What are the two measurements used to express blood pressure?
Systolic and diastolic pressure.
What role does the muscle pump play in the cardiovascular system?
It aids in venous return.
What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBC)?
To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues.
p.27
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cardiac muscle cell?
It contains the genetic material and regulates cell activities.
p.46
Cardiac Conducting System
Where is the Sinoatrial (SA) node located?
In the wall of the right atrium.
p.20
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What happens to arteries as they move away from the heart?
They branch into smaller arterioles and eventually into capillaries.
p.33
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is the function of the cardiac skeleton?
To structurally and functionally separate the ventricles and atria.
p.20
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What type of blood do most arteries carry?
Oxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary arteries.
p.20
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What is the significance of arterial walls?
They are thick and elastic to withstand high pressure from the heart.
Where are continuous capillaries commonly found?
In muscle, lungs, and adipose tissue.
p.46
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the function of the Atrioventricular (AV) node?
It serves as a junction between the atria and ventricles.
p.44
Cardiac Cycle and Heartbeat Regulation
What happens to the AV valves during ventricular contraction?
The AV valves are closed.
p.33
Heart Anatomy and Structure
How does the cardiac skeleton affect electrical conduction in the heart?
It electrically insulates the ventricular cells from atrial cells.
p.46
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the role of the conducting system in the heart?
To coordinate the contraction of the heart muscle.
p.62
Refractory Periods in Cardiac Muscle
What happens during the refractory period?
The heart muscle is unable to be stimulated again.
p.48
Cardiac Conducting System
What are the internodal pathways responsible for?
They conduct electrical signals in the atria.
What are the pores in capillaries responsible for?
Rapid exchange of substances.
What do the numbers ② and ③ signify?
They likely refer to specific items or categories, but context is needed.
What does A signify in this context?
It typically represents a variable or a specific item in a list.
p.29
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What are intercalated discs?
Structures that connect cardiac muscle cells.
p.38
Heart Anatomy and Structure
Which valves are classified as semilunar valves?
The pulmonary and aortic valves.
p.36
Heart Anatomy and Structure
How do the thicknesses of the left and right ventricles compare?
The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle.
p.31
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What are the two types of chambers in the heart?
Atria (receiving chambers) and ventricles (discharging chambers).
p.47
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the purpose of the connection between the two nodes in an electric highway?
To stimulate the muscles to contract.
How does the exchange rate in continuous capillaries compare to fenestrated capillaries?
Continuous capillaries have a slower exchange rate than fenestrated capillaries.
What do white blood cells (WBC) primarily do?
They are involved in the immune response and help fight infections.
p.33
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is the cardiac (fibrous) skeleton?
A layer of dense connective tissue that encircles the heart valves and bases of the pulmonary trunk and aorta.
p.39
Heart Anatomy and Structure
How do papillary muscles prevent the eversion of AV valves during ventricular contraction?
By contracting and being connected to AV valves by chordae tendineae.
p.24
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What are the three layers of the heart wall?
Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium.
p.22
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
What is pulmonary circulation?
The path of blood from the right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart.
What is the pressure in arteries compared to veins?
Arteries have higher pressure than veins.
What characterizes continuous capillaries?
Endothelial cells are tightly joined together with narrow intercellular channels for molecule exchange.
p.57
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the function of the AV bundle in the cardiac conducting system?
It carries impulses to the left and right bundle branches.
p.56
Cardiac Conducting System
Where is the atrioventricular (AV) node located?
In the floor of the right atrium.
p.62
Refractory Periods in Cardiac Muscle
What characterizes the relative refractory period?
It is a short period where the response depends on the degree of stimulus.
What does systolic pressure represent?
The pressure in the arteries when the heart beats.
What determines blood flow through a capillary bed?
The state of precapillary sphincters of the supplying arteriole.
p.59
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the role of Purkinje fibers in the cardiac conducting system?
They distribute impulses through the ventricles.
p.28
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What role do desmosomes play in cardiac muscle cells?
