of the RNA segments that make up the Influenza virus.
Paralytic poliomyelitis is the most severe form of poliomyelitis, resulting in muscle weakness and paralysis due to the virus affecting the nervous system.
MUMPS is transmitted via airborne routes from person to person.
Complications of MUMPS include orchitis in postpubertal males, which can lead to sterility if bilateral, and meningitis.
It helps to reduce the viral load and the risk of rabies infection after exposure to the virus.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells, leading to a gradual decline in immune function and potentially resulting in AIDS.
The envelope of the Influenza virus is covered with two different types of spikes: hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.
HIV-1 and HIV-2 are the two types of Human Immunodeficiency Virus that cause AIDS.
A virus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever and is considered a potential bioweapon because of its high mortality rate and ability to spread through bodily fluids.
HIV is transmitted through contact with certain body fluids from a person with HIV, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk.
IgG antibodies persist for life and provide long-term immunity against rubella after infection or vaccination.
MUMPS is caused by an enveloped ssRNA virus.
Epstein-Barr virus is a virus that can cause sporadic hepatitis and is also known for its association with infectious mononucleosis.
A method used to detect rabies virus in brain tissue by using antibodies that fluoresce when bound to the virus.
SARS commonly occurs in adults.
Complications include shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
The polio vaccine, which includes both live and killed vaccines, is crucial for preventing poliomyelitis by inducing immunity against the poliovirus.
The chronic carrier rate of Hepatitis C is higher than that of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting and killing helper (CD4) T lymphocytes and macrophages, leading to a loss of cell-mediated immunity.
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is a virus that is transmitted through fecal-oral or waterborne routes, causing large epidemics primarily in Asia, North and West Africa, and Mexico. It can lead to fulminant hepatitis, especially in pregnant women, but does not result in chronic carrier states and currently has no vaccine.
Herpes simplex virus is a virus that can lead to sporadic hepatitis and is primarily known for causing oral and genital herpes.
Norovirus, also known as Norwalk virus, is a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus that causes gastroenteritis and is highly contagious.
SARS CoV is a coronavirus responsible for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), transmitted from civet cats to humans.
The incubation period for HIV can vary, but symptoms may appear within 2 to 4 weeks after infection, known as acute HIV infection.
The Rotavirus vaccine is a live, attenuated vaccine (Rotarix) that contains one strain, and a live reassortant vaccine (Rotateq) that contains five strains, used to prevent rotavirus infections.
The Hepatitis A vaccine takes approximately 1 to 2 weeks to become effective.
Rubella virus is a virus that can cause sporadic hepatitis and is known for causing congenital rubella syndrome when transmitted from mother to child.
The edema in the alveolar space leads to hypoxia.
Jaundice is a clinical sign characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes, often indicating liver dysfunction, which can occur in cases of hepatitis.
It indicates a current or past infection of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV).
Coxsackievirus A16, B1, enterovirus 71, and Coxsackievirus A6, which has emerged as a cause of severe cases.
The differential diagnoses for rubella include measles and dengue.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a virus that causes viral hepatitis E, typically transmitted through contaminated water.
Congenital rubella can lead to various congenital abnormalities, which were first discovered by a German ophthalmologist.
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) can cause fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women, posing significant risks such as mortality for both the mother and child, and can lead to stillbirth and jaundice.
The Rabies Virus is considered a major public health problem due to its widespread presence among animal reservoirs and the high fatality rate associated with the infection.
There is currently no vaccine available for Hepatitis E Virus (HEV).
The recommended preventive measure for Rabies Virus exposure is to administer a vaccine to individuals who have been bitten by potentially rabid animals, such as dogs or bats.
Hepatitis C is mainly transmitted through blood transfusions and from mother to child during delivery.
There is currently no vaccine available for Hepatitis C, but antiviral drugs are used for treatment.
A preparation of antibodies used to provide immediate passive immunity against rabies after potential exposure.
It is recommended to ensure protection against tetanus, especially in cases of animal bites that may also pose a risk for rabies.
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is transmitted through fecal-oral or waterborne routes.
MUMPS is a disease characterized by swelling of the parotid glands, caused by an enveloped ssRNA virus.
The mortality rate can reach up to 100%.
The vesicles heal without crusting.
HDV requires the presence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) to cause infection.
Chronic Hepatitis C infection can lead to chronic infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with a higher chronic carrier rate than Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection.
JBE virus, or Japanese B encephalitis virus, is transmitted by mosquitoes and can infect horses and pigs, leading to encephalitis in humans.
Health education is crucial for prevention and control of Hepatitis A by informing the public about hygiene and vaccination.
An inactivated vaccine used to prevent rabies infection after exposure to the virus.
The immune response to Hepatitis C can lead to liver inflammation, causing hepatitis, even when the viral load is low.
The Influenza virus can cause both epidemic and pandemic outbreaks.
HD Ab/Anti HD indicates past or present infection with Hepatitis D virus (HDV).
There are killed and live vaccines, including quadrivalent vaccines that contain two A strains and two B strains.
Sofosbuvir and Ravidasvir are antiviral medications used to treat Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infections.
WMD stands for Weapon of Mass Destruction, which refers to weapons that can cause significant harm to a large number of people, including biological agents.
Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to HIV infection; their presence is used to diagnose HIV through antibody tests.
The MM R vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine that protects against measles, mumps, and rubella, stimulating an immune response without causing the diseases.
Rubella has only one antigenic type, which means there is only one strain of the virus responsible for the disease.
Enterovirus is a group of viruses that are single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and can cause a variety of illnesses, including respiratory infections and gastrointestinal issues.
A laboratory technique used to amplify and detect the presence of rabies virus genetic material in brain tissue.
SARS CoV-2 binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) on the surface of respiratory tract epithelium.
Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semi-urban areas.
HIV infects and kills helper (CD4) T lymphocytes, leading to a loss of cell-mediated immunity and an increased risk of opportunistic infections.
No, there is currently no vaccine available for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV).
The MMR vaccine is used for the prevention of MUMPS.
