A pool of organisms that can infect humans.
Mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas.
A marked temporary increase in the occurrence of a disease.
No, it does not normally infect humans.
Raccoons, skunks, bats, and foxes.
Transmission from mother to fetus.
A reservoir is the natural habitat where an infectious agent lives and multiplies, while a source of infection is the specific location or organism from which the infection is transmitted to a host.
By vaccination.
It is an important transmission route.
Transmission of infectious disease through physical contact between an infected person and a susceptible person.
The study of the occurrence and distribution of disease.
Yes, they can sometimes be the same, as an organism can serve both as a habitat for the infectious agent and as the source of infection for a host.
Herpes Simplex II.
They can travel more than 1 meter.
A virulence factor that allows bacteria to survive harsh conditions.
Paralysis of related muscles.
Any non-living object that can be a source of infection.
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the outer cell membrane of Gram-negative cells.
Being used as a biological weapon.
The individual's health and their immune response.
Small droplets that have evaporated, typically less than 5 micrometers in diameter, released during talking, sneezing, and coughing.
Tetanus, characterized by muscle stiffness and spasms.
It is conveyed by some mode of transmission.
Contamination with sewage.
A disease that is always present within a community.
A protozoan (single-celled parasite).
Pathogens can survive on surfaces and be transferred to a person who touches them.
By preventing colonization by bacterial pathogens.
Large gram-positive rods.
They provide motility, allowing bacteria to move towards favorable environments.
It is conveyed by some mode of transmission.
The spread of pathogens in infectious droplets greater than 5 mm in diameter that travel a short distance (about 1 meter).
It helps in evading immune cells, enhancing bacterial survival.
Typhoid Mary.
They can influence the population and behavior of vectors, affecting disease transmission.
It highlights how individuals can spread infections without showing symptoms.
Direct spread involves immediate transfer of pathogens, while indirect spread involves transmission through an intermediary.
Adhesion to host cells (attach to host cells).
Chickenpox.
Fecal-oral transmission.
An infectious disease that can be transmitted from one human to another.
From person to person.
An arthropod that carries a pathogen from one host to another.
German measles (Rubella virus).
They may cause cross infection as they move from patient to patient.
Occurrence, distribution, risk factors, and transmission prevention of diseases.
Staphylococcus aureus.
Yes, it can infect domestic poultry and other birds.
They are used for attachment to surfaces or host cells.
Physical structures or chemical substances that enhance the pathogen's ability to cause disease.
By carrying and transmitting pathogens between animals and humans.
Ability to produce toxins and presence of extracellular enzymes.
Normal flora that can become pathogenic under certain conditions.
Acquisition (the pathogen gets into the body).
HIV/AIDS.
An infection caused by the transfer of microbes from one person to another.
A bacterium that causes tetanus.
Pathogens can be transferred to that surface or person.
It affects the pathogenicity of the bacteria.
The reservoir may or may not be the source of the pathogen for the human host.
Through contaminated wounds or injuries.
A person who is colonized with the organism and can transmit the pathogen to others.
The chain of infection.
Release of enzymes that can kill cells, such as collagenase and protease.
The patient themselves, their body fluids, or skin lesions.
Endotoxins are released, which are highly toxic to certain human tissues.
A bacterium that can cause typhoid fever.
Salmonella and Campylobacter.
Cross infection.
Often via the hands of healthcare workers.
Typically through wounds or punctures in the skin.
Soil, dust, contaminated water, contaminated food, insects, infected humans or animals, and wild animals.
The location of the cell and the type of virus.
A food poisoning outbreak or influenza.
They dry into dust.
Clostridium tetani.
An infection that is transmitted from animals to humans.
Cups, dishes, cutlery, trays, cleaning cloths, medical instruments, towels, bedding, thermometers, contaminated syringes, door knobs, computer keyboards, toys.
A toxin that is secreted by bacteria into their environment, often causing damage to host cells.
Routes of transmission and ways to break the chain of transmission.
By not practicing good hand hygiene, especially if suffering from gastroenteritis.
After September 11, 2001.
The site where the microorganism usually lives, which may be in the environment, animals, or humans.
Transmission of infectious disease through an intermediary object or organism, such as contaminated surfaces or vectors.
Who is at risk, how disease spreads, and how transmission may be prevented.
Clostridium tetani.
Organisms that transmit pathogens from one host to another.
