Ionizing radiation.
The benefits and risks of a treatment.
Ionizing radiation causes damage to DNA, leading to cell death or mutations.
Radiosensitivity refers to the susceptibility of cells to the damaging effects of ionizing radiation.
A cell survival curve illustrates the relationship between radiation dose and the fraction of surviving cells.
Radiation poisoning.
Osteosarcoma.
Linear Energy Transfer (LET).
The characteristics or qualities that define the problem.
Neutrons.
Relative Biological Effectiveness.
Both electromagnetic and particle radiation.
LET is calculated based on the energy deposited per unit distance traveled by a particle.
Yes, W min is the same as for heavy particles.
Hormesis.
Yes, they are often disease-site specific.
Proliferation is uncontrolled.
Tumors can create their own blood supply for nutrients.
Cancer risk generally increases with age.
In older adults.
A phenomenon where photons are absorbed by matter, resulting in the ejection of electrons.
Being ready to participate as an equal member of the team.
The balance between tumor control and normal tissue damage.
W max = ¼ mv² = E.
Listening to their comments and suggestions.
Photoelectric and Compton effects.
Genetic mutations, environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and infections.
The number of new events in a defined population in a specific time.
Larger treatment volumes can increase the risk of damage to normal tissues.
Compton and pair production.
Tobacco smoke, asbestos, certain chemicals, and radiation.
Electrons, protons, and alpha particles.
RBE increases with increasing LET.
To balance the benefits against the side effects and risks of treatment.
To determine the suitability of radiation treatment.
Maximum and minimum energy loss, relativistic correction, and mean ionization potential.
The amount of energy transferred by radiation per unit length of tissue.
Due to nuclear recoil.
Linear Energy Transfer (LET).
The binding energy of electrons to atoms.
LET increases with the net charge of the particle.
Energy loss increases as 1/v².
Positrons collide with electrons, resulting in the production of photons.
Teratomas.
Energy transferred per unit path length.
It helps in assessing the impact and prioritizing resources for solutions.
It can take years.
It is suggested that cancer caught during early stages and treated will have a better outcome.
By contributing ideas and suggestions freely.
1 SV = 1000 mSV.
1 eV = 1.6 x 10^-12 ergs.
1 SV = 1 gray.
Adequate volume, tone, and terminology.
The number of previously diagnosed and newly diagnosed events in a defined population during a specific time.
Non-intrinsic factors.
To summarize rationale and strategies for early detection.
Radiation consisting of associated and interacting electrical and magnetic waves that travel at the speed of light, including light, radio waves, gamma rays, and x-rays.
Coincides with the diameter of the DNA double helix (20 Å or 2 nm).
It refers to radiation that has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, creating ions.
RBE tends to be lower at low LET values.
I ≅ 13.5 x ZeV.
RBE generally increases with increasing LET until it reaches a plateau.
It annihilates, yielding 2 photons of equal energy (0.511 MeV each).
Groups of abnormal cells that form lumps or growths.
An interaction between photons and unbound (valence) electrons.
Because interactions can vary based on the type of energy and its characteristics.
A series of steps that lead to the development of cancer.
The study of radiation on living things.
Cancer cells can invade other tissue.
Factors that lead to cancer.
They tend to have a regular and smooth shape and have a covering called a capsule.
It helps determine the effectiveness of different radiation types in causing biological damage.
W max = 2mv².
Carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and central nervous system cancers.
It must reach a certain size that allows it to be seen.
In units of keV/μm (kiloelectronvolts per micrometer).
Epidemiological and etiological factors.
Neutrons are uncharged and can penetrate further than charged particles of equivalent energy and mass.
The multi-stage carcinogenic process.
It helps in understanding the biological effects of different types of radiation on tissues.
Open body language, alertness, eye contact, and confidence.
It typically describes the relationship between internal and external environments or systems.
Photons.
Uracil.
It helps to compare the effectiveness of different types of radiation in causing biological damage.
Bound electrons (inner shell electrons).
It typically refers to a reduced level or amount of a particular measurement or property.
The rate of energy loss is proportional to nZ (electrons/cm³).
Etiology.
Mixed tumors.
To catch the disease early.
When it reaches a size of approximately 1 gram, which is about 100 times less than what can be felt or palpated.
Decreased mortality rate and increased survival rate.
The type of particle and the type of cell.
Living in a basement.
To optimize treatment and minimize damage to healthy tissues.
1 eV = 1.6 x 10^-19 J.
Compton effect.
Early detection can significantly improve treatment outcomes and survival rates.
They are involved in cancer development.
Pair production.
About 100 keV/μm.
They become unstable, decay, and can produce heavy charged particles like alpha particles.
To ensure safety during radiation-related activities.