They secure cell-to-cell adhesion.
p.53
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What happens to potassium (K⁺) during membrane potential changes?
Potassium concentration increases outside the cell.
p.2
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
What systems are included in the circulatory system?
Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.
p.30
Cardiac Conducting System
What leads to action potentials in cells?
Dynamic exchange of ions across the membrane.
What role do leukocytes play in the body?
They are involved in the body's defense mechanism.
What does GHS stand for?
Globally Harmonized System.
p.20
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What is the primary function of arteries?
To carry blood away from the heart.
What is blood pressure?
The force of blood against the walls of the arteries.
p.29
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What role do desmosomes play in intercalated discs?
They provide mechanical strength by anchoring adjacent cells together.
What is the function of fenestrated capillaries?
They allow rapid exchange of water and solutes between blood and interstitial fluid.
p.62
Refractory Periods in Cardiac Muscle
What is the purpose of refractory periods in the heart muscle?
To ensure the muscle has relaxed before it can respond to a new stimulus.
p.24
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is the function of the myocardium?
It is the muscular wall of the heart.
p.51
Cardiac Conducting System
What happens during the prepotential phase in conducting cells?
It gradually depolarizes toward threshold.
p.62
Refractory Periods in Cardiac Muscle
Why is the refractory period important for cardiac function?
It prevents the heart from being overstimulated and allows for proper relaxation.
p.42
Cardiac Cycle and Heartbeat Regulation
What is the condition of the chordae tendineae when the ventricles are relaxed?
The chordae tendineae are loose.
p.2
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
What additional functions does the circulatory system serve?
Temperature regulation, clotting, and immune function.
How many hemoglobin molecules does each RBC contain?
Approximately 280 million.
p.54
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the pacemaker potential?
The gradual depolarization that occurs in pacemaker cells, leading to action potentials.
p.44
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What is the state of the papillary muscles during ventricular contraction?
The papillary muscles are contracted.
p.2
Heart Anatomy and Structure
How does the heart contribute to the circulatory system?
It pumps blood through the cardiovascular system.
p.12
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What are the characteristics of large arteries?
They are muscular and elastic, containing lots of elastin.
p.64
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What is a key characteristic of cardiac muscle compared to skeletal muscle?
Cardiac muscle stays contracted longer than skeletal muscle.
What happens to blood flow when precapillary sphincters constrict?
Blood mainly goes through the metarteriole/thoroughfare channel.
What is the primary function of platelets?
To constitute most of the mass of blood clots.
p.35
Heart Anatomy and Structure
How does the pressure developed by the right ventricle compare to that of the left ventricle?
The right ventricle develops less pressure than the left ventricle.
p.27
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What is the role of mitochondria in cardiac muscle cells?
They provide energy for muscle contraction through ATP production.
p.31
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is the function of the atria in the heart?
They are the receiving chambers.
p.56
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the function of the AV node in the cardiac cycle?
It delays the impulse to allow for atrial contraction.
p.25
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is the outer layer of the heart called?
Epicardium (visceral pericardium).
p.54
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What is depolarization in cardiac physiology?
The process where the membrane potential becomes less negative, leading to an action potential.
p.37
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is the name of the valve between the left atrium and ventricle?
Bicuspid or mitral valve.
p.25
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is the function of the endocardium?
It lines the interior of the heart chambers.
p.42
Cardiac Cycle and Heartbeat Regulation
What is the state of the papillary muscles when the ventricles are relaxed?
The papillary muscles are relaxed.
p.63
Refractory Periods in Cardiac Muscle
What is tetany?
A symptom involving involuntary muscle contractions and overly stimulated peripheral nerves.
p.53
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What effect does increased Ca²⁺ have on membrane potential?
It contributes to depolarization.
p.51
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the effect of the stimulus on the SA node?
It causes a decrease in the membrane potential and opens D channels.
p.25
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is the dense fibrous layer associated with?
It is part of the parietal pericardium.
p.41
Cardiac Cycle and Heartbeat Regulation
What is the condition of the chordae tendineae when the ventricles are relaxed?