An infection that originates from outside the body.
It means the carrier hosts the organism without showing symptoms.
Pathogens that only attack those who are weaker, chronically ill, or immunocompromised.
To classify bacteria based on their cell wall characteristics.
Muscle spasms.
Gram-positive and Gram-negative.
Diseases that doctors are required by law to report.
For months or years.
At least 50, including Chicken pox and cholera.
In the gall bladder or kidneys.
Approximately 50%.
How the pathogen escapes from the reservoir.
Contact with infected animal products.
Virus (H5N1).
Gastrointestinal pathogens.
The 1918 Spanish flu, which killed over 20 million worldwide.
By contact with contaminated surfaces, patient excretions, secretions, or open skin lesions.
They can kill a cell or stop its function.
Mosquitoes, flies, lice, ticks, etc.
Touching, kissing, and sexual intercourse.
Wild aquatic birds.
The pathogen leaves its reservoir or host through a portal of exit.
Peptidoglycan.
Objects or materials that can carry pathogens to a host.
It enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host.
As the ratio of individuals developing clinical illness to those exposed to the microbe.
By harboring pathogens that can infect individuals when consumed.
Identify the pathogen.
It can carry pathogens that cause waterborne diseases.
Adhesion.
A model that explains how infections are transmitted from one host to another.
They can be a source of infection for others, potentially leading to meningococcal meningitis.
Virus.
In the nose.
The path by which an infectious agent leaves its reservoir.
Bite of infected animal.
Gastroenteritis.
Gastroenteritis.
A neurotoxin.
Vertical transmission.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Direct transmission between the source of infection and a susceptible host through physical contact.
Transplacental transmission from mother to fetus.
Nerve cells.
The pathogen enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host.
Endospores.
A toxin that is part of the outer membrane of certain bacteria and is released when the bacteria die.
Important living reservoirs of infectious disease.
Typhoid fever, botulism, cholera, whooping cough.
By coughing, sneezing, or talking.
Yes, infections may come from patients who are sick or recovering.
It is unclear without additional context; it may refer to a specific toxin or laboratory abbreviation.
They are toxic substances produced by pathogens that can damage host tissues.
They are harder to prevent, but maintaining a healthy immune system can help.
Cattle.
By inhalation or ingestion of the pathogen.
They can inject the pathogen into humans.
Transmission of pathogens through vectors like insects or animals.
Inhalation of bacterial spores.
Yersinia pestis.
Tetanus (Lockjaw).
Transmission of pathogens through an intermediate object or organism.
Common cold or Athlete’s foot.
The pathogen leaves its reservoir or host through a portal of exit.
The ability of a microorganism to cause disease in the host.
Fomites are inanimate objects that can carry pathogens and facilitate indirect transmission.
Malaria and Dengue fever.
Weak pathogens that only cause disease in individuals with impaired immunity.
A neurotoxin.
In their saliva, mucous, and feces.
Food, water, and inanimate objects like utensils.
Close contact with infected poultry or surfaces contaminated by poultry.
Septic (endotoxic) shock.
Purple.
Healthy individuals who carry a pathogenic organism without showing illness or symptoms.
Bacillus anthracis (endospore former).
Skin and soft tissue infections, food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome, acute endocarditis, surgical site infections, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, and septicaemia.
It is very infectious, very pathogenic, and very virulent, often causing severe and fatal disease.
Multiplication.
Damage to tissues.
Mosquito.
Plasmodium falciparum.
Inanimate objects that can carry and transmit infectious agents.
Salmonella typhi.
Gastroenteritis.
Gastroenteritis.
Close contact with infected poultry.
An epidemic that affects communities throughout the world.
Contamination of cooked food by contact with uncooked food.
Treponema pallidum.
Cholera.
Touching contaminated surfaces or objects, such as doorknobs or utensils.
Diarrheal disease.
Direct contact.
Skin and mucosal surfaces.
Tuberculosis, Measles, and Chicken pox.
A disease that only occurs occasionally in a particular region.
Understanding the principles of epidemiology.
Not pathogens.
In hospitals.
A type of exotoxin that specifically targets the intestines, often causing gastrointestinal symptoms.
Droplet transmission involves larger droplets that travel shorter distances, while airborne transmission involves smaller particles that can travel longer distances.
Yes, through hygiene and vaccination.