It can cause more harm than good.
Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Uracil.
Light, radio waves, gamma rays, and x-rays.
LET increases as photon or particle energy decreases.
To enhance treatment effectiveness.
A few keV to 50 keV.
It knocks an electron out of the material.
Through better imaging techniques.
Questions/Discussion.
The size or extent of the problem.
A mechanism of identifying the presence of an undiagnosed disease that has yet to show any signs or symptoms.
A photon collides with a loosely bound electron, resulting in a change in the photon's direction and energy.
A process where a photon transforms into a particle-antiparticle pair when interacting with a strong electromagnetic field.
Photoelectric effect.
Protective properties.
Asking questions, anticipating steps, and suggesting plans.
0.001595 SV = 1.59 mSV.
To carry genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.
Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine.
Mortality.
They can influence the response of normal tissues and tumors to treatment.
X-rays, as they are sparsely ionizing.
A variety of treatment modalities including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
dE/dx, the rate of energy loss of the charged particle per unit path length.
It generally leads to better prognosis and higher survival rates.
It is proportional to (Z) 3, where Z is the atomic number of the target atom.
Both energy and momentum.
By comparing the dose of a reference radiation that produces a certain biological effect to the dose of the radiation in question that produces the same effect.
Gray (Gy).
The study of the distribution and determinants of disease in human populations.
Cancer cells have no set limit of time for replicating.
The creation of more photons that can interact with other materials.
It allows for more effective treatment and better outcomes.
They stay in one place and don’t spread to other parts of the body.
No, they don’t usually come back after they are removed.
Older age is associated with a higher likelihood of developing cancer.
It compares the biological damage caused by different types of radiation.
They may be moved easily in the tissue.
The process that leads to the formation of cancer.
Different natures may require different approaches and strategies for resolution.
W min = mean ionization potential of target ≡ I.
A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth.
Electron Volt.
Linear Energy Transfer.
LET (Linear Energy Transfer).
Electron Volt.
It loses energy.
Characteristics or variables associated with the likelihood of a specific endpoint, without a direct mechanistic cause.
They are fundamental processes that affect image formation and contrast in imaging techniques.
Substances that can lead to cancer.
Deoxyribonucleic acid.
Extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors.
The type of radiation and the medium through which it travels.
They cause changes in cellular DNA that can lead to uncontrolled cell growth.
It is analogous to billiard ball collisions, involving conservation of energy and momentum.
Relative Biological Effectiveness.
Unexplained weight loss, fatigue, pain, skin changes, and changes in bowel or bladder habits.
Any intervention will have its disadvantages or related side effects.
Longer exposure to carcinogens typically increases cancer risk.
It refers to something that is related to a specific field of technology or science.
To identify cancer at an early stage when treatment is more effective.
It can be used to calculate the number of electrons set in motion per unit volume.
Larger treatment volumes may exceed tissue tolerance, leading to increased side effects.
1 Gray = 1 J/Kg.
It is proportional to (hv) - 3.
Position Emission Tomography.
A large number of diseases characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and can infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue.
To compare the biological effectiveness of different types of radiation.
Understanding different models that explain how cells survive radiation exposure.
Uncontrolled growth, invasion of surrounding tissues, and potential to metastasize.
Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
It includes the type of radiation and its energy, whether electromagnetic or particulate, and whether charged or uncharged.
Tumor cells often exhibit higher radiosensitivity compared to normal cells, but this can vary based on the tumor type.
3.8 eV.
DNA damage, cell death, and potential mutations.
50 to 74 years old.
Intrinsic and non-intrinsic cancer risk factors.
Tumor response for a fixed level of normal tissue damage.
Low energy neutrons are captured by some target nuclei, particularly hydrogen and nitrogen in biological material.
The death rate, or number of deaths, usually disease-specific or event-specific.
100 ergs/g absorbed energy.
The mean rate of energy loss (stopping power) of a heavy charged particle.
0.511 MeV.
Introduction, Cancer and Radiation Physics.
Protons and electrons.
It is proportional to z², the charge of the incident particle squared.
An increase in radiation absorbed dose.
A tumor that grows uncontrollably but may not necessarily be cancerous.
In terms of absorbed dose, measured in gray (Gy).
Factors affecting cell survival.
Higher oxygen levels enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy due to increased radiosensitivity.
The R's of radiobiology include Repair, Reoxygenation, Redistribution, and Repopulation.
Results that correctly identify individuals who do not have the disease.
It is used for diagnosis and treatment of diseases, particularly cancer.
Non-invasive (mammogram).
3.03 eV.
6.3 eV.
They are dependent on cell type and relate to the relative biological effectiveness.
2020.
All photon interactions will set electrons in motion.
Linear Energy Transfer.