The chordae tendineae are loose.
What does 'D' represent in the context provided?
It is unclear without additional context.
p.64
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
Why is the plateau phase important in cardiac muscle?
It is necessary for the expulsion of blood from the heart chambers.
p.35
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is a key structural difference between the left and right ventricles?
The right ventricle wall is thinner than the left ventricle wall.
p.62
Refractory Periods in Cardiac Muscle
What is the absolute refractory period?
A long period during which cardiac muscle cells cannot respond.
p.27
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What are intercalated discs?
Specialized connections between cardiac muscle cells that allow for synchronized contraction.
p.39
Cardiac Cycle and Heartbeat Regulation
What happens to the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves during ventricular contraction?
They open to allow blood to be pumped through.
p.57
Cardiac Conducting System
What do the left and right bundle branches conduct impulses to?
Purkinje fibers and the moderator band.
What does diastolic pressure represent?
The pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats.
p.31
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is the function of the ventricles in the heart?
They are the discharging chambers.
p.45
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the role of cardiac pacemaker cells?
They initiate and distribute electrical impulses that stimulate contraction.
p.44
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What is the state of the left ventricle during contraction?
The left ventricle is contracted.
What can high blood pressure lead to?
Increased risk of heart disease and stroke.
p.52
Cardiac Conducting System
What type of channel opens at threshold voltage?
Voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels.
p.28
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
How do intercalated discs contribute to cardiac function?
They convey the force of contraction and propagate action potentials.
p.28
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What is an action potential?
The membrane potential of a cell that rises and falls.
What substances are included in plasma?
Ions, metabolites, hormones, and antibodies.
p.41
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is the state of the aortic valve during ventricular relaxation?
The aortic valve is closed.
What does a WBC count of 449 indicate?
It suggests the presence of an infection.
p.22
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
What is systemic circulation?
The path of blood from the left ventricle to the body and back to the heart.
p.38
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is the function of semilunar valves?
They prevent the backflow of blood from the pulmonary arteries and aorta into the right and left ventricles, respectively.
p.27
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What are myofibrils in cardiac muscle cells?
Bundles of contractile proteins that facilitate muscle contraction.
p.46
Cardiac Conducting System
Where are conducting cells found?
Throughout the myocardium.
p.44
Cardiac Cycle and Heartbeat Regulation
What happens to the semilunar valves when the ventricles contract?
The semilunar valves are open.
p.37
Heart Anatomy and Structure
How does blood flow from the atria to the ventricles?
Through one-way atrioventricular (AV) valves.
p.50
Cardiac Conducting System
Where is the SA node located?
In the posterior wall of the right atrium.
What are the three types of plasma proteins?
Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen.
p.48
Cardiac Conducting System
What do the bundle branches do?
They carry electric signals through the ventricles.
p.61
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What happens during the repolarization phase?
K+ channels start to close.
p.12
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What is the primary function of arteries?
To carry blood away from the heart.
p.42
Cardiac Cycle and Heartbeat Regulation
What is happening in the left ventricle when it is relaxed?
It is filling with blood.
p.42
Cardiac Cycle and Heartbeat Regulation
Which valve is open in the left atrium during this phase?
Left AV (bicuspid) valve.
p.45
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the source of the heartbeat?
The activity of pacemaker cells.
p.23
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
What do pulmonary veins do?
They carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
p.2
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
It picks up excess fluid filtered out in capillary beds and returns it to veins.
How do large arteries help maintain blood flow?
By maintaining smooth blood flow during diastole.
p.41
Heart Anatomy and Structure
Which valve is open in the right ventricle during relaxation?
Right AV (tricuspid) valve.
p.1
Refractory Periods in Cardiac Muscle
What is the significance of refractory periods in cardiac muscle?
They prevent the heart from undergoing tetany and allow for proper filling.
What are megakaryocytes?
Large bone marrow cells that produce platelets.
What is the pressure condition in veins?
Veins have lower pressure.