Influenza, whooping cough (pertussis), SARS, COVID-19, and MERS.
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus).
The structure of their cell wall.
Multiplication in tissues.
Damage to tissues.
Birds.
Through contamination with pathogens.
Infected wild dogs, bats, raccoons.
Legionella pneumophila.
By carrying feces on their feet or body parts to food, such as houseflies carrying Salmonella typhi.
Viral respiratory tract diseases like common cold and influenza, MRSA, measles, chicken pox, and mumps.
The number of deaths due to a particular disease in a given period relative to the total population.
An infection that originates from within the body, often from normal flora.
They can serve as a source of pathogens for infecting others.
Through external sources such as pathogens from the environment.
The chain of infection.
It is a gram-negative rod.
Enterotoxin specifically targets the enteral (intestinal) system, while other exotoxins may affect various tissues.
Spread of pathogens through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Gram-negative bacteria.
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and MRSA.
A condition caused by Staphylococcus aureus that leads to skin peeling and blistering.
Veterinary surgeons, farmers, and slaughterhouse workers.
Osteomyelitis.
Bacterium.
Cattle; E. coli (pathogenic strains).
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
A toxic substance secreted by bacteria into their environment, often causing damage to host cells.
Proteins produced by bacteria and excreted into the local environment.
Candida albicans.
A type of exotoxin that specifically targets the intestinal tract, causing gastrointestinal symptoms.
Infections picked up from animals through various means.
Some cause mild symptoms while others can be very severe and cause death.
Individuals with impaired immunity.
Mosquito.
Yes, they can be infectious even after recovery.
Flavivirus.
Acute endocarditis.
A condition where the blood is infected, which can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
The measurement of pathogenicity of a microbe.
Healthcare-associated infections.
A component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that is released when the bacteria die, often causing systemic effects.
Tetanus toxin from Clostridium tetani.
They are more likely to cause disease in a host.
High fever and drop in blood pressure.
Pink.
Close (direct) contact with an animal.
The period when a patient may still be infectious for days or weeks after recovery.
How the pathogen is transmitted (e.g., person to person, via animals, via soil).
The route through which the pathogen enters the body of a susceptible person.
In the hospital.
Protozoa.
It can cross into the bloodstream and spread to other parts of the body.
An individual who is at risk of infection due to factors like weakened immune system or lack of immunity.
They help the pathogen adhere to host tissues and evade the immune response.
The time between initial infection and the first appearance of symptoms.
Exotoxins that target the small intestine, causing vomiting and diarrhea.
Yes, the patient may be infectious but asymptomatic.
In faeces and urine.
Transmission of pathogens through the air over long distances.
Spread of infection through contaminated inanimate objects, such as food or water.
Spread to other tissue (only some infections will spread).
Direct or indirect contact with infected birds.
They can transfer pathogens to surfaces or directly to individuals.
Tetanus.
Common cold.
Any non-living objects like medical instruments, towels, and electronic devices.
They are often the source of hospital-acquired infections.
They can become contaminated and transfer pathogens to humans.
Penetration of cells.
An outbreak of infection.
A chronic carrier of Salmonella typhi.
Yes, it can spread to other tissues.
Local (e.g., gastrointestinal) or systemic (cross into bloodstream).
Rabies virus.
Rat flea.
Legionnaires’ disease.
Rotavirus.
Acquisition.
Transmission of infection through contaminated objects or surfaces.
Endemic refers to a disease regularly found among particular people or in a certain area; epidemic refers to a sudden increase in the number of cases; pandemic refers to an epidemic that has spread over multiple countries or continents.
Vibrio cholera.
Abscesses.
Toxic shock syndrome.
The natural habitat where the infectious agent lives and multiplies.
Spread of diseases from animals to humans.
Surgical site infections.
The route through which an infectious agent enters a susceptible host.
Pneumonia.
Salmonella species.
The reservoir or source for the pathogen (e.g., soil, water, other humans).
Penetration of cells.
Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host.
A pathogen that can cause disease, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.
Unpasteurized milk.
The infection is cured (resolution) or the infected person dies.
Ways in which the infectious agent is spread, including direct contact, airborne, vector-borne, and vehicle-borne.
Soil; Clostridium tetani.
Rhinovirus.
Individuals at risk, such as healthy individuals, immunocompromised persons, children, and the elderly.
Vibrio cholerae.