All safety procedures, including physical and ALARA guidelines.
A particle of mass M, charge z, and energy E passing through a sea of electrons.
1.022 million electron volts (MeV).
100 rads.
Because they produce heavy charged particles during interactions.
Mammography, colonoscopy, Pap tests, and low-dose CT scans.
When photon energy equals the binding energy of a specific inner shell electron.
Neutrons of a few hundred kiloelectron volts, low energy protons, and α-particles.
It is the capacity to do work or produce change, often measured in joules.
Relative Biological Effectiveness.
To encourage individuals to participate in regular screening and understand its importance.
Yes, some benign tumors can act aggressively based on their location.
The effectiveness of the test to give a negative result in those free of disease.
Leukemia.
The extent to which the target population agrees to be tested by this method.
Chemotherapy.
MV photons, which are X-rays, not gamma rays.
It categorizes different types of radiation based on their wavelength and energy.
Because the shape of the dose-response relationship varies for radiations that differ substantially in their LET.
Different treatment modalities that can be used in radiation therapy.
1 Gy = 100 rads.
1 cGy = 1 rad.
Non-invasive (CT scan).
Non-invasive (PSA test).
Human carcinogens — Part A: pharmaceuticals.
Using hyperbaric oxygen therapy or modifying breathing techniques.
Energy that comes from a source and travels through space at the speed of light, with an electric and magnetic field associated with it.
Through the use of radiosensitizers or modifying treatment schedules.
No, some carcinogens are more potent than others in causing cancer.
Tiny fast-moving particles that have both energy and mass (weight).
Because the ionizing events are too close together.
Radiation Chemistry.
1 rad.
Age, gender, family history, and specific risk factors.
A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth.
Relative Biological Effectiveness.
The effectiveness of the test to detect cancer in those who have the disease.
The study of the interactions of radiation with matter.
10 – 400 nm.
Type of radiation, dose rate, and biological endpoint.
124,000 eV.
Results that correctly identify individuals who have the disease.
It helps in minimizing damage to healthy tissues during radiation therapy.
40 to 74 years old.
1 Gy = 1 J/kg.
RBE can vary with dose rate, especially for sparsely ionizing radiations, while densely ionizing radiations are less affected by dose rate.
RBE values are generally high for tissues that accumulate and repair a lot of sublethal damage and low for those that do not.
Human carcinogens — Part B: biological agents.
They are the basis of most biological effects, including carcinogenic effects.
No, the mass does not enter into the expression directly.
Different energy levels can cause different changes (damage) in the cell.
It is used for superficial cancer treatments.
Electron density, independent of atomic number Z.
Genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
No, they do not produce equal biological effects.
The concept of fractionating radiation doses.
1.24 x 10^6 eV.
2.55 eV.
Two lectures (Molecular Biology I and II).
It can cause ionization, leading to cellular damage or death.
Invasive (pap test).
1 rad = 100 ergs.
The relationship between age and cancer risk.
Two lectures (Cell and Molecular Effects I and II).
1.7 – 3.1 eV.
100 keV to 10 MeV.
Radiation that has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms.
1 Gy of neutrons produces a greater biological effect.
Kilogram.
Linear Energy Transfer.
Either fecal occult blood test or colonoscopy.
50 to 74 years old.
HPV antigen test.
Tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, coal smoke, and salted fish.
The angle and energy of the electron set in motion by the photon.
It helps in determining the appropriate radiation type and dose for effective treatment.
Relative Biological Effectiveness.
Prostate cancer.
To enhance treatment effectiveness while minimizing damage to normal tissues.
Radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms.
Alterations in molecular structures, leading to cellular dysfunction.
Metals, arsenic, dusts, and fibres.
Factors include cell type, oxygen levels, and the presence of repair mechanisms.
The energy absorbed per unit mass of tissue.
To detect cancer early when it is more treatable.
Joule.
It involves energy absorption and scattering, akin to billiard balls colliding.
It affects the accessibility and implementation of the screening method.
RBE can vary with the number of dose fractions due to differences in the dose-response relationship.
Anything over 10 eV can cause bond breakage.
55 to 74 years old.
Canadian Cancer Society.
Radiation.
The relationship between radiation sensitivity and associated risks.
Absorbed dose (D) = dE/dm, where E is energy and m is mass.
Radiation quality, radiation dose, number of dose fractions, dose rate, and biological system or endpoint.
The balance between the effectiveness of treatment and the side effects.
The pattern of energy deposition at the microscopic level.
The amount of radiation energy absorbed by a material or tissue.
Exposure refers to the amount of radiation in the environment, while dose refers to the energy absorbed by tissues.
Hanahan, D., & Weinberg, R. A.
Chemical agents and related occupations.