What do precapillary sphincters help control?
They help maintain fluid dynamics in the capillary beds.
p.53
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What is membrane potential?
The difference in electric charge across a cell membrane.
p.45
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What are the two types of cardiac muscle cells?
Conducting cells and contractile cells.
p.57
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the role of the moderator band in the heart?
It conducts impulses to the papillary muscles.
p.44
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What structures attach the left AV valve to the heart?
Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles.
p.56
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the significance of the delay caused by the AV node?
To allow for atrial contraction before ventricular contraction.
p.30
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What is the typical resting membrane potential?
Usually negative, indicating a more negative charge inside the cell.
p.48
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the function of the AV bundle?
It transmits the cardiac impulse from the AV node to the ventricles, causing them to contract.
p.51
Cardiac Conducting System
What occurs once the threshold is reached in pacemaker cells?
An action potential occurs.
p.24
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What are the two divisions of the ventricular myocardium?
The specific divisions are not detailed in the text.
p.60
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What occurs during the upstroke of the myocardial action potential?
Voltage-gated Na+ channels open.
p.1
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
To transport nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
p.60
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What causes repolarization in myocardial cells?
Opening of extra K+ channels.
p.28
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What does the rapid sequence of changes in voltage across a membrane indicate?
It indicates the occurrence of an action potential.
What is plasma?
The fluid part of blood, a straw-colored liquid consisting of water and dissolved solutes.
p.23
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
What is the pulmonary circuit?
The pathway that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart.
p.23
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
Where are capillaries located in the lungs?
They are involved in gas exchange between blood and air.
How is blood moved towards the heart from the veins?
By contraction of surrounding skeletal muscles (skeletal muscle pump).
What is the function of precapillary sphincters?
They squeeze down to decrease blood flow to the branches.
What is the primary function of capillary networks?
To exchange dissolved gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues.
What are fenestrated capillaries?
Capillaries that contain windows or pores in the endothelial lining.
p.24
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is the outer layer of the heart wall called?
Epicardium (Visceral pericardium).
p.48
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the role of conducting cells in the heart?
They interconnect the SA and AV nodes and distribute stimuli through the myocardium.
p.27
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
How is one cardiac muscle fiber defined?
As one cardiac muscle cell.
p.42
Cardiac Cycle and Heartbeat Regulation
What is the state of the semilunar valves when the ventricles are relaxed?
The semilunar valves are closed.
p.2
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
What are the primary functions of the circulatory system?
Transportation of respiratory gases, delivery of nutrients/hormones, and waste removal.
p.52
Cardiac Conducting System
What causes spontaneous depolarization in cardiac cells?
Sodium (Na+) flowing through hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels.
p.45
Cardiac Conducting System
How do pacemaker cells affect the heartbeat?
They control and coordinate the heartbeat.
p.55
Cardiac Conducting System
What are the components of the special pathway to the ventricles?
AV node and AV bundle (bundle of His).
p.53
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What is the direction of ion movement for Na⁺ and K⁺?
Na⁺ moves into the cell, K⁺ moves out of the cell.
p.50
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the primary function of the SA node?
To initiate all heartbeats as the primary pacemaker of the heart.
p.45
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What distinguishes pacemaker cells from contractile cells?
They have different forms of action potentials.
p.10
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What is the function of the endothelium?
To deliver blood and other substances to the body.
p.2
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What types of blood vessels are included in the circulatory system?
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
p.25
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is the endothelium?
A layer of cells lining the heart chambers and blood vessels.
p.1
Cardiac Cycle and Heartbeat Regulation
What is the cardiac cycle?
The sequence of events in one heartbeat, including contraction and relaxation of the heart.
p.23
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What chambers of the heart receive deoxygenated blood?
The right atrium and right ventricle.
p.29
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What is the function of gap junctions in intercalated discs?
They allow for electrical communication between cardiac muscle cells.
What is the shape of red blood cells?
Flattened biconcave discs.
p.26
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What is the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?
They facilitate communication and synchronization between cardiac muscle cells.
What can happen if blood flow pressure is not maintained in capillaries?
It could result in edema or fluid swelling.
Why is the shape of RBCs important?
It provides increased surface area for diffusion.
p.60
Cardiac Conducting System
What initiates the depolarization of myocardial cells?
Action potentials originating in the SA node.
p.28
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What are gap junctions?
Specialized intercellular connections that link cardiac muscle cells.
What is the function of albumin in plasma?
Creates colloid osmotic pressure to maintain blood volume and pressure.
p.55
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the function of the Bundle of His?
It connects the AV node to the left and right bundle branches of the septal crest.
p.52
Cardiac Conducting System
How does repolarization occur in cardiac cells?
By opening voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels.
p.55
Cardiac Conducting System
What does the conducting system of the heart involve?
A rapid sequence of voltage changes across a membrane.
p.1
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is the function of the heart's valves?
To prevent backflow of blood.
p.23
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
What is the role of capillaries in the head, neck, and upper limbs?
They allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products.
From where do platelets originate?
They are fragments of megakaryocytes from bone marrow.
p.29
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What are Z-lines in relation to intercalated discs?
They are boundaries that define the ends of sarcomeres and are bound to opposing plasma membranes.
p.53
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What happens to sodium (Na⁺) during membrane potential changes?
Sodium concentration increases inside the cell.
Do red blood cells contain nuclei and mitochondria?
No, they lack nuclei and mitochondria.
p.54
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What role do HCL channels play in cardiac action potentials?
They contribute to the slow depolarization phase.
p.44
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What is the condition of the chordae tendineae during ventricular contraction?
The chordae tendineae are tense.
p.59
Cardiac Conducting System
What do Purkinje fibers do after receiving an impulse?
They pass on the impulse to the ventricles.
p.49
Cardiac Conducting System
What happens when an action potential occurs in one cardiac cell?
It triggers another action potential in its neighboring cell.
p.61
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What can trigger another contraction in cardiac muscle?
If the stimulus is strong enough.
p.60
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What characterizes the plateau phase of the myocardial action potential?
A balance between slow Ca2+ influx and K+ efflux.
p.24
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What type of tissue makes up the endocardium?
Simple squamous epithelium.
p.51
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the significance of the gradual depolarization in pacemaker cells?
It leads to the establishment of the heart's rhythm.
How is plasma related to serum?
Plasma = serum + fibrinogen.
p.23
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
What is the systemic circuit?
The pathway that carries oxygenated blood to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
How do muscles aid in circulation during breathing?
Muscles aid both breathing and circulation of blood.
Where are fenestrated capillaries typically found?
In the brain, endocrine organs (like the hypothalamus), intestinal tract, and kidneys.
p.53
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What ions are involved in the membrane potential changes?
Calcium (Ca²⁺), Sodium (Na⁺), and Potassium (K⁺).
p.28
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What are intercalated discs in cardiac muscle tissue?
Structures that interconnect cardiac muscle cells.
p.57
Cardiac Conducting System
What are Purkinje fibers responsible for?
Conducting impulses throughout the ventricles.
p.59
Cardiac Conducting System
What happens after atrial contraction is completed?
Ventricular contraction begins.
p.49
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What do action potentials in the cardiac muscle cells lead to?
Contraction of the muscle cells.
p.37
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What are the valves called that are located between the atriums and ventricles?
Atrioventricular (AV) valves.
p.52
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the result of opening voltage-gated calcium channels?
Creation of upstroke and contraction.
p.54
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What happens during the rising phase of an action potential?
Sodium (Na+) channels open, causing depolarization.
p.49
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the nature of signal propagation in the cardiac conducting system?
The signals propagate rapidly.
p.54
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What occurs during the falling phase of an action potential?
Potassium (K+) channels open, leading to repolarization.
p.41
Cardiac Cycle and Heartbeat Regulation
What is the state of the semilunar valves when the ventricles are relaxed?
The semilunar valves are closed.
What role does fibrinogen play in the blood?
Serves as a clotting factor.
What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?
The heart, blood vessels, and blood.
p.41
Cardiac Cycle and Heartbeat Regulation
What is the state of the papillary muscles when the ventricles are relaxed?
The papillary muscles are relaxed.
p.12
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What are the characteristics of small arteries and arterioles?
They are muscular and provide most resistance in the circulatory system.
p.43
Cardiac Cycle and Heartbeat Regulation
What happens to the semilunar valves during ventricular contraction?
The semilunar valves are open.
p.30
Cardiac Conducting System
What are voltage-gated ion channels?
Channels that open and close at specific membrane potential values.
p.49
Cardiac Cycle and Heartbeat Regulation
What initiates the cardiac cycle?
An action potential at the SA node.
What are the smallest formed elements in blood?
Platelets (thrombocytes).
p.49
Cardiac Conducting System
How is the action potential transmitted in the heart?
Through the conducting system.
p.55
Cardiac Conducting System
What is needed for action potentials to reach the ventricles?
A special pathway due to non-conducting fibrous tissue.
p.30
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What ions are primarily involved in maintaining resting membrane potential?
Sodium (Na+) and Calcium (Ca2+).
p.30
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What role do large proteins play in membrane potential?
They contribute to the negative charge inside the cell.
p.45
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What is the function of contractile cells?
They produce contractions that propel blood.
p.25
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is the role of the parietal pericardium?
It forms a protective outer layer around the heart.
p.54
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What is the threshold in the context of cardiac action potentials?
The membrane potential that must be reached to trigger an action potential.
What are the formed elements in blood?
Red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs).
p.41
Heart Anatomy and Structure
Which valve is open in the left ventricle during relaxation?
Left AV (bicuspid) valve.
What occurs to the muscles of arteries during heart relaxation?
They become thinner, leading to decreased pressure into capillaries.
What role do respiratory pumps play in blood flow?
They aid blood flow from thoracic veins to the heart during breathing.
p.24
Heart Anatomy and Structure
How is the myocardium structured?
It consists of concentric layers of cardiac muscle tissue.
p.10
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What are the three layers of arteries and veins called?
Tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima.
What are the formed elements in blood?
Cells, including red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells.
p.10
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What does the tunica intima consist of?
Endothelium, basement membrane, and elastin.
p.23
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
What is the function of pulmonary arteries?
They carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
p.60
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What happens to the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane after receiving signals from pacemaker cells?
It stays for a while and then drops.
p.23
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
What do systemic veins do?
They carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the right atrium.
What is the primary function of veins in the circulatory system?
To carry blood to the heart.
p.23
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
What is the function of capillaries in the trunk and lower limbs?
They facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and tissues.
p.23
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What chambers of the heart receive oxygenated blood?
The left atrium and left ventricle.
p.2
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What is the role of blood vessels in the circulatory system?
They carry blood from the heart to cells and back.
p.23
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
What is the role of systemic arteries?
They carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.
p.1
Cardiac Conducting System
What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
To act as the natural pacemaker of the heart.
p.28
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
What is the significance of specialized junctions between cardiac muscle fibers?
They allow for rapid electric transmission and nutrient exchange.
p.25
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is the function of the mesothelium in the heart?
It provides a smooth surface for the heart's outer layer.
What is serum?
The fluid left when blood clots.
p.1
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What is the role of veins in the cardiovascular system?
To return deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
p.43
Cardiac Cycle and Heartbeat Regulation
What happens to the AV valves during ventricular contraction?
The AV valves are closed.
p.43
Cardiac Cycle and Heartbeat Regulation
Which valve is closed in the right ventricle during contraction?
Right AV (tricuspid) valve.
p.2
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
What role do lymph nodes play in the lymphatic system?
They are part of the immune system.
p.41
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What is the state of the pulmonary valve during ventricular relaxation?
The pulmonary valve is closed.
p.43
Heart Anatomy and Structure
What are the components attached to the left AV valve?
Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles.
